Background
Methods
Study population and data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics
Variables | Total (n = 337) | COPD (n = 170) | Non-COPD (n = 167) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age(years) | ||||
Mean(±SD) | 66.8(±10.9) | 70.4(±8.9) | 63.2(±11.6) | 5.550E-10 |
≥ 65 | 195(57.9) | 120(70.6) | 75(44.9) | 1.814E-06 |
< 65 | 142(42.1) | 50(29.4) | 92(55.1) | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 262(77.7) | 154(90.6) | 108(64.7) | 1.072E-08 |
Female | 75(22.3) | 16(9.4) | 59(35.3) | |
History of smoking | ||||
Never smoker | 81(24.0) | 18(10.6) | 63(37.7) | 5.580E-09 |
Former or current smoker | 256 (76.0) | 152(89.4) | 104(62.3) | |
Cancer stage | ||||
III | 123(36.5) | 70(41.2) | 53(31.7) | 0.090 |
IV | 214(63.5) | 100(58.8) | 114(68.3) | |
Histology | ||||
Adenocarcinoma | 179(53.1) | 60(35.3) | 119(71.3) | 1.872E-09 |
Squamous-cell carcinoma | 132(39.2) | 94(55.3) | 38(22.8) | |
Large cell carcinoma | 1(0.3) | 1(0.6) | 0(0.0) | |
Adenosquamous carcinoma | 2(0.6) | 2(1.2) | 0(0.0) | |
Other | 23(6.8) | 13(7.7) | 10(6.0) | |
Comorbid conditions | ||||
No | 159(47.2) | 67(39.4) | 92(55.1) | 0.005 |
Any comorbid condition | 178(52.8) | 103(60.6) | 75(44.9) | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Tuberculosis (Active + old) | 54(16.0) | 38(22.4) | 16(9.6) | 0.002 |
Pneumoconiosis | 5(1.5) | 5(2.9) | 0(0.0) | 0.061 |
Heart disease | 19(5.6) | 11(6.5) | 8(4.8) | 0.638 |
Diabetes mellitus | 60(17.8) | 33 (19.4) | 27 (16.2) | 0.478 |
Hypertension | 78(23.2) | 48(28.2) | 30(18.0) | 0.028 |
Others | 76(22.6) | 45(26.5) | 31(18.6) | 0.049 |
FEV1 level | ||||
GOLD grade1 | 129(38.3) | 35(20.6) | 94(56.3) | 1.200E-11 |
GOLD grade2 | 171(50.7) | 103(60.6) | 68(40.7) | |
GOLD grade3 | 28(8.3) | 24(14.1) | 4(2.4) | |
GOLD grade4 | 9(2.7) | 8(4.7) | 1(0.6) |
Symptoms of patients between the groups with and without COPD
Variables | Total (n = 337) | COPD (n = 170) | Non-COPD (n = 167) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Respiratory | ||||
Cough | 212 (62.9) | 117 (68.8) | 95 (56.9) | 0.025 |
Sputum | 173 (51.3) | 99 (58.2) | 74 (44.3) | 0.012 |
Chest pain | 126 (37.4) | 70 (41.2) | 56 (33.5) | 0.177 |
Hoarseness | 67 (19.9) | 39 (22.9) | 28 (16.8) | 0.173 |
Wheezing or stridor | 88 (26.1) | 49 (28.8) | 39 (23.4) | 0.267 |
Dyspnea | 93 (27.6) | 60 (35.3) | 33 (19.8) | 0.002 |
Hemoptysis | 24 (7.1) | 17 (10.0) | 7 (4.2) | 0.055 |
General | ||||
Fatigue | 144 (42.7) | 74 (43.5) | 70 (41.9) | 0.826 |
Weight loss | 121 (35.9) | 64 (37.7) | 57 (34.1) | 0.570 |
Pain | 80 (23.7) | 38 (22.4) | 42 (25.2) | 0.609 |
General weakness | 112 (33.2) | 60 (35.3) | 52 (31.1) | 0.421 |
Poor oral intake | 113 (33.5) | 63 (37.1) | 50 (29.9) | 0.204 |
Fever | 18 (5.3) | 8 (4.7) | 10 (6.0) | 0.636 |
Number of symptoms | ||||
Mean(±SD) | 0.8(±0.7) | 1.0(±0.7) | 0.5(±0.6) | 1.332E-13 |
0 | 55 (16.3) | 17 (10.0) | 38 (22.8) | 0.004 |
1 | 60 (17.8) | 29 (17.1) | 31 (18.56) | |
≥ 2 | 222 (65.9) | 124 (72.9) | 98 (58.7) |
EORTC-QLQ scores between the groups with and without COPD
Variables | COPD (n = 170) | Non-COPD (n = 167) | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Global health status/ QoL | 48.0 ± 23.7 | 51.1 ± 23.2 | 0.225 |
Functional scales | |||
Physical functioning | 74.8 ± 23.2 | 78.8 ± 21.8 | 0.099 |
Role functioning | 74.7 ± 28.3 | 80.4 ± 25.8 | 0.053 |
Emotional functioning | 76.1 ± 25.0 | 78.7 ± 19.5 | 0.295 |
Cognitive functioning | 80.3 ± 24.0 | 85.1 ± 17.6 | 0.036 |
Social functioning | 68.6 ± 27.1 | 75.4 ± 23.3 | 0.014 |
Symptom scales/items | |||
Fatigue | 34.1 ± 24.3 | 30.0 ± 24.4 | 0.128 |
Nausea and vomiting | 8.1 ± 17.1 | 8.1 ± 16.1 | 0.977 |
Pain | 21.2 ± 27.9 | 21.5 ± 25.5 | 0.923 |
Dyspnea | 33.3 ± 32.2 | 23.2 ± 30.3 | 0.003 |
Insomnia | 28.4 ± 30.5 | 23.2 ± 29.7 | 0.108 |
Appetite loss | 30.8 ± 34.0 | 24.0 ± 28.8 | 0.048 |
Constipation | 17.5 ± 28.6 | 20.0 ± 27.1 | 0.410 |
Diarrhea | 7.5 ± 19.1 | 8.2 ± 17.0 | 0.710 |
Financial difficulties | 32.5 ± 31.0 | 29.5 ± 30.5 | 0.370 |
EORTC-QLQ scores of patients with COPD according to airway obstruction
Variables | GOLD grade 1 (n = 35) | GOLD grade 2 (n = 103) | GOLD grade 3 (n = 24) | GOLD grade 4 (n = 8) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global health status/QoL | 50.5 ± 26.3 | 50.2 ± 23.0 | 41.0 ± 19.0 | 30.2 ± 26.7 | 0.049 |
Functional scales | |||||
Physical functioning | 83.4 ± 17.1 | 75.4 ± 22.7 | 66.7 ± 24.4 | 53.3 ± 30.4 | 0.004 |
Role functioning | 79.5 ± 31.3 | 75.9 ± 24.2 | 69.4 ± 33.9 | 54.2 ± 39.6 | 0.132 |
Emotional functioning | 75.0 ± 26.2 | 76.4 ± 25.0 | 78.5 ± 21.8 | 70.8 ± 32.1 | 0.970 |
Cognitive functioning | 87.1 ± 21.4 | 79.0 ± 25.1 | 77.8 ± 22.3 | 75.0 ± 21.8 | 0.123 |
Social functioning | 72.4 ± 28.9 | 68.1 ± 26.4 | 68.1 ± 26.4 | 60.4 ± 33.3 | 0.646 |
Symptom scales/items | |||||
Fatigue | 25.1 ± 24.6 | 34.5 ± 22.8 | 40.7 ± 24.7 | 47.2 ± 31.3 | 0.011 |
Nausea and vomiting | 9.5 ± 23.3 | 9.2 ± 15.8 | 1.4 ± 4.7 | 8.3 ± 23.6 | 0.059 |
Pain | 18.6 ± 30.2 | 22.0 ± 26.8 | 20.1 ± 26.5 | 25.0 ± 38.8 | 0.622 |
Dyspnea | 20.0 ± 24.5 | 33.7 ± 31.8 | 44.4 ± 36.3 | 54.2 ± 35.4 | 0.010 |
Insomnia | 24.8 ± 31.7 | 27.2 ± 29.4 | 36.1 ± 31.0 | 37.5 ± 37.5 | 0.352 |
Appetite loss | 27.6 ± 36.6 | 30.4 ± 32.0 | 31.9 ± 36.1 | 45.8 ± 43.4 | 0.621 |
Constipation | 14.3 ± 24.6 | 16.2 ± 26.8 | 19.4 ± 31.0 | 41.7 ± 49.6 | 0.435 |
Diarrhea | 7.6 ± 18.2 | 7.8 ± 20.5 | 6.9 ± 17.0 | 4.2 ± 11.8 | 0.988 |
Financial difficulties | 25.7 ± 31.4 | 32.7 ± 29.9 | 40.3 ± 34.0 | 37.5 ± 33.0 | 0.320 |
Effects of COPD on survival in NSCLC
Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |
COPD | ||||
(−) | 1 | 1 | ||
(+) | 1.42 (1.02–1.98) | 0.036 | 0.94 (0.64–1.38) | 0.763 |
Stage | ||||
Stage 3 | 1 | 1 | ||
Stage 4 | 1.68 (1.14–2.48) | 0.009 | 2.03 (1.36–3.01) | 0.001 |
Age | ||||
< 65 | 1 | 1 | ||
≥ 65 | 1.76 (1.22–2.53) | 0.003 | 1.87 (1.28–2.73) | 0.001 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 1 | 1 | ||
Male | 2.00 (1.28–3.12) | 0.002 | 2.26 (1.41–3.62) | 0.001 |
BMI | ||||
< 23 | 1 | |||
≥ 23 | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 0.143 | ||
Comorbidity | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.39 (0.99–1.93) | 0.054 | ||
History of smoking | ||||
Never smoker | 1 | |||
Former or current smoker | 1.51 (0.99–2.29) | 0.056 | ||
Symptom | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.55 (0.97–2.49) | 0.070 | ||
FEV1 | ||||
≥ 60 | 1 | 1 | ||
< 60 | 1.46 (1.02–2.09) | 0.041 | 1.42 (0.96–2.11) | 0.084 |