Background
Methods
Study design
Study population, sample size, and sampling technique
Data collection and laboratory processing
Data analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics
Demographic data | SR | BN | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | |
Gender (N) | 273 | 253 | 526 | |||
Female | 144 | 52.8 | 128 | 50.6 | 272 | 51.7 |
Male | 129 | 47.2 | 125 | 49.4 | 254 | 48.3 |
Age (N) | 273 | 253 | 526 | |||
< 30 | 18 | 6.6 | 10 | 4.0 | 28 | 5.3 |
30–39 | 17 | 6.2 | 12 | 4.7 | 29 | 5.5 |
40–49 | 45 | 16.5 | 51 | 20.2 | 96 | 18.3 |
50–59 | 68 | 24.9 | 59 | 23.3 | 127 | 24.1 |
≥ 60 | 125 | 45.8 | 121 | 47.8 | 246 | 46.8 |
Mean ± SD (range) | 55.6 ± 14.8 (11 to 91) | 56.2 ± 14.0 (12 to 80) | 55.9 ± 14.4 (11 to 91) | |||
Education level (N) | 273 | 253 | 526 | |||
Diploma, bachelor degree or higher | 17 | 6.2 | 12 | 4.7 | 29 | 5.5 |
Grade 7–12 | 57 | 20.9 | 59 | 23.3 | 116 | 22.1 |
Primary school or no formal education | 199 | 72.9 | 182 | 72.0 | 381 | 72.4 |
Occupation (N) | 273 | 253 | 526 | |||
Student, government/private office | 24 | 8.8 | 8 | 3.2 | 32 | 6.1 |
Employee/Merchant/older | 93 | 34.1 | 33 | 13.0 | 126 | 24.0 |
Agriculturist | 156 | 57.1 | 212 | 83.8 | 368 | 69.9 |
BMI (N) | 259 | 245 | 504 | |||
< 18.5 | 22 | 8.5 | 9 | 3.7 | 31 | 6.2 |
18.5 to 25.9 | 140 | 54.1 | 136 | 55.5 | 276 | 54.7 |
26 to 29.9 | 78 | 30.1 | 79 | 32.2 | 157 | 31.2 |
≥ 30 | 19 | 7.3 | 21 | 8.6 | 40 | 7.9 |
Mean ± SD (range) | 24.0 ± 4.2 (12.9 to 38.1) | 24.5 ± 4.1 (16.8 to 50.2) | 24.2 ± 4.2 (12.9 to 50.2) | |||
Income per month (N) $ | 273 | 253 | 526 | |||
< 250 $ | 192 | 70.3 | 205 | 81.0 | 397 | 75.5 |
≥ 250 $ | 81 | 29.7 | 48 | 19.0 | 129 | 24.5 |
Mean ± SD (range) | 165.1 ± 179.8 (0 to 1200.1) | 155.2 ± 154.6 (0 to 1515.2) | 160.4 ± 168.1 (0 to 1500.2) |
Prevalence of S. stercoralis infection as detected using the APC technique
Characteristics | SR (n = 273)a | BN (n = 253)a | Total (n = 526) | Crude OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total No. | Positive No. (%) | Total No. | Positive No. (%) | Total No. | Positive No. (%) | |||
Gender (N) | 273 | 61 (22.3) | 253 | 60 (23.7) | 526 | 121 (23.0) | ||
Female | 144 | 20 (7.3) | 128 | 13 (5.1) | 272 | 33 (6.3) | 1 | 1 |
Male | 129 | 41 (15.0) | 125 | 47 (18.6) | 254 | 88 (16.7) | 3.8 (2.45 to 5.99)# | 4.0 (2.52 to 6.24)# |
Age (N) | 273 | 61 (22.3) | 253 | 60 (23.7) | 526 | 121 (23.0) | ||
< 30 | 18 | 0 (0) | 10 | 1 (0.4) | 28 | 1 (0.2) | 1 | 1 |
30–39 | 17 | 1 (0.4) | 12 | 1 (0.4) | 29 | 2 (0.4) | 2.0 (0.17 to 23.38) | 1.9 (0.16 to 22.64) |
30–49 | 45 | 12 (4.4) | 51 | 8 (3.2) | 96 | 20 (3.8) | 7.1 (0.91 to 55.51) | 7.7 (0.97 to 61.43) |
50–59 | 68 | 20 (7.3) | 59 | 14 (5.5) | 127 | 34 (6.5) | 9.9 (1.29 to 75.47) + | 10.8 (1.38 to 84.11) + |
≥ 60 | 125 | 28 (10.3) | 121 | 36 (14.2) | 246 | 64 (12.2) | 9.5 (1.26 to 71.29) + | 10.0 (1.31 to 76.43) + |
Education level (N) | 273 | 61 (22.3) | 253 | 60 (23.7) | 526 | 121 (23.0) | ||
Diploma, bachelor degree or higher | 17 | 0 (0) | 12 | 2 (0.8) | 29 | 2 (0.4) | 1 | |
Grade 7–12 | 57 | 11 (4.0) | 59 | 13 (5.1) | 116 | 24 (4.6) | 3.5 (0.78 to 15.86) | |
Primary school or no formal education | 199 | 50 (18.3) | 182 | 45 (17.8) | 381 | 95 (18.0) | 4.5 (1.04 to 19.21)+ | |
Occupation (N) | 273 | 61 (22.3) | 253 | 60 (23.7) | 526 | 121 (23.0) | ||
Low risk of contact with S. stercolaris | 24 | 2 (0.7) | 8 | 0 (0) | 32 | 2 (0.4) | 1 | |
Moderate risk of contact with S. stercolaris | 93 | 21 (7.7) | 33 | 3 (1.2) | 126 | 24 (4.6) | 3.5 (0.78 to 15.79) | |
Higher risk of contact with S. stercolaris | 156 | 38 (13.9) | 212 | 57 (22.5) | 368 | 95 (18.0) | 5.2 (1.22 to 22.25) + | |
BMI (N) | 259 | 56 (21.6) | 245 | 59 (24.1) | 504 | 115 (22.8) | ||
< 18.5 | 22 | 5 (1.9) | 9 | 3 (1.2) | 31 | 8 (1.6) | 1 | |
18.5 to 25.99 | 140 | 34 (13.1) | 136 | 46 (18.8) | 276 | 73 (14.5) | 1.0 (0.44 to 2.41) | |
26 to 29.99 | 78 | 13 (5.0) | 79 | 5 (2.0) | 157 | 25 (5.0) | 0.5 (0.21 to 1.35) | |
≥ 30 | 19 | 4 (1.5) | 21 | 5 (2.0) | 40 | 9 (1.8) | 0.8 (0.27 to 2.49) | |
Income per month (N) $ | 273 | 61 (22.3) | 253 | 60 (23.7) | 526 | 121 (23.0) | ||
≥ 250 $ | 81 | 17 (6.2) | 48 | 7 (2.8) | 129 | 24 (4.6) | 1 | |
< 250 $ | 192 | 44 (16.1) | 205 | 53 (20.9) | 397 | 97 (18.4) | 1.4 (0.85 to 2.33) |
Risk factors associated with S. stercoralis infection
Prevalence of O. viverrini and IPIs other than S. stercoralis detected using FECT
Characteristics | SRa | BNa | Total | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total No. | Positive No. (%) | Total No. | Positive No. (%) | (95%CI) | Positive No. (%) | (95%CI) | (95%CI) | |
Gender (N) | 204 | 45 (22.1) | 183 | 34 (18.6) | 387 | 79 (20.4) | ||
Female | 114 | 13 (6.4) | 98 | 17 (9.3) | 212 | 30 (7.7) | 1 | 1 |
Male | 90 | 32 (15.7) | 85 | 17 (9.3) | 175 | 49 (12.7) | 2.4 (1.4 to 3.9)# | 4.1 (2.3 to 7.2)# |
Age (N) | 204 | 45 (22.1) | 183 | 34 (18.6) | 387 | 79 (20.4) | ||
< 30 | 12 | 2 (1.0) | 5 | 0 (0) | 17 | 2 (0.5) | 1 | 1 |
30–39 | 8 | 2 (1.0) | 6 | 1 (0.5) | 14 | 3 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.3 to 14.4) | 1 (N/A) |
30–49 | 34 | 6 (2.9) | 39 | 6 (3.3) | 73 | 12 (3.1) | 1.5 (0.3 to 7.3) | 5.8 (0.6 to 60.0) |
50–59 | 51 | 9 (4.4) | 43 | 8 (4.4) | 94 | 17 (4.4) | 1.6 (0.3 to 7.9) | 7.6 (0.7 to 77.3) |
≥ 60 | 99 | 26 (12.8) | 90 | 19 (10.4) | 189 | 45 (11.6) | 2.3 (0.5 to 10.6) | 4.5 (0.4 to 45.0) |
Education level (N) | 204 | 45 (22.1) | 183 | 34 (18.6) | 387 | 79 (20.4) | ||
Diploma, bachelor degree or higher | 10 | 1 (0.5) | 7 | 1 (0.5) | 17 | 2 (0.5) | 1 | 1 (empty) |
Grade 7–12 or diploma | 46 | 7 (3.4) | 39 | 2 (1.1) | 85 | 9 (2.3) | 0.9 (0.2 to 4.5)+ | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.7) |
Primary school or no formal education | 148 | 37 (18.1) | 137 | 31 (16.9) | 285 | 68 (17.6) | 2.3 (0.5 to 10.5)+ | 1 (omitted) |
Occupation (N) | 204 | 45 (22.1) | 183 | 34 (18.6) | 387 | 79 (20.4) | ||
Student, government/private officer | 17 | 4 (2.0) | 4 | 0 (0) | 21 | 4 (1.0) | 1 | 1 |
Employee/Merchant | 41 | 6 (3.0) | 19 | 3 (1.6) | 60 | 9 (2.3) | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.8) | 1.6 (0.2 to 16.2) |
Housewife | 24 | 9 (4.4) | 2 | 0 (0) | 26 | 9 (2.3) | 2.2 (0.6 to 8.7) | 13.3 (1.3 to 137.5)+ |
Agriculturist | 122 | 26 (12.7) | 158 | 31 (16.9) | 280 | 57 (14.7) | 1.1 (0.4 to 3.4) | 4.2 (0.5 to 38.0) |
BMI (N) | 195 | 42 (21.5) | 175 | 34 (19.4) | 370 | 76 (20.5) | ||
< 18.5 | 15 | 0 (0) | 6 | 1 (0.6) | 21 | 1 (0.3) | 1 | |
18.5 to 24.99 | 107 | 28 (14.3) | 96 | 16 (9.1) | 203 | 44 (11.9) | 5.5 (0.7 to 42.4) | |
25 to 29.99 | 60 | 13 (6.7) | 57 | 10 (5.7) | 117 | 23 (6.2) | 4.9 (0.6 to 38.4) | |
≥ 30 | 13 | 1 (0.5) | 16 | 7 (4.0) | 29 | 8 (2.1) | 7.6 (0.8 to 66.5) | |
Income per month (N) $ | 204 | 45 (22.1) | 183 | 34 (18.6) | 387 | 79 (20.4) | ||
≥ 250$ | 49 | 12 (5.9) | 39 | 5 (2.7) | 88 | 17 (4.4) | 1 | |
< 250$ | 155 | 33 (16.2) | 144 | 29 (15.8) | 299 | 62 (16.0) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.0) |