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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 11/2015

01.11.2015 | Leitthema

Perioperatives Risiko und Letalität nach großen chirurgischen Eingriffen

verfasst von: Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. O. Boehm, Dr. med. M.K.A. Pfeiffer, Prof. Dr. med. G. Baumgarten, Prof. Dr. med. A. Hoeft

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 11/2015

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Zusammenfassung

Obwohl die anästhesieassoziierte Sterblichkeit mit 0,00068–0,00082 % seit Jahrzehnten auf niedrigem Niveau ist, zeigen aktuelle Studien eine weiterhin hohe durchschnittliche postoperative Letalität von 0,8–4 %. Neben chirurgisch bedingten schweren Komplikationen beeinflusst v. a. die patienteneigene Komorbidität das Behandlungsergebnis negativ. Risikofaktoren prädisponieren einerseits für akut auftretende Zwischenfälle (z. B. Myokardinfarkt), andererseits entsteht ein Großteil der letalen Komplikationen mit einer langsamen Progredienz, v. a. Infektionen oder Folgen der systemischen Inflammation. Deshalb besteht ein Zeitfenster zur Erkennung und zur Therapie zahlreicher perioperativer Komplikationen, das oft nicht zur Verbesserung des Behandlungsergebnisses genutzt wird.
In diesem Zusammenhang wurde der Begriff „failure to rescue“ (FTR) als Indikator der perioperativen Patientenversorgung eingeführt, gemeint ist derjenige Anteil von Patienten, die eine schwere postoperative Komplikation erleiden und letztendlich an dieser Komplikation versterben. Failure to rescue scheint in der perioperativen Medizin eine bislang unterschätzte Rolle zu spielen, aber einen signifikanten Anteil der postoperativen Letalität zu verursachen bzw. zumindest an deren Entstehung beteiligt zu sein. Während die Häufigkeit von postoperativen Komplikationen zwischen verschiedenen Krankenhäusern erstaunlich wenig variiert, unterscheidet sich die Letalität nach Komplikationen z. T. erheblich, was auf ein erhebliches Verbesserungspotenzial hinweist. Bei ca. 14 Mio. Operationen in Deutschland mit einer postoperativen Sterblichkeit von ca. 1 % und einem vermeidbaren FTR-Anteil von 40 % wären dies geschätzte 60.000 vermeidbare Todesfälle. Eine wesentliche Aufgabe der Zukunft wird es daher sein, FTR zu vermeiden. Hierfür müssen 1) die Risikopatienten identifiziert, 2) die Entstehung von postoperativen Komplikationen durch geeignete perioperative adjunktive Therapiestrategien möglichst vermieden, 3) ein Überwachungssystem zur Früherkennung von Komplikationen etabliert sowie 4) auftretende Komplikationen suffizient und frühzeitig behandelt werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Perioperatives Risiko und Letalität nach großen chirurgischen Eingriffen
verfasst von
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. O. Boehm
Dr. med. M.K.A. Pfeiffer
Prof. Dr. med. G. Baumgarten
Prof. Dr. med. A. Hoeft
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 11/2015
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-015-0110-y

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