Background
Objectives
Methods
Sampling
Data collection and ethics considerations
Measurement
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Statistical analysis
Results
District | Pudong | Changning | Hongkou | Putuo | Jinshan | Chongming |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 339 | 83 | 109 | 129 | 76 | 107 |
Female | 493 | 115 | 165 | 163 | 78 | 140 |
Age ≥ 60 | 715 | 165 | 211 | 244 | 139 | 200 |
Age 80~ | 117 | 32 | 63 | 48 | 18 | 47 |
SRH | Good | Fair | Poor | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % | ||
socio-demographic | |||||||||
residence**
| urban | 272 | 35.6 | 390 | 51.1 | 101 | 13.2 | 763 | 38.2 |
suburbs | 428 | 51.4 | 320 | 38.5 | 84 | 10.1 | 832 | 41.7 | |
outer suburbs | 188 | 46.8 | 144 | 35.8 | 70 | 17.4 | 402 | 20.1 | |
gender*
| male | 409 | 48.6 | 342 | 40.7 | 90 | 10.7 | 841 | 42.2 |
female | 479 | 41.5 | 511 | 44.3 | 163 | 14.1 | 1153 | 57.8 | |
age**
| 60~ | 320 | 49.8 | 259 | 40.3 | 64 | 10.0 | 643 | 32.2 |
65~ | 161 | 47.5 | 140 | 41.3 | 38 | 11.2 | 339 | 17.0 | |
70~ | 139 | 44.3 | 134 | 42.7 | 41 | 13.1 | 314 | 15.7 | |
75~ | 152 | 40.4 | 172 | 45.7 | 52 | 13.8 | 376 | 18.8 | |
80~ | 116 | 35.8 | 148 | 45.7 | 60 | 18.5 | 324 | 16.2 | |
education level | illiterate | 243 | 42.6 | 241 | 42.2 | 87 | 15.2 | 571 | 28.7 |
primary | 280 | 44.1 | 266 | 41.9 | 89 | 14.0 | 635 | 31.9 | |
Middle/high | 314 | 46.7 | 295 | 43.9 | 63 | 9.4 | 672 | 33.7 | |
College or above | 50 | 43.9 | 49 | 43.0 | 15 | 13.2 | 114 | 5.7 | |
health risk behaviours | |||||||||
smoking*
| never | 677 | 43.5 | 676 | 43.4 | 203 | 13.0 | 1556 | 77.9 |
occasionally | 45 | 53.6 | 32 | 38.1 | 7 | 8.3 | 84 | 4.2 | |
often | 131 | 52.6 | 93 | 37.3 | 25 | 10.0 | 249 | 12.5 | |
quit | 35 | 32.4 | 53 | 49.1 | 20 | 18.5 | 108 | 5.4 | |
drinking*
| never | 669 | 42.7 | 680 | 43.5 | 216 | 13.8 | 1565 | 78.4 |
occasionally | 77 | 51.3 | 65 | 43.3 | 8 | 5.3 | 150 | 7.5 | |
often | 32 | 59.3 | 20 | 37.0 | 2 | 3.7 | 54 | 2.7 | |
quit | 110 | 48.2 | 89 | 39.0 | 29 | 12.7 | 228 | 11.4 | |
outdoor activities**
| yes | 603 | 51.8 | 453 | 38.9 | 108 | 9.3 | 1164 | 58.4 |
no | 284 | 34.2 | 401 | 48.3 | 145 | 17.5 | 830 | 41.6 |
Health risk behaviours have a positive association on SRH
The stronger the social support, the higher the SRH score
SRH | Good | Fair | Poor | total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % | ||
social supports | |||||||||
marital status | widowed | 172 | 40.1 | 191 | 44.5 | 66 | 15.4 | 429 | 21.6 |
married | 691 | 45.8 | 637 | 42.2 | 182 | 12.1 | 1510 | 75.9 | |
single/divorced | 22 | 43.1 | 23 | 45.1 | 6 | 11.8 | 51 | 2.6 | |
source of income**
| pension | 782 | 46.2 | 711 | 42.0 | 198 | 11.7 | 1691 | 86.1 |
salary/savings | 46 | 31.9 | 83 | 57.6 | 15 | 10.4 | 144 | 7.3 | |
family | 20 | 35.7 | 23 | 41.1 | 13 | 23.2 | 56 | 2.8 | |
other | 29 | 39.2 | 28 | 37.8 | 17 | 23.0 | 74 | 3.8 | |
living situation | non-empty nester | 308 | 44.5 | 292 | 42.2 | 92 | 13.3 | 692 | 34.7 |
empty nester | 579 | 44.4 | 562 | 43.1 | 163 | 12.5 | 1304 | 65.3 | |
meeting children*
| daily | 600 | 46.8 | 538 | 42.0 | 143 | 11.2 | 1281 | 65.2 |
weekly | 170 | 41.6 | 179 | 43.8 | 60 | 14.7 | 409 | 20.8 | |
monthly | 74 | 38.1 | 92 | 47.4 | 28 | 14.4 | 194 | 9.9 | |
yearly | 29 | 43.9 | 21 | 31.8 | 16 | 24.2 | 66 | 3.4 | |
<1 time/year | 4 | 25.0 | 10 | 62.5 | 2 | 12.5 | 16 | 0.8 | |
meeting neighbours*
| weekly | 821 | 45.8 | 762 | 42.5 | 210 | 11.7 | 1793 | 89.8 |
monthly | 24 | 31.6 | 39 | 51.3 | 13 | 17.1 | 76 | 3.8 | |
yearly | 7 | 43.8 | 6 | 37.5 | 3 | 18.8 | 16 | 0.8 | |
never | 36 | 32.4 | 47 | 42.3 | 28 | 25.2 | 111 | 5.6 | |
meeting relatives/friends**
| weekly | 249 | 55.6 | 162 | 36.2 | 37 | 8.3 | 448 | 22.4 |
monthly | 143 | 46.0 | 137 | 44.1 | 31 | 10.0 | 311 | 15.6 | |
yearly | 363 | 41.7 | 383 | 44.0 | 124 | 14.3 | 870 | 43.6 | |
never | 133 | 36.2 | 172 | 46.9 | 62 | 16.9 | 367 | 18.4 | |
community meeting**
| weekly | 151 | 50.3 | 104 | 34.7 | 45 | 15.0 | 300 | 15.1 |
monthly | 81 | 52.3 | 62 | 40.0 | 12 | 7.7 | 155 | 7.8 | |
yearly | 110 | 52.9 | 86 | 41.3 | 12 | 5.8 | 208 | 10.5 | |
never | 544 | 41.0 | 598 | 45.1 | 185 | 13.9 | 1327 | 66.7 | |
mental status | |||||||||
loneliness**
| never | 798 | 48.2 | 684 | 41.3 | 175 | 10.6 | 1657 | 83.0 |
sometimes | 67 | 25.1 | 143 | 53.6 | 57 | 21.3 | 267 | 13.4 | |
always | 23 | 31.9 | 26 | 36.1 | 23 | 31.9 | 72 | 3.6 | |
nervousness/ anxiety**
| never | 841 | 47.2 | 749 | 42.1 | 190 | 10.7 | 1780 | 89.2 |
sometimes | 40 | 22.9 | 92 | 52.6 | 43 | 24.6 | 175 | 8.8 | |
always | 6 | 15.0 | 12 | 30.0 | 22 | 55.0 | 40 | 2.0 | |
satisfied with life**
| good | 632 | 58.0 | 367 | 33.7 | 91 | 8.3 | 1090 | 54.7 |
fair | 239 | 29.8 | 455 | 56.7 | 108 | 13.5 | 802 | 40.2 | |
poor | 16 | 15.7 | 30 | 29.4 | 56 | 54.9 | 102 | 5.1 |
Better physical health is positively associated with better SRH scores
SRH | Good | Fair | Poor | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % | ||
Physical health | |||||||||
ADL | Complete | 887 | 45.3 | 844 | 43.1 | 229 | 11.7 | 1960 | 98.1 |
Partial | 1 | 3.0 | 10 | 30.3 | 22 | 66.7 | 33 | 1.7 | |
No ability | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 100.0 | 4 | 0.2 | |
physical health changes** | Better | 49 | 49.5 | 39 | 39.4 | 11 | 11.1 | 99 | 5.0 |
Unchanged | 686 | 53.8 | 529 | 41.5 | 61 | 4.8 | 1276 | 64.0 | |
Worse | 146 | 25.1 | 259 | 44.6 | 176 | 30.3 | 581 | 29.2 | |
variable | 7 | 18.9 | 25 | 67.6 | 5 | 13.5 | 37 | 1.9 | |
hearing** | deaf | 29 | 29.0 | 51 | 51.0 | 20 | 20.0 | 100 | 5.0 |
some | 140 | 36.6 | 170 | 44.4 | 73 | 19.1 | 383 | 19.2 | |
able | 719 | 47.6 | 632 | 41.9 | 158 | 10.5 | 1509 | 75.8 | |
speaking** | yes | 52 | 40.3 | 46 | 35.7 | 31 | 24.0 | 129 | 6.5 |
no | 834 | 44.8 | 807 | 43.3 | 222 | 11.9 | 1863 | 93.5 | |
vision** | sighted | 701 | 49.4 | 588 | 41.4 | 131 | 9.2 | 1420 | 71.5 |
some vision | 143 | 32.1 | 207 | 46.5 | 95 | 21.3 | 445 | 22.4 | |
blind | 38 | 31.4 | 56 | 46.3 | 27 | 22.3 | 121 | 6.1 | |
Chronic disease | |||||||||
with chronic disease** | Yes | 587 | 38.1 | 711 | 46.1 | 243 | 15.8 | 1541 | 77.2 |
hypertension** | Yes | 402 | 39.4 | 468 | 45.9 | 150 | 14.7 | 1020 | 51.1 |
heart disease** | Yes | 117 | 26.9 | 204 | 46.9 | 114 | 26.2 | 435 | 21.8 |
diabetes** | Yes | 89 | 30.7 | 141 | 48.6 | 60 | 20.7 | 290 | 14.5 |
cataract** | Yes | 50 | 28.9 | 93 | 53.8 | 30 | 17.3 | 173 | 8.7 |
cerebrovascular disease** | Yes | 33 | 22.1 | 65 | 43.6 | 51 | 34.2 | 149 | 7.5 |
bronchitis** | yes | 34 | 28.3 | 63 | 52.5 | 23 | 19.2 | 120 | 6.0 |
gastroenteritis** | yes | 29 | 25.7 | 55 | 48.7 | 29 | 25.7 | 113 | 5.7 |
intervertebral disc disease** | yes | 36 | 32.1 | 46 | 41.1 | 30 | 26.8 | 112 | 5.6 |
cardiovascular disease* | yes | 23 | 40.4 | 26 | 45.6 | 8 | 14.0 | 57 | 2.9 |
asthma | yes | 19 | 36.5 | 19 | 36.5 | 14 | 26.9 | 52 | 2.6 |
number of chronic diseases/person | 0 | 301 | 66.0 | 143 | 31.4 | 12 | 2.6 | 456 | 22.8 |
1 | 336 | 49.9 | 284 | 42.1 | 54 | 8.0 | 674 | 33.8 | |
2 | 151 | 34.8 | 221 | 50.9 | 62 | 14.3 | 434 | 21.7 | |
3 or more | 100 | 23.1 | 206 | 47.6 | 127 | 29.3 | 433 | 21.7 |
Models’ testing on the determinants of SRH
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographics | ||||||
Urban (outer suburb) | 1.664** | 1.933** | 1.554** | 1.532** | 1.665** | 1.689** |
Suburb (outer suburb) | 0.808 | 1.025 | 0.813 | 0.789 | 0.767** | 0.984 |
Female (male) | 1.18 | 1.166 | 1.117 | 1.221 | 1.11 | 1.129 |
65–69 years old (60–64) | 1.097 | 1.11 | 1.129 | 1.086 | 0.972 | 1.06 |
70–74 years old (60–64) | 1.136 | 1.134 | 1.16005 | 1.055 | 0.943 | 0.968 |
75–79 years old (60–64) | 1.151 | 1.163 | 1.137 | 1.086 | 0.954 | 0.996 |
≥ 80 years old (60–64) | 1.291 | 1.329 | 1.268 | 1.106 | 1.058 | 1.035 |
1–6 years of schooling (0) | 1.052 | 1.091 | 1.098 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 1.059 |
7–12 years of schooling (0) | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.812 | 0.756 | 0.815 | 0.771 |
13- years of schooling (0) | 0.744 | 0.678 | 0.785 | 0.642 | 0.721 | 0.671 |
Health risk behaviours | ||||||
smoke sometimes (never) | 0.931 | 1.015 | 0.880 | 0.993 | 0.932 | 1.056 |
always smoke (never) | 1.04 | 1.036 | 0.925 | 1.087 | 1.119 | 1.049 |
quit smoking (never) | 2.329** | 2.396** | 2.139** | 2.204** | 2.321** | 2.212** |
drink sometimes (never) | 0.776 | 0.751 | 0.712 | 0.861 | 0.819 | 0.791 |
always drink (never) | 0.645 | 0.608 | 0.638 | 0.586 | 0.729 | 0.618 |
quit drinking (never) | 0.706 | 0.675** | 0.729 | 0.736 | 0.665** | 0.686 |
outdoor activities (no) | 1.923** | 1.755** | 1.604 | 1.809 | 1.794** | 1.412** |
Social support | ||||||
in marriage (widowed) | 1.172 | 1.279 | ||||
unmarried (widowed) | 1.108 | 1.221 | ||||
empty nesters (Non) | 1.063 | 1.002 | ||||
work pay/savings (pension) | 2.172** | 1.601** | ||||
from family (pension) | 1.401 | 1.225 | ||||
others (pension) | 1.539 | 1.702 | ||||
children/week (/day) | 1.102 | 0.991 | ||||
children/month (/day) | 1.279 | 1.155 | ||||
children/year (/day) | 0.954 | 0.808 | ||||
children < 1 / year (/day) | 2.71 | 1.198 | ||||
neighbour/month (/week) | 1.417 | 1.7 | ||||
neighbour/year (/week) | 0.58 | 0.676 | ||||
neighbour/none (/week) | 1.159 | 1.089 | ||||
relative or friend /month (/week) | 1.404** | 1.658** | ||||
relative or friend /year (/week) | 1.626** | 1.845** | ||||
relative or friend/none (/week) | 1.438** | 1.627** | ||||
community/month (/week) | 0.848 | 0.778 | ||||
community/year (/week) | 0.812 | 0.811 | ||||
community/none (/week) | 1.195 | 1.056 | ||||
Mental condition | ||||||
loneliness (no) | 3.213** | 1.310 | ||||
nervous/anxiety (no) | 6.227** | 1.906** | ||||
general feeling (good) | 0.996 | 3.059** | ||||
bad feeling (good) | 1.967** | 4.415** | ||||
Physical condition | ||||||
Tool use and ADL | ||||||
use auxiliary tools (no) | 1.343 | 1.114 | ||||
ADL (no) | 16.062** | 11.14** | ||||
Chronic diseases | ||||||
hypertension (no) | 0.778** | 0.751** | ||||
heart disease (no) | 0.517** | 0.553** | ||||
Diabetes (no) | 0.623** | 0.572** | ||||
Cataract (no) | 0.592** | 0.673 | ||||
Cerebrovascular disease (no) | 0.438** | 0.513** | ||||
Bronchitis (no) | 0.667 | 0.608 | ||||
Gastroenteritis (no) | 0.488** | 0.565** | ||||
intervertebral disc disease (no) | 0.708 | 0.787 | ||||
cardiovascular disease (no) | 0.877 | 0.821 | ||||
Asthma (no) | 0.428 | 0.39 | ||||
Constant | −0.268 | −1.141 | −0.853 | −0.354 | −1.247 | 2.876 |
χ2
| 134.711 | 179.683 | 322.045 | 137.527 | 395.501 | 418.466 |
df | 19 | 38 | 23 | 21 | 41 | 54 |
Sig. |
P < 0.05 |
P < 0.05 |
P < 0.05 |
P < 0.05 |
P < 0.05 |
P < 0.05 |
R2
| 0.066 | 0.09 | 0.151 | 0.07 | 0.196 | 0.206 |