Background
Study rationale
Ethiopia context
Objective, study aim, research question and hypothesis
Methods
Trial design
Timeline
Study setting
Andilaye intervention
Design process
Intervention details
Target audiences
Intervention activities
Study outcomes and measures
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Short-term behavioral outcomes, measured as the proportion of households with improved (private or shared) latrines and washing facilities that are functional and available for use; proportion of households using functional latrines and washing facilities; proportion of households with all members exclusively using a latrine for defecation; proportion of households disposing of child feces in an improved latrine; proportion of households with all children in the household with a clean face and hands;
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Intermediate behavioral antecedents, measured as the proportion of households with improved knowledge regarding the implications of improved WASH practices (i.e., perceptions regarding negative externalities); proportion of households that indicate positive attitudes, perceptions toward improved sanitation and good hygiene practices; change in normative expectations related to open defecation, exclusive latrine use for defecation, and personal hygiene practices;
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Diarrhea period prevalence, as measured through caregiver self-report;
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Sanitation insecurity, as measured through changes in sanitation insecurity scale scores [19];
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Collective efficacy measures, as measured through changes in collective efficacy scale scores [42]; and
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Water insecurity, as measured through changes in water insecurity scale scores [43].
Sample size
Indicator | Overall | Intervention | Control | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic information | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Respondent was female | 1589 | 90.7 | 793 | 91.3 | 796 | 90.1 |
Respondent was mother of index child | 1589 | 84.6 | 793 | 85.4 | 796 | 83.9 |
Primary caregiver/mother has at least secondary education | 1589 | 12.8 | 793 | 11.9 | 796 | 13.8 |
Primary caregiver/mother is married | 1587 | 89.3 | 792 | 91.2 | 795 | 87.4 |
Head of household has at least some secondary education | 1579 | 16.7 | 791 | 15.2 | 788 | 18.2 |
Demographic information | N | mean (SE) | N | mean (SE) | N | mean (SE) |
Respondent’s age | 1589 | 33.5 (0.38) | 793 | 33.7 (0.52) | 796 | 33.3 (0.55) |
Head of household age | 1589 | 41.3 (0.46) | 793 | 41.6 (0.54) | 796 | 41.1 (0.73) |
Number of household members | 1589 | 5.3 (0.08) | 793 | 5.3 (0.10) | 796 | 5.3 (0.12) |
Household latrine coverage | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Households with access to at least one household latrine | 1589 | 65.5 | 793 | 64.1 | 796 | 66.8 |
Households with access to an improved household latrine a | 1553 | 39.8 | 775 | 39.9 | 778 | 39.7 |
Households with access to a fully constructed household latrine | 1583 | 30.7 | 792 | 29.6 | 791 | 31.9 |
Household latrine operation and maintenance | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Household has added or improved anything on the latrine since its original construction | 1028 | 12.9 | 504 | 11.9 | 524 | 13.9 |
Household latrine characteristics | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Presence of drop hole cover in the latrine | 1033 | 13.4 | 505 | 12.5 | 528 | 14.2 |
Among those with a drop hole, a cover was situated over drop hole | 138 | 66.7 | 63 | 65.1 | 75 | 68.0 |
Defecation practices | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Respondent’s primary place of defecation was in the open during last 2 days | 1589 | 37.5 | 793 | 39.5 | 796 | 35.6 |
Respondent defecated in any latrine during last 2 days | 1589 | 45.6 | 793 | 46.0 | 796 | 45.1 |
Child feces were safely disposed of during the last 2 days | 961 | 40.2 | 463 | 38.9 | 498 | 41.4 |
Sharing of household latrine facilities | N | mean (SE) | N | mean (SE) | N | mean (SE) |
Given household has a household latrine, number of people from another household who used this latrine during last 7 days, exclusive of household members | 1037 | 0.94 (0.12) | 506 | 1.08 (0.18) | 530 | 0.79 (0.14) |
Animal husbandry / other household sanitation practices | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Animal feces/waste not left out in open in compound | 1589 | 44.1 | 793 | 42.0 | 796 | 46.2 |
Facial cleanliness among children aged 1–9 years | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Ocular discharge present | 1944 | 40.3 | 932 | 42.2 | 1012 | 38.6 |
Wet nasal discharge present | 1944 | 47.3 | 932 | 47.6 | 1012 | 46.9 |
Dry nasal discharge present | 1944 | 65.4 | 932 | 64.7 | 1012 | 66.1 |
Dirt/dust/other debris present | 1944 | 69.9 | 932 | 68.7 | 1012 | 71.0 |
N | mean (SE) | N | mean (SE) | N | mean (SE) | |
Number of times a fly land on the index child’s face during a 1 min observation | 1382 | 4.2 (0.23) | 669 | 4.1 (0.34) | 713 | 4.3 (0.32) |
Household washing station coverage | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Household hand or facewashing station(s) | 1589 | 78.9 | 793 | 77.1 | 796 | 78.8 |
Handwashing practices | N | % | N | % | N | % |
The last time the respondent washed, s/he used soap/ash/soapy water | 1588 | 36.4 | 793 | 35.1 | 795 | 37.7 |
The last time the respondent defecated, s/he cleaned hands with water and soap, substitute | 1585 | 37.2 | 791 | 36.3 | 794 | 38.0 |
The last time the respondent prepared food, s/he cleaned hands with water and soap, substitute before beginning food preparations | 1586 | 39.7 | 791 | 41.0 | 795 | 38.5 |
Diarrhea among index children | N | % | N | % | N | % |
During the last 2 days, including today, index child had three or more loose stools per day | 1577 | 6.3 | 782 | 5.6 | 795 | 6.9 |
During the last 7 days, including today, index child had three or more loose stools per day | 1575 | 9.1 | 778 | 8.1 | 797 | 10.0 |
Anxiety and depression | N | % Mean (SD) | N | % Mean (SD) | N | % Mean (SD) |
Anxiety b | 1584 | 29.7 1.56 (0.62) | 790 | 29.6 1.56 (0.60) | 794 | 29.7 1.56 (0.63) |
Depression b | 1588 | 20.8 1.46 (0.52) | 793 | 21.3 1.45 (0.51) | 795 | 20.4 1.46 (0.52) |
Emotional distress b | 1583 | 17.3 1.38 (0.48) | 790 | 17.2 1.38 (0.47) | 793 | 17.4 1.38 (0.48) |
WHO-5 well-being
| N | % Mean (SD) | N | % Mean (SD) | N | % Mean (SD) |
Poor well-being c | 1586 | 33.2 16.0 (7.0) | 792 | 31.1 15.6 (7.1) | 794 | 35.3 16.3 (6.8) |