Background
Methods
Role of the funding source
Results
All (N = 21,884) | Northern (N = 5834) | Western (N = 4032) | Eastern (N = 5415) | Southern (N = 6603) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M / % | SD | M / % | SD | M / % | SD | M / % | SD | M / % | SD | |
Trust in healthcare | 6.53 | 2.46 | 6.98 | 2.32 | 6.97 | 2.24 | 4.68 | 2.53 | 7.06 | 2.11 |
Low level of trust (score < = 4) | 21% | 16% | 14% | 49% | 12% | |||||
Average level of trust (score = 5 or 6) | 20% | 18% | 20% | 24% | 19% | |||||
High level of trust (score > = 7) | 59% | 66% | 66% | 27% | 68% | |||||
Age | 49.40 | 16.58 | 48.95 | 16.83 | 49.70 | 17.01 | 48.14 | 16.07 | 49.93 | 16.25 |
Gender (female) | 52% | – | 49% | – | 52% | – | 52% | – | 52% | – |
Education (tertiary) | 29% | – | 39% | – | 31% | – | 25% | – | 26% | – |
Having income difficulties | 43% | – | 32% | – | 38% | – | 53% | – | 44% | – |
Being employed | 51% | – | 56% | – | 50% | – | 54% | – | 49% | – |
Health status (good) | 62% | – | 57% | – | 65% | – | 54% | – | 66% | – |
Unmet healthcare needs) | 21% | – | 21% | – | 16% | – | 27% | – | 24% | – |
Had contact to healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic | 67% | – | 63% | – | 67% | – | 64% | – | 69% | – |
Reporting mental distress | 42% | – | 39% | – | 38% | – | 46% | – | 44% | – |
Reporting loneliness | 20% | – | 22% | – | 21% | – | 21% | – | 19% | – |
All | Northern Europe | Western Europe | Eastern Europe | Southern Europe | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95%-CI | p | b | 95%-CI | p | b | 95%-CI | p | b | 95%-CI | p | b | 95%-CI | p | |
Age group | |||||||||||||||
Age group 18–39 (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Age group 40–65 | −0.39 | (−0.46, −0.33) | < .001 | −0.35 | (−0.48, −0.22) | < .001 | −0.42 | (−0.58, −0.26) | < .001 | −0.52 | (−0.66, −0.38) | < .001 | −0.22 | (−0.33, −0.10) | < .001 |
Age group 66+ | −0.21 | (−0.30, −0.12) | < .001 | −0.24 | (−0.42, −0.07) | .006 | −0.21 | (−0.42, 0.00) | .049 | −0.60 | (−0.80, −0.41) | < .001 | 0.08 | (−0.07, 0.23) | .302 |
Gender | |||||||||||||||
Male (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Female | −0.06 | (−0.12, 0.00) | .041 | 0.04 | (−0.07, 0.15) | .429 | −0.06 | (−0.20, 0.07) | .363 | −0.10 | (−0.22, 0.03) | .134 | −0.07 | (−0.16, 0.02) | .146 |
Education | |||||||||||||||
Non-tertiary education (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Tertiary education | 0.15 | (0.09, 0.22) | < .001 | −0.05 | (−0.17, 0.07) | .406 | 0.41 | (0.26, 0.56) | < .001 | 0.09 | (−0.05, 0.24) | .206 | −0.10 | (−0.22, 0.01) | .066 |
Income difficulties | |||||||||||||||
No Difficulties to cope (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Difficulties to cope | −0.51 | (−0.57, −0.45) | < .001 | −0.50 | (−0.63, −0.37) | < .001 | −0.61 | (−0.76, −0.46) | < .001 | −0.48 | (−0.61, −0.34) | < .001 | −0.39 | (−0.49, −0.29) | < .001 |
Employment | |||||||||||||||
Not exployed (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Empoyed | −0.07 | (−0.14, −0.01) | .029 | 0.04 | (−0.09, 0.17) | .578 | −0.08 | (−0.24, 0.07) | .295 | −0.25 | (−0.39, −0.10) | < .001 | −0.01 | (−0.12, 0.10) | .871 |
Health status | |||||||||||||||
Not Good (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Good | 0.18 | (0.12, 0.25) | < .001 | 0.38 | (0.25, 0.51) | < .001 | 0.07 | (−0.08, 0.22) | .363 | 0.43 | (0.30, 0.57) | < .001 | 0.08 | (−0.03, 0.18) | .172 |
Healthcare contact | |||||||||||||||
No Contact (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Contact | 0.41 | (0.35, 0.47) | < .001 | 0.26 | (0.15, 0.38) | < .001 | 0.32 | (0.18, 0.47) | < .001 | 0.56 | (0.43, 0.70) | < .001 | 0.46 | (0.36, 0.57) | < .001 |
Healthcare needs | |||||||||||||||
No Unmet Healthcare Needs (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Unmet Healthcare Needs | −0.72 | (−0.79, −0.65) | < .001 | −0.77 | (−0.91, −0.63) | < .001 | −0.93 | (−1.11, −0.74) | < .001 | −0.37 | (−0.52, −0.23) | < .001 | −0.74 | (−0.85, −0.63) | < .001 |
Mental distress | |||||||||||||||
No Distress (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Distress | −0.59 | (−0.65, −0.52) | < .001 | −0.75 | (−0.88, −0.61) | < .001 | −0.41 | (−0.57, −0.25) | < .001 | −0.60 | (−0.74, −0.46) | < .001 | −0.75 | (−0.85, −0.64) | < .001 |
Loneliness | |||||||||||||||
Not Lonely (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||
Lonely | −0.21 | (−0.29, −0.13) | < .001 | −0.26 | (−0.41, −0.12) | < .001 | −0.31 | (−0.48, −0.13) | < .001 | −0.24 | (−0.41, −0.08) | .004 | −0.02 | (−0.15, 0.10) | .701 |