Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Source and study populations
Sample size determination
Sampling techniques
Data collection methods and instruments
Data management and analysis
Ethical issues
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Variables | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Age (in years) | |
< 5 | 27 (4.0) |
5–14 | 36 (5.3) |
≥ 15 | 617 (90.7) |
Gender | |
Female | 259 (38.1) |
Male | 421 (61.9) |
Residency | |
Rural | 610 (89.7) |
Urban | 70 (10.3) |
Educational status | |
Unable to read and write | 207 (30.4) |
Able to read and write | 272 (40.0) |
Not applicable | 27 (4.0) |
Primary | 119 (17.5) |
Secondary and above | 55 (8.1) |
Occupation | |
Daily labourer | 88 (12.9) |
Farmer | 370 (54.4) |
Government employee | 18 (2.7) |
Merchant | 63 (9.3) |
Housewife | 34 (5.0) |
Not applicable | 31 (4.5) |
Student | 76 (11.2) |
Average monthly income | |
< $24.9 | 298 (44.0) |
$25–49.9 | 273 (40.0) |
≥ $50 | 109 (16.0) |
Marital status | |
Single | 139 (20.4) |
Married | 408 (60.0) |
Divorced | 31 (4.6) |
Widowed | 28 (4.1) |
Not applicable | 74 (10.9) |
Family size | |
≥ 5 | 330 (48.5) |
< 5 | 350 (51.5) |
Distance of health facility (km) | |
≥ 6 | 309 (45.4) |
< 6 | 371 (54.6) |
Knowledge about malaria
Knowledge characteristics | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Knowledge of malaria symptoms | |
Fever | 674 (99.0) |
Chills | 264 (38.8) |
Headache | 608 (89.4) |
Nausea/vomiting | 170 (25.0) |
Loss of appetite | 387 (56.9) |
Joint pain | 263 (38.7) |
Feeling weakness | 82 (12.0) |
Knowledge of malaria causes | |
Mosquito bite | 439 (64.6) |
Eating immature sugarcane | 158 (23.2) |
Cold/changing weather | 43 (6.3) |
Drinking dirty water | 33 (4.9) |
Hunger (empty stomach) | 5 (0.7) |
Getting soaked with rain | 2 (0.3) |
Knowledge of malaria danger signs | |
Seizure/convulsion | 630 (92.6) |
Any fever | 177 (26.0) |
High fever | 510 (75.0) |
Unable to eat | 468 (68.8) |
Vomiting | 210 (30.9) |
Chills/shivering | 320 (47.0) |
Do not know | 5 (0.7) |
Knowledge of vulnerable groups | |
Children | 432 (63.5) |
Pregnant | 476 (70.0) |
Any person | 178 (26.2) |
Elderly | 15 (2.2) |
Knowledge of advantage of sleeping under net | |
Knew advantage | 500 (73.5) |
Do not know advantage | 180 (26.5) |
Knowledge of mosquito breeding sites | |
Stagnant water | 538 (79.1) |
Waste/polluted water | 425 (62.5) |
Broken glass plastics | 225 (33.0) |
Knowledge of prevention of malaria | |
Sleep under a mosquito net | 351 (51.6) |
Avoid mosquito bites | 191 (28.0) |
Environmental control | 578 (85.0) |
Take preventive medication | 49 (7.2) |
Spray house with insecticide | 584 (85.9) |
Do not know | 1 (0.2) |
Attitude about malaria, malaria severity and susceptibility perception
Variables | Strongly disagree # (%) | Disagree # (%) | Neutral # (%) | Agree # (%) | Strongly agree # (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived severity (Cronbach’s α = 0.93) | |||||
Malaria is serious disease | 24 (4.0) | 201 (29.0) | 146 (22.0) | 275 (40) | 34 (5.0) |
Worried suffering from malaria | 32 (4.7) | 225 (33.1) | 63 (9.3) | 306 (45.0) | 54 (7.9) |
Complications of malaria are dangerous | 11 (1.6) | 164 (24.1) | 115 (16.9) | 282 (41.5) | 108 (15.9) |
Risk of death from malaria is higher in children and pregnant women | 20 (3.0) | 183 (27.0) | 87 (13.0) | 342 (50.0) | 48 (7.0) |
Severity of malaria is high among individual that do not seek treatment in time | 16 (2.4) | 208 (30.6) | 85 (12.5) | 293 (43.1) | 78 (11.5) |
Perceived susceptibility (Cronbach’s α = 0.95) | |||||
Malaria is prevalent in your area | 34 (5.0) | 189 (27.8) | 105 (15.4) | 234 (34.4) | 118 (17.4) |
You are vulnerable to malaria | 22 (3.0) | 218 (32.0) | 90 (13.0) | 217 (32.0) | 133 (19.6) |
Fever could be due to malaria | 33 (4.9) | 180 (26.5) | 82 (0.1) | 277 (40.8) | 108 (15.9) |
Malaria can cause anemia | 31 (5.0) | 211 (31.0) | 105 (15.0) | 237 (35.0) | 96 (14.0) |
Children and pregnant women mostly affected by malaria | 16 (2.35) | 205 (30.2) | 99 (14.6) | 263 (38.7) | 97 (14.3) |
Attitude variables (Cronbach’s α = 0.93) | |||||
Visiting HF within 24 h is better when you feel fever | 6 (1) | 164 (24) | 108 (16) | 280 (41) | 122 (18) |
Getting drug out of health professional prescription is not good for malaria | 29 (4) | 178 (26) | 107 (16) | 273 (40) | 93 (14) |
Visiting HF is better than home remedies? | 3 (0.44) | 204 (30) | 108 (15.9) | 352 (51.8) | 13 (1.9) |
Malaria drug is affordable at HF? | 31 (4.6) | 282 (41.5) | 13 (1.9) | 320 (47) | 34 (5) |
Taking malaria treatment from HF is better than traditional healer | 8 (1.18) | 131 (19.3) | 162 (23.8) | 319 (47) | 60 (8.8) |
Treatment-seeking behaviour for malaria
Variable | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Treatment seeking | |
Early | 356 (52.4) |
Late | 324 (47.6) |
Treatment attempted at home | |
Home remedies | 56 (70.9) |
Traditional healer | 23 (29.1) |
Factors associated with early treatment-seeking behaviour for malaria
Factors | Treatment-seeking | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Early (%) | Late (%) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Knowledge of advantage of sleeping under bed net | ||||
Yes | 316 (88.8) | 184 (56.8) | 6.0 (4.00–8.90) | 2.8 (1.70–4.60) |
No | 40 (11.2) | 140 (43.2) | 1 | 1 |
Knowledge of mosquito breeding site | ||||
Yes | 319 (89.6) | 207 (63.9) | 4.9 (3.20–7.30) | 1.9 (1.10–3.30) |
No | 37 (10.4) | 117 (36.1) | 1 | 1 |
Overall knowledge of malaria | ||||
Good | 71 (20.0) | 199 (61.4) | 6.4 (4.50–9.10) | 2.7 (1.56–4.76) |
Poor | 28 5(80.0) | 125 (38.6) | 1 | 1 |
Previous malaria history | ||||
Yes | 262 (73.6) | 98 (30.2) | 6.4 (4.60–8.98) | 3.3 (1.64–6.49) |
No | 94 (26.4) | 226 (69.8) | 1 | 1 |
Family size | ||||
< 5 | 240 (67.4) | 110 (34.0) | 4.0 (2.93–5.54) | 2.1 (1.43–3.20) |
≥ 5 | 116 (32.6) | 214 (66.0) | 1 | 1 |
Residence distance (km) | ||||
< 6 | 242 (68.0) | 129 (39.8) | 3.2 (2.34–4.40) | 2.5 (1.72–3.60) |
≥ 6 | 114 (32.0) | 195 (60.2) | 1 | 1 |