Cyclin D3, which induces progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle, is a regulator of Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6. Previous studies revealed that abnormal expression of Cyclin D3 was found in many different cancers. However, the role of Cyclin D3 in breast cancer (BC) remains unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the expression pattern of Cyclin D3 in BC and to evaluate its biological role and clinical significance in prognosis prediction. The mechanism involved is also evaluated.
Methods
Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of Cyclin D3. qRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA level of Cyclin D3 in BC tissues and BC cell lines. Transwell assay was used to examine the role of Cyclin D3 in the migration and invasion of BC cells. Mass Spectrometry was used to search for the interacting protein with Cyclin D3. Co-Immunoprecipitation assay and GST-Pull Down assay were used to validate the interaction of Cyclin D3 and its interaction protein.
Results
Through detecting Cyclin D3 expression in 243 breast cancer patients’ tissue array, we found Cyclin D3 expression was correlated with ER status (p = 0.000), PR status (p = 0.001), HER2 status (p = 0.002) and tumor differentiation (p = 0.045). The Kaplan–Meier survival curves indicated that the disease free survival (DFS) was significantly poor in high Cyclin D3 expression BC patients (p = 0.004). Furthermore, expression of Cyclin D3 was significantly associated with BC prognosis and was shown to be an independent prognostic marker in breast cancer (p = 0.028). By IHC staining and qPCR detection, Cyclin D3 expression was found to be down-regulated both in BC tissues and in BC cell lines compared with the corresponding normal controls. Further investigation showed Cyclin D3 was involved in the metastasis of BC cells and physically interacted with actin in vivo and in vitro.
Conclusion
Our studies revealed that Cyclin D3 was upregulated in breast cancer and represented a novel predictor of BC prognosis.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-015-0245-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Yayun Chi, Sheng Huang and Mengying Liu contributed equally to this work
Background
D-type cyclins (i.e., Cyclin D1, D2, and D3) are regulators of the Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (Cdk4 and Cdk6) and mediate the growth factor-induced progression through the G1 phase in the cell cycle [1]. CDKs promote cell cycle transitions in mammalian cells by phosphorylating key substrates cyclins [2]. Therefore, abnormal expression of cyclins was reported to be involved in many cancers progression. Cyclin D3 was widely expressed in many tumor cells. Cyclin D3 gene is amplified in bladder carcinoma in situ [3]. Genomic changes disrupting the expression of Cyclin D3 are associated with aberrant growth of several human B-lymphoid malignancies [4]. Targeting Cyclin D3 by miR-138 could induce cell cycle arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma [5]. Furthermore, Cyclin D3 is selectively required for proliferative expansion of germinal center B cells [6].
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women and represents an important public health issue [7]. Previous studies showed that Cyclin D1 and D3 are overexpressed in human breast cancer cell lines and primary invasive breast cancers and Cyclin D3 frequently exceeded the expression of Cyclin D1 in ErbB2-positive cases [1]. E1AF promotes breast cancer cell cycle progression via upregulation of Cyclin D3 transcription [8]. Rapamycin causes a G1 arrest in HER-2-overexpressing breast cancer cells that is associated with a differential destabilization and subsequent down-regulation of Cyclin D3 protein level [9]. All these studies showed that Cyclin D3 might play an important role in breast cancer.
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In the present study, the relationship between Cyclin D3 and BC patients’ prognosis was uncovered. Breast cancer tissue array was employed to examine Cyclin D3 expression in breast cancer patients and its relationship with the patients’ prognosis. We also detected the proteins which interacted with Cyclin D3 to further elucidate the mechanism in Cyclin D3 mediated pathway in breast cancer.
Results
Cyclin D3 overexpression directly associates with poor disease-free survival in breast cancer
First, we detected the expression of Cyclin D3 in the tissue assay including 243 BC patients. Cyclin D3 expressed both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. In this study, a moderate/strong nucleus staining was defined as positive staining and there are 170 patients with high expression of Cyclin D3. A weak or negative staining was defined as negative staining and there are 73 patients with low Cyclin D3 expression. Then the relationship between Cyclin D3 and clinical-pathological characteristics was assessed. Cyclin D3 expression displayed no correlationship with breast cancer patients’ age, menopausal status, tumor size, Ki67, vascular thrombosis, tumor size, node status or TNM status, while Cyclin D3 was positively correlated with ER, PR and negatively correlated with HER2 and tumor differention status (p < 0.05) (Additional file 1: Table S1).
All patients were followed up for at least 5 years. The results showed that DFS was significantly worse in breast cancer patients with high Cyclin D3 expression (p = 0.01), although overall survival (OS) showed no statistical significance (p = 0.088) (Fig. 1b, c). To further validate these results in a broad range of clinical samples, we analyzed other two independent published dataset GSE2304 and GSE24450. Consistent with our clinical cohort result, we also noted significantly worse DFS of breast cancer patients in the Cyclin D3 high expression group (Fig. 1d, e).
Fig. 1
Kaplan–Meier survival curves of patients with breast cancer based on Cyclin D3 expression status. a Cyclin D3 immunostaining was determined in breast cancer and divided into low expression (upper) and high expression (lower). All immunohistochemical photomicrographs are magnified 400×. b Relationship between Cyclin D3 expression and disease free survival (DFS) overall survival (OS). p values were calculated using the unadjusted log-rank test. d Relationship between Cyclin D3 expression and overall survival (OS). p values were calculated using the unadjusted log-rank test. c High expression of Cyclin D3 associated with poor survival in breast cancer patients. Patients data obtained from data set GSE24450 were stratified by median level of Cyclin D3 expression and analyzed by Kaplan–Meier curves. e High expression of Cyclin D3 associated with proor survival in breast cancer patients. Patients data obtained from data set GSE2304 were stratified by median level of Cyclin D3 expression and analyzed by Kaplan–Meier curves
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When the correlation between DFS and each clinical-pathological variables were examined in univariate analysis, age (HR 2.470; 95 % CI 1.032–5.911; p = 0.042), lymph node status (HR 2.056; 95 % CI 1.068–3.992; p = 0.031) and Cyclin D3 status (HR 5.545; 95 % CI 1.705–18.032; p = 0.004) were associated with higher risk of recurrence and reached statistical significance as expected (Additional file 2: Table S2). However, only Cyclin D3 status remained statistically significant during multivariate analysis (Additional file 3: Table S3). These data suggested that Cyclin D3 could serve as an independent prognosis marker in breast cancer.
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Expression patterns of Cyclin D3 in breast cancer tissues and cell lines
When we detected Cyclin D3 expression in tissue array, we found that expression of Cyclin D3 was higher in breast cancer tissues than in normal adjacent breast tissues (Fig. 2a). It was further confirmed by qPCR assay. It showed that the mRNA level of Cyclin D3 was extremely high in the breast cancer tissues compared with the adjacent tissues (p < 0.05) (Fig. 2b). Expression of Cyclin D3 was also detected in the breast cancer cell lines by qPCR and western blot. Cyclin D3 was higher in breast cancer cells than in the normal breast cell line MCF10A (Fig. 2c). These data indicated that Cyclin D3 highly expressed in breast cancer.
Fig. 2
Cyclin D3 expression profiles in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. a Cyclin D3 immunostaining was performed in 50 pairs of BC tumor tissues and ANCT normal tissues. All immunohistochemical photomicrographs are magnified 400×. bComparison of Cyclin D3 expression levels between 20 pairs of BC tumor tissues and ANCT normal tissues by qRT-PCR analysis. GAPDH was used as an internal control (p < 0.01). c Comparison of Cyclin D3 expression levels between 9 BC cell lines and normal MCF10A cells by qRT-PCR analysis and western blot. GAPDH was used as an internal control. HM lung highly metastasis, BO bone highly metastasis
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Cyclin D3 was involved in the metastasis of breast cancer
As Cyclin D3 was related with DFS of BC patients and it showed that Cyclin D3 was highly expressed in the high metastasis BC cell lines, such as MDA-MB231 and its high lung and bone metastatic subtypes (HM and BO), transwell assay was carried out to further examine the role of Cyclin D3 in BC metastasis. The results showed that the migration and invasion were significantly inhibited when Cyclin D3 was down-regulated with its siRNA (p < 0.05). The knock down efficiency of siRNA targeted to Cyclin D3 was confirmed by western blot (Fig. 3). These data suggested that Cyclin D3 was involved in the metastasis of breast cancer.
Fig. 3
Cyclin D3 was involved in the metastasis of breast cancer. MDA-MB231 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting Cyclin D3 or control vectors. After 6 h, transwell assays were performed as described. Crystal violet staining of migrating and invading cells is shown. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of the number of invading cells in more than five separate areas. *p < 0.05 versus vector controls (n = 3 experiments). The efficiency of knock down was detected by western blot. GAPDH was used as a loading control
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Cyclin D3 interacted with actin in vivo and in vitro
Then we wondered how Cyclin D3 regulated the progression of breast cancer. First MS assay was used to search for Cyclin D3 interaction proteins. The MCF-7 cells transfected with Cyclin D3 was lysed and the lysates were immunocripted with the antibody against Cyclin D3 then subjected to the immunoblot assay. The gel was stained with commassie blue dye. Compared to the control IgG, the unique band in the gel was cut off for the MS analysis. The results showed actin was among the Cyclin D3 immunocription complex. To validate the physical interaction, CO-IP assay was carried out. We found that Cyclin D3 interacted with actin both in MCF-7 and in MDA-MB-231 (Fig. 4a). Furthermore, the interaction between GST-actin and Cyclin D3 in cells lysates was also detectable in the GST-PULL down assay in vitro (Fig. 4b lane 4, about 30KD). Cyclin D1 was used as a negative control. It suggested that Cyclin D3 directly interacted with actin. The physical interaction was also confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence (Fig. 4c). These data indicated that Cyclin D3 interacted with actin in vivo and in vitro. As we known, actin was involved in the movement of cells and could regulate the invasion of cancer cells. We speculated that Cyclin D3 might affect the metastasis of BC through interating with actin. However, it still needs further investigation.
Fig. 4
Cyclin D3 interacted with actin in vivo and in vitro. a MCF-7 or MDA-MB231 cells were transfected with HA-actin. 48 h later, cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with HA antibody or Cyclin D3 antibody, then subjected to SDS-PAGE and detected with Cyclin D3 antibody or HA antibody. b GST-actin (70KD) was in vitro translated, [35S]methionine labeled, preimmobilized onto glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads, and incubated with lyses of MCF-7 cells transfected with Cyclin D3 (30KD) or Cyclin D1 (30KD). Binding proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE and visualized by phosphorimaging. c MCF-7 cells were subjected to immunoflurorescent staining assay. Cells were fixed and reacted with a mouse monoclonal anti-Cyclin D3 antibody and a rabbit polyclonal anti-actin antibody. The secondary antibodies were anti-rabbit IgG-conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate and anti-mouse IgG-conjugated to rhodamine red. The images were captured with a Leica confocal microscope and software provided by Leica
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Discussion
D-type cyclins (D1, D2, and D3) bind cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), and the activity of cyclin D/CDK complexes promotes entry into cell cycle [10, 11]. Aberrant cell cycle regulation is a common thread to all forms of cancers [12]. Deregulated expression of all D-type cyclins is frequently observed in hematopoietic malignancies [13] [14, 15].
Compared to cyclin D1 and cyclin D2, little was known about Cyclin D3’s function. Previous researches demonstrated that Cyclin D3 interacted with p58PITSLRE, a member of the PITSLRE protein kinase family and evidently enhanced its kinase activity [16]. Also, Cyclin D3 interacts with both retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II to form a ternary complex and up-regulate retinoic acid-mediated transcription [17]. Cycin D3 could interact with vitamin D receptor and regulates its transcription activity [18]. Previous data have suggested that Notch signaling directly regulates Cyclin D3 expression and blocking Cyclin D3 expression by γ-secretase inhibition of Notch signaling prevents cell cycle progression in human T-ALL cell lines in vitro [19]. And abnormal Cyclin D3 was also found in other cancers, such as leukemia [20], HCC [21], gliomas [22], bladder carcinoma [23], prostate cancer [24] and osteosaroma [25]. These data suggested that D-type cyclins and/or their downstream interacting partners could be attractive therapeutic targets in the cancer.
We demonstrated here that Cyclin D3 was up-regulated in breast cancer. Cyclin D3 expression was positively correlated with ER, PR and negatively correlated with HER2 and tumor differention status (p < 0.05). DFS was significantly worse in breast cancer patients with high Cyclin D3 expression (p = 0.01).
When the correlation between DFS and each clinical-pathological variables were examined in univariate analysis, Cyclin D3 status (HR 5.545; 95 % CI 1.705–18.032; p = 0.004) were associated with higher risk of recurrence and remained statistically significant during multivariate analysis. It suggested that Cyclin D3 could be an independent factor for predicting the prognosis of BC patients.
Further investigation revealed that Cyclin D3 prompted the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. MS analysis suggested Cyclin D3 interacted with actin and it was further validated by CO-IP assay and GST-Pull down assay.
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As we known, cell migration requires dynamic remodeling of the actomyosin network [26]. It is reported that decreased beta-actin expression in normal corneal stroma clearly disrupts the cytoskeletal structure and functions, including keratocyte motility and wound healing [27]. A 130-kDa protein 4.1B was found to regulate cell adhesion, spreading, and migration of mouse embryo fibroblasts by influencing actin cytoskeleton organization [28]. Furthermore, RAGE-binding S100A8/A9 promoted the migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells through actin polymerization [29]. Actin was possibly involved in the cell dynamic remodeling and movement. Previous studies showed that cGMP-dependent protein kinase I beta regulated breast cancer cell migration and invasion via interaction with the actin/myosin-associated protein caldesmon [30]. Besides, actins are localized both in cytoplasm and in nucleus. The nuclear actins combine with actin binding protein and polymeraseIIto form the transcriptional machinery and regulate multiple gene transcription [31]. Base on our results, Cyclin D3 and actin were mainly co-localized in the cellular nucleus. Nuclear actin was reported to be involved in the gene transcription regulation, so we speculated that Cyclin D3 promoted the progression and invasion of breast cancer by interacting with actin to regulate some metastasis related genes or oncogene transcription. However it needs further investigation.
In this study, we provided the evidence that Cyclin D3 predicted disease-free survival in breast cancer and could serve as an independent prognostic biomarker in breast cancer.
Methods
Patients’ samples
A total of 243 primary breast cancer samples of stage I to III invasive ductal carcinoma cases and ANCT were collected randomly at the Department of Breast Surgery in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FDUSCC, Shanghai, P. R. China). Each case was given a unique identifier and linked to a database containing clinical-pathological data. ANCT means the normal breast tissue and it was diagnosed by the pathologists through H.E. staining. The tumors were assessed according to the WHO classification by two academic pathologists. In addition, the pathological data including (ER, PR), HER2, P53 and Ki67 status/expression were assessed and diagnosed by the pathologists based on the ASCO breast cancer guideline. Patient information and tumor pathology are summarized. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center for Clinical Research (Reference number: 050432-4-1212B). The written informed consents were obtained from all the patients.
Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining
A total of 243 FFPE blocks of breast cancer tissues and ANCT were collected for tissue microarrays. Two breast cancer tissue cores and two ANCT cores from the same patient’s FFPE blocks were arranged on recipient paraffin block (with a 1-mm core per specimen). Paraffin sections (3-μm thick) were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in a graded alcohol series, boiled with 10 mmol/L of citrate buffer (pH 6) for 15 min and pre-incubated in blocking solution (10 % normal goat sera) for 1 h at room temperature. The steps were performed using the Envision two-step method. The Envision and DAB Color Kit was purchased from Gene Tech Company Limited (Shanghai, China). A mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody against Cyclin D3 was used at a 1:100 dilution. PBS (phosphate buffered saline) was used as a negative control. The tissue microarray slides were concurrently evaluated by two of the authors. For Cyclin D3 protein in this study, a moderate/strong nucleus staining was defined as positive staining, and a weak or negative staining was defined as negative staining.
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Cell culture and regents
Nine breast cell lines were obtained from cell bank of our lab. MCF-7, BCAP 37 and BT474 cells were grown using 1640 medium. MDA-MB231, MDA-MB231BO MDA-MB231HM cells were cultured using F15. MDA-MB436 and MDA-MB468 cells were cultured with DMEM medium. MCF10A were cultured with F12/DMEM 1:1 medium. All medium are with 10 % FBS, 100 ug/ml penicillin and 100 ug/ml streptomycin. The cells were cultured at 37 °C and 5 % CO2.
RNA extraction and quantitative RT-PCR
Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). After converting total RNA to cDNA in a reverse transcription (RT) reaction, qPCR were used to quantify the mRNA expression levels. To detect Cyclin D3 expression, we used the SYBR-Green method. GAPDH was used as an internal control. 2−∆Ct values were used to determine their relative expression.
Transwell assay
Cell invasion was assayed using BD BioCoat Growth Factor Reduced (GFR) Matrigel Invasion Chambers (BD, CA). Transfected MDA-MB231 cells (0.5 ml; 5 × 104 cells/ml) were added to the inside of the inserts and incubated for 3 h. After incubation, non-invading cells were removed from the upper surface of the membrane using cotton-tipped swabs. The cells on the lower surface of the membrane were stained with Crystal violet and counted in the central field of triplicate membranes.
Immunoprecipitation and western blotting
MCF-7 and MDA-MB231cells were transfected with 4 μg of HA-actin. Approximately 48 h after transfection, cells were washed with ice-cold phosphate- buffered saline and solubilized with 1 ml of coimmunoprecipitation buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 0.1 % Nonidet P-40, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, 15 mM MgCl2, 60 mM-glycerophosphate, 0.1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 0.1 mM NaF, 0.1 mM benzamide, 10 μg/ml aprotinin, 10 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 mM PMSF). Detergent-insoluble materials were removed by centrifugation. Cell lysates were incubated with 2 μg of relevant antibody at 4 °C for 2 h. Pre-equilibrated protein G-agarose beads were added and collected by centrifugation after incubation overnight and then gently washed three times with the lysis buffer. The bound proteins were eluted and analyzed using Western blots. An antibody to GAPDH was used to ensure equivalent loading.
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GST pull-down assay
GST-actin was purified from bacterial lysates using glutathione-agarose beads (Amersham Biosciences). His-Cyclin D1, His-Cyclin D proteins were purified from Escherichia coli using high performance nickel-Sepharose (GE Healthcare). 20 μl of His-tagged proteins were incubated with 5 μl (about 10 μg) of GST-tagged fusion protein or control protein (GST) in 300 μl of lysis buffer and rotated for 3–5 h at 4 °C. Pre-equilibrated glutathione-sepharose 4B beads were added and collected by centrifugation after incubation overnight and then gently washed three times with the lysis buffer. The beads were resuspended in SDS-PAGE sample buffer, boiled for 5 min, electrophoresed on a 10 % SDSpolyacrylamide gel, and analyzed by Western blot.
Statistical analysis
Analyses were performed using SPSS software. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was also performed using SPSS. Differences with p values <0.05 are considered significant. Univariate analysis was used in multivariate analysis on the basis of Cox proportional hazards model. Two-sided p values were calculated and a probability level of 0.05 was chosen for statistical significance.
Authors’ contributions
JW and YC conceived and designed the study. YC and SH performed the experiments. ML and XS analyzed the data. NH and LG contributed reagents, materials, and analysis tools. YC wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (81102002) and the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB834305, 2010CB834301).
Compliance with ethical guidelines
Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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