Background
Methods
Sources of information and study population
Outcome
Exposure
-
Day work (no shifts)
-
Three-shift schedule (rotating between morning/day, evening, and night shifts)
-
Two-shift schedule (rotating between morning/day and evening shifts)
Other variables
Analyses
Results
Characteristic | Number | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) [range] | 7562 | 45.4 (8.0) [22–63] | |
Gender | Male | 6167 | 81.6 |
Female | 1395 | 18.4 | |
Marital status | Married/cohabiting | 5667 | 74.9 |
Single | 1355 | 17.9 | |
Divorced/Widow | 540 | 7.1 | |
Children | No | 2121 | 28.0 |
Yes | 5441 | 72.0 | |
Employment duration (in months), mean (SD) [range] | 7562 | 18.9 (9.2) [4–45] | |
Contract rate 2009 | 0 to 50% | 299 | 4.0 |
51 to 80% | 1178 | 15.6 | |
81 to 99% | 498 | 6.6 | |
100% | 5587 | 73.9 | |
Working overtime | No | 2266 | 30.0 |
Yes | 5296 | 70.0 | |
Knowledge requirements, mean (SD) [range] | 7562 | 34.6 (13.0) [0–90] | |
Special operational requirements, mean (SD) [range] | 7562 | 9.6 (4.0) [0–18] | |
Aggravated working conditions, mean (SD) [range] | 7562 | 9.4 (6.0) [0–22] | |
Shift type group | Day work | 1060 | 14.0 |
Three-shift schedule | 3232 | 42.7 | |
Two-shift schedule | 1615 | 21.4 | |
Transfer out of three-shift | 425 | 5.6 | |
Transfer into three-shift | 595 | 7.9 | |
Other kind of transfer | 635 | 8.4 | |
Number of night shifts 2005–2008 | No night shifts | 2837 | 37.5 |
Night shifts (1 to ≤46) | 1589 | 21.0 | |
Night shifts (47 ≤ 110) | 1572 | 20.8 | |
Night shifts (>110) | 1564 | 20.7 | |
Number of sickness absence days in 2009, mean (SD) [range] | 7562 | 26.6 (45.5) [0–365] | |
Number of sickness absence episodes in 2009, mean (SD) [range] | 7562 | 1.7 (1.5) [0–13] | |
Long-term sickness absence (>7 days) | No | 3886 | 51.4 |
Yes | 3676 | 48.6 |
Crude model | Semi-adjusted model | Fully adjusted model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Long-term sickness absence (>7 days) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Shift schedule type 2005–2008 | Day work | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Three-shift schedule |
1.88 (1.63–2.17)
|
1.43 (1.22–1.69)
| 1.13 (0.94–1.35) | |
Two-shift schedule |
1.76 (1.50–2.06)
|
1.40 (1.17–1.68)
| 1.08 (0.89–1.31) | |
Transfer out of three-shift | 1.23 (0.97–1.54) | 1.06 (0.82–1.37) | 0.90 (0.69–1.17) | |
Transfer into three-shift |
2.49 (2.03–3.06)
|
1.84 (1.46–2.32)
|
1.31 (1.02–1.69)
| |
Other kind of transfer |
1.59 (1.30–1.94)
|
1.33 (1.06–1.67)
| 1.06 (0.84–1.35) | |
Sickness absence days 2005–2008 | ≥0 to <26 days | Reference | Reference | |
≥26 to <67 days | 3.06 (2.58–3.62) | 2.99 (2.52–3.55) | ||
≥67 to <140 days | 8.10 (6.80–9.66) | 7.45 (6.23–8.90) | ||
≥140 days | 12.53 (10.48–14.99) | 11.28 (9.40–13.53) | ||
Special operational requirements | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | |||
Knowledge requirements | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | |||
Aggravated working conditions | ≤4 | Reference | ||
>4 to ≤11 | 1.14 (0.94–1.37) | |||
>11 to ≤15 | 1.14 (0.92–1.40) | |||
>15 | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | |||
Sickness absence episodes | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |
Shift schedule type 2005–2008 | Day work | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Three-shift schedule | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) |
0.82 (0.77–0.87)
|
0.82 (0.76–0.88)
| |
Two-shift schedule | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) |
0.84 (0.78–0.90)
|
0.83 (0.77–0.90)
| |
Transfer out of three-shift | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) |
0.83 (0.75–0.91)
|
0.83 (0.75–0.92)
| |
Transfer into three-shift | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) |
0.87 (0.79–0.94)
|
0.89 (0.81–0.98)
| |
Other kind of transfer | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) |
0.82 (0.75–0.89)
|
0.83 (0.76–0.91)
| |
Sickness Absence days 2005–2008 | ≥0 to <26 days | Reference | Reference | |
≥26 to <67 days | 2.20 (2.06–2.35) | 2.22 (2.08–2.37) | ||
≥67 to <140 days | 3.18 (2.97–3.40) | 3.22 (3.01–3.44) | ||
≥140 days | 3.51 (3.28–3.75) | 3.57 (3.34–3.82) | ||
Special operational requirements | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | |||
Knowledge requirements | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | |||
Aggravated working conditions | ≤4 | Reference | ||
>4 to ≤11 | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | |||
>11 to ≤15 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | |||
>15 | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) |
Crude model | Semi-adjusted model | Fully adjusted model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Long-term sickness absence (>7 days) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Number of night shifts 2005–2008 | No night shifts | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Night shifts (1 to ≤46) |
1.36 (1.20–1.53)
|
1.30 (1.12–1.50)
| 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | |
Night shifts (47 ≤ 110) |
1.54 (1.36–1.74)
|
1.17 (1.01–1.34)
| 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | |
Night shifts (>110) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 1.06 (0.92–1.21) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | |
Sickness absence days 2005–2008 | ≥0 to <26 days | Reference | Reference | |
≥26 to <67 days | 3.08 (2.60–3.65) | 2.99 (2.52–3.55) | ||
≥67 to <140 days | 8.11 (6.81–9.66) | 7.42 (6.21–8.86) | ||
≥140 days | 12.56 (10.50–15.02) | 11.23 (9.36–13.48) | ||
Special operational requirements | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | |||
Knowledge requirements | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | |||
Aggravated working conditions | ≤4 | Reference | ||
>4 to ≤11 | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | |||
>11 to ≤15 | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | |||
>15 | 1.26 (0.98–1.61) | |||
Sickness absence episodes | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |
Number of night shifts 2005–2008 | No night shifts | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Night shifts (1 to ≤46) | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) |
0.93 (0.88–0.98)
| 0.97 (0.91–1.02) | |
Night shifts (47 ≤ 110) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) |
0.87 (0.83–0.92)
|
0.91 (0.86–0.96)
| |
Night shifts (>110) |
0.94 (0.89–0.99)
|
0.95 (0.90–1.00)
|
0.93 (0.88–0.98)
| |
Sickness absence days 2005–2008 | ≥0 to <26 days | Reference | Reference | |
≥26 to <67 days | 2.19 (2.05–2.34) | 2.21 (2.06–2.35) | ||
≥67 to <140 days | 3.16 (2.95–3.38) | 3.20 (2.99–3.43) | ||
≥140 days | 3.49 (3.27–3.73) | 3.56 (3.32–3.81) | ||
Special operational requirements | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | |||
Knowledge requirements | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | |||
Aggravated working conditions | ≤4 | Reference | ||
>4 to ≤11 | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | |||
>11 to ≤15 | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | |||
>15 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) |
Crude model | Semi-adjusted model | Fully adjusted model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Without children (n = 2121) | ||||
Shifttype 2005–2008 | Day work | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Three-shift schedule |
2.14 (1.61–2.85)
|
1.80 (1.30–2.50)
| 1.40 (0.97–2.01) | |
Two-shift schedule |
2.55 (1.86–3.51)
|
2.34 (1.62–3.36)
|
1.76 (1.19–2.61)
| |
Transfer out of three-shift | 1.22 (0.75–1.99) | 1.03 (0.60–1.75) | 0.89 (0.52–1.55) | |
Transfer into three-shift |
3.06 (2.07–4.52)
|
2.43 (1.55–3.81)
|
1.76 (1.08–2.87)
| |
Other kind of transfer |
2.58 (1.80–3.71)
|
2.16 (1.41–3.28)
|
1.74 (1.12–2.69)
| |
With children (n = 5441) | ||||
Shifttype 2005–2008 | Day work | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Three-shift schedule |
1.79 (1.52–2.12)
|
1.34 (1.10–1.62)
| 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | |
Two-shift schedule |
1.53 (1.27–1.84)
| 1.18 (0.96–1.46) | 0.91 (0.73–1.14) | |
Transfer out of three-shift | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) | |
Transfer into three-shift |
2.34 (1.83–2.98)
|
1.68 (1.28–2.21)
| 1.19 (0.88–1.60) | |
Other kind of transfer |
1.31 (1.03–1.67)
| 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | 0.85 (0.63–1.13) | |
Married/cohabiting (n = 5667) | ||||
Shifttype 2005–2008 | Day work | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Three-shift schedule |
1.84 (1.56–2.17)
|
1.38 (1.14–1.68)
| 1.10 (0.89–1.35) | |
Two-shift schedule |
1.60 (1.33–1.92)
|
1.27 (1.03–1.57)
| 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | |
Transfer out of three-shift | 1.17 (0.90–1.53) | 1.04 (0.78–1.39) | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | |
Transfer into three-shift |
2.27 (1.79–2.89)
|
1.67 (1.28–2.19)
| 1.18 (0.88–1.58) | |
Other kind of transfer |
1.38 (1.09–1.75)
| 1.17 (0.89–1.53) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | |
Single (n = 1355) | ||||
Shifttype 2005–2008 | Day work | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Three-shift schedule |
2.23 (1.56–3.19)
|
1.90 (1.26–2.89)
| 1.36 (0.86–2.17) | |
Two-shift schedule |
3.18 (2.15–4.72)
|
2.66 (1.67–4.23)
|
1.82 (1.10–3.01)
| |
Transfer out of three-shift | 1.64 (0.90–3.00) | 1.22 (0.62–2.39) | 1.03 (0.51–2.05) | |
Transfer into three-shift |
3.23 (2.00–5.21)
|
2.45 (1.41–4.27)
| 1.66 (0.90–3.03) | |
Other kind of transfer |
2.75 (1.75–4.32)
|
2.29 (1.35–3.90)
|
1.84 (1.06–3.18)
| |
Divorced/widow (n = 540) | ||||
Shifttype 2005–2008 | Day work | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Three-shift schedule |
1.73 (1.04–2.86)
| 1.43 (0.80–2.57) | 1.20 (0.63–2.27) | |
Two-shift schedule | 1.25 (0.73–2.14) | 1.21 (0.66–2.23) | 1.00 (0.52–1.96) | |
Transfer out of three-shift | 0.97 (0.42–2.28) | 1.01 (0.38–2.66) | 0.89 (0.32–2.45) | |
Transfer into three-shift |
5.97 (2.23–15.97)
|
4.90 (1.61–14.94)
|
3.96 (1.24–12.69)
| |
Other kind of transfer | 1.59 (0.76–3.30) | 1.39 (0.60–3.25) | 1.05 (0.43–2.56) |