Introduction
Methods
EMG-driven NMES-robots
EMG-driven NMES-robotic hand
EMG-driven NMES-robotic sleeve
Subject recruitment
Characteristics | Training Assisted by NMES-ROBOTS | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Hand group (n = 15) | Sleeve group (n = 15) | ||
Age (yrs.) a | 57.3 ± 8.87 | 57.7 ± 5.93 | 0.886 |
Time since stroke (yrs.)a | 8.26 ± 4.17 | 7.87 ± 3.07 | 0.773 |
Gender (male/female)b | 12/3 | 10/5 | 0.682 |
Stroke side (left/right)b | 7/8 | 7/8 | 1.000 |
Type of stroke b (hemorrhagic/ischemic) | 8/7 | 6/9 | 0.715 |
Training protocol
NMES-robotic hand assisted training
NMES-robotic sleeve assisted training
Outcome evaluation
Clinical assessments
EMG measurement
Statistical analysis
Assessment | PRE | POST | 3MFU | 1-way ANOVA | 2-way ANCOVA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P (Partial η2) | |||||||
Mean Value (95% Confidence Interval) | P (Partial η2) |
Session
|
Group
|
S*G
| |||
FMA Full (Hand) | 28.9 | 42.2 | 45.3 | 0.001### (0.274) | 0.000ΔΔΔ(0.567) | 0.879 (0.000) | 0.920 (0.002) |
(22.6–35.1) | (35.9–48.5) | (39.0–51.5) | |||||
FMA Full (Sleeve) | 32.4 | 44.8 | 47.5 | 0.004## (0.229) | |||
(25.9–38.9) | (38.3–51.3) | (41.0–54.0) | |||||
FMA-SE (Hand) | 20.0 | 28.5 | 30.6 | 0.001### (0.270) | 0.000ΔΔΔ(0.550) | 0.793 (0.001) | 0.825 (0.005) |
(16.0–24.0) | (24.4–32.5) | (26.6–34.6) | |||||
FMA-SE (Sleeve) | 21.7 | 30.7 | 31.5 | 0.001### (0.271) | |||
(17.8–25.6) | (26.8–34.6) | (27.6–35.4) | |||||
FMA-WH (Hand) | 8.9 | 13.7 | 14.7 | 0.005## (0.222) | 0.000ΔΔΔ(0.362) | 0.695 (0.002) | 0.698 (0.009) |
(6.3–11.4) | (11.2–16.3) | (12.1–17.2) | |||||
FMA-WH (Sleeve) | 10.7 | 14.1 | 16.1 | 0.075 (0.116) | |||
(7.3–14.0) | (10.8–17.5) | (12.7–19.4) | |||||
ARAT (Hand) | 15.6 | 26.5 | 26.9 | 0.036# (0.147) | 0.000ΔΔΔ (0.396) | 0.430 (0.080) | 0.938 (0.002) |
(8.8–22.4) | (19.7–33.3) | (20.1–33.7) | |||||
ARAT (Sleeve) | 20.8 | 31.9 | 33.3 | 0.034# (0.149) | |||
(13.6–28.0) | (24.7–39.1) | (26.1–40.5) | |||||
MAS-elbow (Hand) | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.033# (0.149) | 0.000ΔΔΔ(0.191) | 0.591 (0.003) | 0.388 (0.023) |
(1.1–2.0) | (0.4–1.3) | (0.3–1.2) | |||||
MAS-elbow (Sleeve) | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.288 (0.058) | |||
(0.7–1.5) | (0.4–1.2) | (0.3–1.0) | |||||
MAS-wrist (Hand) | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.001### (0.295) | 0.000ΔΔΔ(0.518) | 0.000ΔΔΔ (0.319) | 0.001ΔΔΔ (0.149) |
(1.1–1.9) | (0.2–1.0) | (−0.1–0.7) | |||||
MAS-wrist (Sleeve) | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.272 (0.060) | |||
(0.9–1.8) | (0.5–1.4) | (0.4–1.3) | |||||
MAS-finger (Hand) | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.004## (0.231) | 0.000ΔΔΔ (0.367) | 0.001ΔΔΔ (0.136) | 0.067 (0.063) |
(0.9–1.7) | (0.0–0.9) | (0.0–0.8) | |||||
MAS-finger (Sleeve) | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.319 (0.053) | |||
(0.9–1.9) | (0.5–1.5) | (0.5–1.4) |
Assessment | 1-way ANCOVA on the Post- and 3MFU assessments between the groups | |
---|---|---|
Post_Pre P (Partial η2) | 3MFU_Pre P (Partial η2) | |
FMA | ||
Full Score | 0.808 (0.002) | 0.9090 (0.001) |
Shoulder/Elbow | 0.601 (0.010) | 0.601 (0.010) |
Wrist/Hand | 0.996 (0.000) | 0.8070 (0.002) |
ARAT | 0.721 (0.005) | 0.458 (0.021) |
MAS | ||
Elbow | 0.686 (0.006) | 0.661 (0.007) |
Wrist | 0.218 (0.054) | 0.000*** (0.557) |
Finger | 0.003** (0.289) | 0.008* * (0.234) |