Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design, data source and area
Sampling technique and participants
Measures of outcome
Explanatory factors
Demographic characteristics
Socio-economic characteristics
Pregnancy and childbirth factors
Healthcare accessibility and women autonomous factors
Data management and statistical analysis
The multivariable model
Results
Type of place of delivery disaggregated by optimality of ANC Visits
Descriptive statistics of women characteristics by ANC status
Characteristics | Suboptimal ANC n(%) | Optimal ANC n(%) | All ANC n(%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age group
| |||
15–24 | 2031 (5.8) | 5817 (16.7) | 7848 (22.5) |
25–34 | 3309 (9.5) | 14194 (40.7) | 17503 (50.2) |
35–49 | 1801 (5.2) | 7730 (22.2) | 9531 (27.3) |
Education
| |||
No formal education | 3812 (10.9) | 7086 (20.3) | 10898 (31.2) |
Primary | 1549 (4.4) | 5922 (17.0) | 7471 (21.4) |
Secondary | 1568 (4.5) | 11288 (32.4) | 12856 (36.9) |
Tertiary | 212 (0.6) | 3445 (9.9) | 3657 (10.5) |
Marital Status
| |||
Married | 6979 (20.0) | 26813 (76.9) | 33792 (96.9) |
Unmarried | 162 (0.5) | 928 (2.6) | 1090 (3.1) |
Partner education
| |||
No formal education | 2921 (8.4) | 4992 (14.3) | 7913 (22.7) |
Primary | 1455 (4.2) | 5333 (15.3) | 6788 (19.5) |
Secondary | 2007 (5.7) | 11713 (33.6) | 13720 (39.3) |
Tertiary | 758 (2.2) | 5703 (16.3) | 6461 (18.5) |
Place of residence
| |||
Urban | 2102 (6.0) | 14086 (40.4) | 16188 (46.4) |
Rural | 5039 (14.5) | 13655 (39.1) | 18694 (53.6) |
Region
| |||
Northcentral | 1314 (3.8) | 4055 (11.6) | 5369 (15.4) |
Northeast | 1876 (5.4) | 3495 (10.0) | 5371 (15.4) |
Northwest | 2703 (7.8) | 5972 (17.1) | 8675 (24.9) |
Southeast | 452 (1.3) | 36,664 (10.5) | 4116 (11.8) |
South-south | 463 (1.3) | 3314 (9.5) | 3777 (10.8) |
Southwest | 333 (1.0) | 7241 (20.7) | 7574 (21.7) |
Religion
| |||
Christianity | 2237 (6.4) | 14580 (41.8) | 16817 (48.2) |
Islam | 4836 (13.9) | 12970 (37.2) | 17806 (51.1) |
Traditional/other | 68 (0.2) | 191 (0.5) | 259 (0.7) |
Occupation
| |||
Unemployed | 2468 (7.1) | 6807 (19.5) | 9275 (26.6) |
Employed | 4673 (13.4) | 20934 (60.0) | 25607 (73.4) |
Wealth
| |||
Poorest | 1761 (5.0) | 2648 (7.6) | 4409 (12.6) |
Poorer | 2002 (5.7) | 4221 (12.1) | 6223 (17.8) |
Average | 1649 (4.7) | 5729 (16.4) | 7378 (21.1) |
Richer | 1174 (3.4) | 6955 (19.9) | 8129 (23.3) |
Richest | 555 (1.6) | 8188 (23.5) | 8743 (25.1) |
Media exposure
| |||
No | 4452 (12.8) | 11007 (31.6) | 15459 (44.4) |
Yes | 2689 (7.7) | 16734 (47.9) | 19423 (55.6) |
Wanted pregnancy
| |||
Then | 6452 (18.5) | 24461 (70.1) | 30913 (88.6) |
Later | 501 (1.5) | 2202 (6.3) | 2703 (7.8) |
No more | 188 (0.5) | 1078 (3.1) | 1266 (3.6) |
Birth order
| |||
1 | 1066 (3.1) | 4959 (14.2) | 6025 (17.3) |
2 | 1095 (3.1) | 5322 (15.3) | 6417 (18.4) |
3 | 1070 (3.1) | 4595 (13.1) | 5665 (16.2) |
4 | 913 (2.6) | 3905 (11.2) | 4819 (13.8) |
5 + | 2997 (8.6) | 8960 (25.7) | 11956 (34.3) |
Covered by health insurance
| |||
No | 7066 (20.3) | 26929 (77.2) | 33995 (97.5) |
Yes | 75 (0.2) | 812 (2.3) | 887 (2.5) |
Medical help-permission
| |||
Not a big problem | 6358 (18.2) | 25602 (73.4) | 31960 (91.6) |
Big problem | 783 (2.3) | 2139 (6.1) | 2922 (8.4) |
Medical help-money
| |||
Not a big problem | 3420 (9.8) | 16387 (47.0) | 19807 (56.8) |
Big problem | 3721 (10.7) | 11354 (32.5) | 15075 (43.2) |
Medical help-distance
| |||
Not a big problem | 4769 (13.7) | 21546 (61.7) | 26315 (75.4) |
Big problem | 2372 (6.8) | 6195 (17.8) | 8567 (24.6) |
Health decision maker
| |||
Partner alone | 4816 (13.8) | 13249 (38.0) | 18065 (51.8) |
Joint decision | 1847 (5.3) | 11509(33.0) | 13356 (38.3) |
Woman alone | 478 (1.4) | 2983 (8.5) | 3461 (9.9) |
Prenatal provider
| |||
Unskilled | 1134 (3.2) | 2051 (5.9) | 3186 (9.1) |
Skilled | 6007 (17.3) | 25690 (73.6) | 31696 (90.9) |
SBA use
| |||
Unskilled | 495 6(14.2) | 9539 (27.4) | 14495 (41.6) |
Skilled | 2185 (6.3) | 18202 (52.1) | 20387(58.4) |
Time of ANC initiation
| |||
1st
| 642 (1.9) | 8169 (23.4) | 8811 (25.3) |
2nd
| 3882 (11.1) | 17968 (51.5) | 21850 (62.6) |
3rd
| 2617 (7.5) | 1604 (4.6) | 4221 (12.1) |
ANC place
| |||
Home | 306 (0.9) | 1326 (3.8) | 1632 (4.7) |
Health Facility | 6835 (19.6) | 26415 (75.7) | 33250 (95.3) |
Total | 7141 (20.5) | 27741 (79.5) | 34882 (100) |
Bivariate analysis of the relationship between home delivery and women characteristics
Characteristics | Suboptimal ANC | Optimal ANC | All ANC |
p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home n(%) | Facility n(%) | Home n(%) | Facility n(%) | Home n(%) | Facility n(%) | ||
Age group
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
15–24 | 1446(20.3) | 584(8.2) | 2814(10.1) | 3002(10.8) | 4261(12.2) | 3587(10.3) | |
25–34 | 2351(32.9) | 957(13.4) | 5285(19.1) | 8909(32.1) | 7637(21.9) | 9866(28.3) | |
35–49 | 1338(18.7) | 463(6.5) | 2874(10.4) | 4857(17.5) | 4212(12.1) | 5319(15.2) | |
Education
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
No formal education | 3203(44.8) | 609(8.5) | 5012(18.1) | 2074(7.5) | 8214(23.5) | 2684(7.7) | |
Primary | 1078(15.1) | 471(6.6) | 2674(9.6) | 3248(11.7) | 3753(10.8) | 3719(10.7) | |
Secondary | 797(11.2) | 770(10.8) | 2991(10.8) | 8297(29.9) | 3789(10.9) | 9068(26.0) | |
Tertiary | 58(0.8) | 154(2.2) | 296(1.1) | 3149(11.3) | 354(1.0) | 3302(9.5) | |
Marital Status
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Married | 5037(70.5) | 1942(27.2) | 10651(38.4) | 16162(58.2) | 15688(44.9) | 18103(51.9) | |
Unmarried | 99(1.4) | 62(0.9) | 332(1.2) | 606(2.2) | 422(1.2) | 669(1.9) | |
Partner education
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
No formal education | 2484(34.8) | 436(6.1) | 3541(12.8) | 1450(5.2) | 6026(17.3) | 1886(5.4) | |
Primary | 1075(15.1) | 380(5.3) | 2354(8.5) | 2979(10.7) | 3429(9.8) | 3359(9.6) | |
Secondary | 1187(16.6) | 820(11.5) | 3786(13.6) | 7927(28.6) | 4974(14.3) | 8747(25.1) | |
Tertiary | 390(16.6) | 368(5.2) | 1292(4.7) | 4412(15.9) | 1681(4.8) | 4780(13.7) | |
Place of residence
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Urban | 1247(17.4) | 854(12.0) | 3730(13.5) | 10355(37.3) | 4978(14.3) | 11209(32.1) | |
Rural | 3889(54.5) | 1150(16.1) | 7243(26.1) | 6413(23.1) | 11132(31.9) | 7563(21.9) | |
Region
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Northcentral | 753(10.5) | 560(7.8) | 1376(4.9) | 2678(9.6) | 2130(6.1) | 3239(9.3) | |
Northeast | 1469(20.6) | 407(5.7) | 2166(7.8) | 1329(4.8) | 3635(10.4) | 1737(4.9) | |
Northwest | 2272(31.8) | 431(6.0) | 4239(15.3) | 1733(6.3) | 6511(18.7) | 2164(6.2) | |
Southeast | 184(2.6) | 268(3.7) | 555(2.0) | 3109(11.2) | 739(2.1) | 3376(9.6) | |
South-south | 306(4.3) | 156(2.2) | 1167(4.2) | 2147(7.7) | 1473(4.2) | 2304(6.6) | |
Southwest | 152(2.1) | 181(2.5) | 1470(5.3) | 5772(20.8) | 1622(4.2) | 5953(17.1) | |
Religion
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Christianity | 1211(16.9) | 1025(14.4) | 3768(13.6) | 10812(39.0) | 4980(14.2) | 11836(33.9) | |
Islam | 3868(54.2) | 968(13.5) | 7101(25.6) | 5868(21.2) | 10969(31.4) | 6837(19.6) | |
Traditional/other | 57(0.8) | 11(0.2) | 104(0.4) | 88(0.2) | 161(0.5) | 99(0.3) | |
Occupation
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Unemployed | 1857(26.0) | 610(8.6) | 3278(11.8) | 3529(12.7) | 5136(14.7) | 4139(11.9) | |
Employed | 3729(45.9) | 1394(19.5) | 7695(27.8) | 13239(47.7) | 10974(31.5) | 14633(41.9) | |
Wealth
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Poorest | 1528(21.4) | 232(3.3) | 2052(7.4) | 596(2.1) | 3580(10.3) | 829(2.4) | |
Poorer | 1592(22.3) | 410(5.7) | 2684(9.7) | 1537(5.5) | 4276(12.3) | 1947(5.6) | |
Average | 1140(15.9) | 509(7.1) | 2739(9.9) | 2990(10.8) | 3879(11.1) | 3499(10.0) | |
Richer | 661(9.3) | 513(7.2) | 2198(7.9) | 4758(17.2) | 2859(8.2) | 5271(15.1) | |
Richest | 215(3.0) | 339(4.8) | 1300(4.7) | 6887(24.8) | 1515(4.3) | 7227(20.7) | |
Media exposure
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
No | 1000(14.0) | 3452(48.3) | 5870(21.2) | 5136(18.5) | 9323(26.7) | 6136(17.6) | |
Yes | 1004(14.1) | 1684(23.6) | 5103(18.4) | 11632(41.9) | 6787(19.5) | 12636(36.2) | |
Wanted pregnancy
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Then | 4740(66.4) | 1711(24.0) | 9847(35.5) | 14613(52.7) | 14588(41.8) | 16324(46.8) | |
Later | 286(4.0) | 215(3.0) | 792(2.9) | 1411(5.1) | 1078(3.1) | 1626(4.7) | |
No more | 110(1.5) | 78(1.1) | 334(1.2) | 744 (2.6) | 444(1.3) | 822(2.4) | |
Birth order
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
1 | 655(9.2) | 410(5.7) | 1513(5.5) | 3446(12.4) | 2168(6.2) | 3856(11.1) | |
2 | 756(10.6) | 339(4.7) | 1805(6.5) | 3517(12.7) | 2561(7.3) | 3856(11.1) | |
3 | 746(10.4) | 324(4.5) | 1611(5.8) | 2984(10.7) | 2357(6.8) | 3308(9.5) | |
4 | 636(8.9) | 277(3.8) | 1509(5.4) | 2397(8.6) | 2145(6.2) | 2674(7.7) | |
5 + | 2343(32.8) | 653(9.1) | 4356(16.4) | 4424(15.9) | 6879(19.7) | 5077(14.6) | |
Covered by health insurance
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
No | 5104(71.4) | 1961(27.5) | 10859(39.2) | 16069(57.9) | 15964(45.8) | 18031(51.7) | |
Yes | 32(0.5) | 43(0.6) | 114(0.4) | 699(2.5) | 146(0.4) | 742(2.1) | |
Medical help-permission
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Not a big problem | 4524(63.4) | 1834(25.7) | 9925(35.8) | 15678(56.5) | 1449(41.4) | 17512(50.2) | |
Big problem | 612(8.5) | 170(2.4) | 1048(3.8) | 1090(3.9) | 1661(4.8) | 1260(3.6) | |
Medical help-money
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Not a big problem | 2385(33.4) | 1035(14.5) | 5940(21.4) | 10447(37.6) | 8325(23.9) | 11483(32.9) | |
Big problem | 2751(38.5) | 969(13.6) | 5033(18.2) | 6328(22.8) | 7875(22.3) | 7289(20.9) | |
Medical help-distance
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Not a big problem | 3283(46.0) | 1486(20.8) | 8062(29.1) | 13483(48.6) | 11346(32.5) | 14969(42.9) | |
Big problem | 1853(25.9) | 518(7.3) | 2911(10.5) | 3284(11.8) | 4764(13.6) | 3803(10.9) | |
Health decision making
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Partner alone | 3677(51.5) | 1139(16.0) | 6770(24.4) | 6478(23.3) | 10,448(30.0) | 7617(21.8) | |
Joint decision | 1155(16.2) | 692(9.7) | 3275(11.8) | 8234(29.7) | 4430(12.7) | 8926(25.6) | |
Woman alone | 304(4.3) | 173(2.4) | 928(3.4) | 2056(7.4) | 1232(3.5) | 2229(6.4) | |
Prenatal provider
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Unskilled | 982(13.7) | 152(2.1) | 1587(5.7) | 464(1.7) | 2569(7.4) | 616(1.7) | |
Skilled | 4154(58.2) | 1852(26.0) | 9386(33.9) | 16304(58.7) | 13541(38.8) | 18156(52.1) | |
SBA use
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Unskilled | 4807(67.3) | 148(2.1) | 9080(32.7) | 459(1.7) | 13888(39.8) | 608(1.7) | |
Skilled | 323(4.6) | 1856(26.0) | 1893(6.8) | 16309(58.8) | 2222(6.4) | 18164(52.1) | |
Time of ANC initiation
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
1st
| 446(6.2) | 195(2.7) | 2730(9.9) | 5440(19.6) | 3176(9.1) | 5635(16.2) | |
2nd
| 2706(37.9) | 1176(16.5) | 7445(26.8) | 10522(37.9) | 10152(29.1) | 11699(33.5) | |
3rd
| 1984(27.8) | 633(8.9) | 798(2.9) | 806(2.9) | 2782(8.0) | 1438(4.1) | |
ANC place
| < 0.001a
| ||||||
Home | 280(3.9) | 25(0.4) | 11120(4.0) | 207(0.7) | 1400(4.0) | 232(0.7) | |
Health Facility | 4856(68.0) | 1978(27.7) | 9853(35.5) | 16561(59.7) | 14710(42.2) | 18540(53.2) | |
Total | 5136(71.9) | 2004(28.1) | 10973(39.6) | 16768(60.4) | 18772(53.8) | 16110(46.2) |
Adjusted and unadjusted predictors of home birth after suboptimal ANC uptake
Characteristics | Suboptimal ANC – Model 1 | Optimal ANC – Model 2 | All ANC – Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COR(95%CI)
|
AOR(95%CI)
|
COR(95%CI)
|
AOR(95%CI)
|
COR(95%CI)
|
AOR(95%CI)
| |
Age group
| ||||||
15-24a
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
25–34 | 0.97(0.86–1.09) | 1.21(0.89–1.63) | 0.69(0.64–0.73)*** | 0.87(0.75–1.01) | 0.69(0.66–0.74)*** | 0.93(0.81–1.06) |
35–49 | 1.08(0.93–1.24) | 1.26(0.84–1.88) | 0.63(0.53–0.73)*** | 0.68(0.56–0.82)*** | 0.69(0.65–0.74)*** | 0.75(0.64–0.89)** |
Education
| ||||||
No formal educationa
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Primary | 0.45(0.38–0.52)*** | 0.81(0.60–1.08) | 0.35(0.33–0.38)*** | 0.85(0.73–0.98)* | 0.34(0.32–0.37)*** | 0.84(0.73–0.96)* |
Secondary | 0.18(0.16–0.21)*** | 0.83(0.59–1.51) | 0.16(0.14–0.16)*** | 0.73(0.62–0.86)*** | 0.14(0.13–0.15)*** | 0.74(0.64–0.85)*** |
Tertiary | 0.07(0.05–0.10)*** | 0.81(0.43–1.49) | 0.04(0.03–0.05)*** | 0.42(0.32–0.53)*** | 0.03(0.03–0.04)*** | 0.45(0.35–0.56)*** |
Marital Status
| ||||||
Marrieda
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Unmarrieda
| 0.63(0.46–0.85)** | 1.50(0.87–2.57) | 0.81(0.71–0.93)** | 0.90(070–1.16) | 0.73(0.65–0.83)*** | 1.00(0.80–1.25) |
Partner education
| ||||||
No formal educationa
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Primarya
| 0.47(0.41–0.56)*** | 1.24(0.90–1.69) | 0.34(0.31–0.37)*** | 0.95(0.80–1.12) | 0.33(0.30–0.36)*** | 0.98 (0.85–1.14) |
Secondary | 0.25(0.22–0.29)*** | 0.84(0.62–1.13) | 0.20(0.18–0.22)*** | 0.84(0.72–0.98)* | 0.18(0.17–0.12)*** | 0.83(0.72–0.95)** |
Tertiary | 0.18(0.14–0.21)*** | 0.77(0.51–1.15) | 0.13(0.11–0.14)*** | 0.84(0.69–1.02) | 0.11(0.10–0.12)*** | 0.82(0.69–0.98)* |
Place of residence
| ||||||
Urbana
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Rural | 2.41(2.16–2.69)*** | 1.00(0.77–1.30) | 3.00(2.85–3.16)*** | 0.92(0.81–1.02) | 3.19(3.05(3.34)*** | 0.93(0.84–1.03) |
Region
| ||||||
Northcentrala
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Northeast | 2.94(2.54–3.39)*** | 1.62(1.19–2.19)** | 3.28(3.02–3.57)*** | 1.53(1.30–1.80)*** | 3.41(3.18–3.66)*** | 1.56(1.35–1.80)*** |
Northwest | 4.05(3.47–4.72)*** | 2.50(1.78–3.49)*** | 5.11(4.69–5.56)*** | 2.43(2.06–2.88)*** | 5.02(4.66–5.40)*** | 2.45(2.11–2.85)*** |
Southeast | 0.58(0.47–0.71)*** | 1.51(0.97–2.35) | 0.39(0.35–0.44)*** | 0.62(0.50–0.75)*** | 0.38(0.35–0.43)*** | 0.70(0.59–0.84)*** |
South-south | 1.52(1.23–1.87)*** | 3.79(2.46–5.84)*** | 1.17(1.06–1.28)** | 1.85(1.54–2.21)*** | 1.11(1.03–1.21)** | 2.03(1.72–2.39)*** |
Southwest | 0.59(0.46–0.77)*** | 2.94(1.86–4.64)*** | 0.48(0.44–0.53)*** | 1.18(1.01–1.38)* | 0.42(0.38–0.45)*** | 1.27(1.09–1.47)** |
Religion
| ||||||
Christianitya
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Islam | 3.05(2.74–3.40)*** | 1.43(1.05–1.93)* | 3.04(2.89–3.20)*** | 0.94(0.82–1.07) | 3.34(3.19–3.49)*** | 0.99(0.89–1.12) |
Traditional/other | 3.62(2.06–6.35)*** | 0.66(0.25–1.70) | 3.29(2.50–4.31)*** | 1.12(0.65–1.92) | 3.68(2.91–4.67)*** | 0.97(0.60–1.56) |
Occupation
| ||||||
Unemployeda
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Employed | 0.79(0.71–0.89)*** | 0.88(0.70–1.10) | 0.64(0.60–0.68)*** | 0.95(0.85–1.07) | 0.62(0.59–0.65)*** | 0.93(0.84–1.03) |
Wealth
| ||||||
Pooresta
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Poorer | 0.60(0.50–0.71)*** | 0.92(0.68–1.24) | 0.51(0.46–0.56)*** | 0.79(0.66–0.97)* | 0.51(0.46–0.56)*** | 0.82(0.70–0.97)* |
Average | 0.35(0.29–0.41)*** | 0.97(0.69–1.35) | 0.26(0.24–0.29)*** | 0.77(0.63–0.93)** | 0.25(0.23–0.27)*** | 0.79(0.67–0.93)** |
Richer | 0.18(0.15–0.22)*** | 0.65(0.44–0.98)* | 0.13(0.12–0.15)*** | 0.75(0.61–0.92)** | 0.13(0.11–0.13)*** | 0.73(0.60–0.87)*** |
Richest | 0.08(0.06–0.10)*** | 0.64(0.38–1.06) | 0.05(0.04–0.06)*** | 0.60(0.47–0.75)*** | 0.04(0.04–0.05)*** | 0.59(0.48–0.73)*** |
Media exposure
| ||||||
Noa
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 0.46(0.41–0.51)*** | 0.98(0.78–1.23) | 0.38(0.36–0.40)*** | 0.95(0.85–1.05) | 0.35(0.33–0.36)*** | 0.94(0.86–1.04) |
Wanted pregnancy
| ||||||
Thena
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Later | 0.52(0.43–0.62)*** | 1.16(0.81–1.67) | 0.86(0.78–0.94)** | 1.17(0.99–1.39) | 0.76(0.71–0.83)*** | 1.18(1.02–1.38)* |
No more | 0.53(0.39–0.71)*** | 1.36(0.81–2.28) | 0.72(0.63–0.82)*** | 1.27(1.01–1.60)* | 0.65(0.57–0.73)*** | 1.29(1.04–1.59)* |
Birth order
| ||||||
1a
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
2 | 1.49(1.24–1.78)*** | 1.38(0.97–1.97) | 1.22(1.12–1.33)*** | 1.28(1.08–1.51)** | 1.24(1.16–1.34)*** | 1.31(1.12–1.52)*** |
3 | 1.43(1.19–1.70)*** | 1.39(0.95–2.04) | 1.28(1.17–1.40)*** | 1.29(1.07–1.54)** | 1.31(1.21–1.41)*** | 1.32(1.12–1.55)** |
4 | 1.56(1.29–1.87)*** | 1.36(0.90–2.08) | 1.46(1.34–1.60)*** | 1.41(1.16–1.70)*** | 1.47(1.36–1.59)*** | 1.41(1.18–1.67)*** |
5 + | 2.21(1.90–2.56)*** | 1.53(1.02–2.28)* | 2.30(2.13–2.48)*** | 1.53(1.27–1.85)*** | 2.36(2.21–2.52)*** | 1.55(1.30–1.83)*** |
Covered by health insurance
| ||||||
Noa
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 0.22(0.13–0.36)*** | 1.00(0.41–2.41) | 0.25(0.21–0.31)*** | 0.79(0.57–1.10) | 0.22(0.18–0.26)*** | 0.81(0.60–1.11) |
Medical help-permission
| ||||||
Not a big problema
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Big problem | 1.61(1.34–1.92)*** | 1.84(1.20–2.59)*** | 1.55(1.42–1.70)*** | 1.19(0.99–1.42) | 1.65(1.53–1.79)*** | 1.32(1.12–1.55)** |
Medical help-money
| ||||||
Not a big problema
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Big problem | 1.29(1.16–1.43)*** | 0.84(0.67–1.06) | 1.44(1.37–1.51)*** | 0.95(0.85–1.06) | 1.53(1.46–1.60)*** | 0.94(0.85–1.04) |
Medical help-distance
| ||||||
Not a big problema
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Big problem | 1.62(1.45–1.82)*** | 0.99(0.78–1.27) | 1.61(1.51–1.70)*** | 1.04(0.91–1.18) | 1.78(1.69–1.87)*** | 1.03(0.92–1.16) |
Health decision maker
| ||||||
Partner alonea
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Joint decision | 0.53(0.47–0.59)*** | 0.91(0.72–1.15) | 0.42(0.39–0.44)*** | 0.87(0.77–0.96)** | 0.40(0.38–0.42)*** | 0.86(0.78–0.95)** |
Woman alone | 0.48(0.39–0.59)*** | 0.74(0.48–1.11) | 0.44(0.40–0.48)*** | 1.00(0.85–1.18) | 0.40(0.37–0.44)*** | 0.96(0.82–1.12) |
Prenatal provider
| ||||||
Unskilleda
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Skilled | 0.37(0.31–0.44)*** | 6.76(4.94–9.25)*** | 0.19(0.17–0.21)*** | 7.61(6.39–9.06)*** | 0.20(0.18–0.22)*** | 7.12(6.12–8.28)*** |
SBA use
| ||||||
Unskilleda
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Skilled | 0.005(0.004–0.01)*** | 0.003(0.002–0.01)*** | 0.006(0.005–0.01)*** | 0.005(0.004–0.01)*** | 0.005(0.005–0.01)*** | 0.004(0.003–0.01)*** |
Timing of ANC initiation
| ||||||
1sta
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
2nd
| 0.94(0.79–1.13) | 0.69(0.49–0.97)* | 1.31(1.24–1.38)*** | 1.04(0.94–1.16) | 1.44(1.37–1.52)*** | 1.04(0.94–1.15) |
3rd
| 1.20(1.01–1.44)* | 0.65(0.45–0.93)* | 1.78(1.60–1.99)*** | 1.16(0.93–1.43) | 3.04(2.81–3.29)*** | 1.19((1.02–1.39)* |
ANC place
| ||||||
Homea
| Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Health Facility | 0.23(0.15–0.34)*** | 0.06(0.03–0.10)*** | 0.10(0.09–0.13)*** | 0.03(0.02–0.04)*** | 0.13(0.11–0.15)*** | 0.03(0.02–0.04)*** |
Adjusted and unadjusted predictors of home delivery after optimal ANC uptake
Adjusted and unadjusted predictors of home delivery after any ANC uptake
Barriers of facility-based delivery and differences in optimal number of ANC
Barriers | Women Percentage | Median (IQR) | Chi-squareM
(p-value) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suboptimal
n(%)
|
Optimal
n(%)
|
All ANC
n(%)
| |||
Facility cost too much
| 0.59(0.443) | ||||
No | 2317(27.0) | 5543(64.5) | 7860(91.4) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Yes | 233(2.7) | 504(5.8) | 737(8.6) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Facility not open
| 3.04(0.081) | ||||
No | 2493(29.0) | 5902(68.6) | 8395(97.6) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Yes | 57(0.7) | 145(1.7) | 202 (2.4) | 5.0 (3;8) | |
Too far/no transport
| 0.28(0.597) | ||||
No | 2112(24.6) | 5056(58.8) | 7168(83.4) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Yes | 438(5.1) | 991(11.5) | 1429(16.6) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Don’t trust facility/poor service
| 36.60(< 0.001) | ||||
No | 2521(29.3) | 5855(68.1) | 8376(97.4) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Yes | 29(0.4) | 192(2.2) | 221(2.6) | 7.5 (3;15) | |
No female health provider
| 0.90(0.343) | ||||
No | 2539(29.5) | 6009(69.9) | 8548(99.4) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Yes | 11(0.2) | 37(0.4) | 49(0.6) | 5.0 (3;8) | |
Husband/family didn’t allow
| 0.22(0.640) | ||||
No | 2460(28.6) | 5829(67.8) | 8289(96.4) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Yes | 90(1.1) | 218(2.5) | 308(3.6) | 5.0 (3;8) | |
It was not necessary
| 23.68(< 0.001) | ||||
No | 1406(16.4) | 3713(43.1) | 5119(59.5) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Yes | 1144(13.3) | 2334(27.2) | 3478(40.5) | 4.0 (3;6) | |
It was not customary
| 1.54(0.214) | ||||
No | 2426(28.3) | 5748(66.8) | 8174(95.1) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Yes | 124(1.4) | 299(3.5) | 423(4.9) | 5.0 (3;8) | |
Other reason
| 14.17(< 0.001) | ||||
No | 2449(28.5) | 5689(66.2) | 8138(94.7) | 5.0 (3;7) | |
Yes | 101(1.2) | 357(4.1) | 458(5.3) | 5.0 (4;8) | |
Total
| 2550(29.7) | 6047(70.3) | 8597(100.0) |