nach oben

Erschienen in:

Open Access 01.12.2014 | Research

Effect of ivabradine-induced heart rate reduction on flow-mediated dilation measured with high-sensitivity ultrasound in patients with stable coronary heart disease

verfasst von: Nicoline Jochmann, Franziska Schröter, Fabian Knebel, Robert Hättasch, Christine Gericke, Karl Stangl, Gert Baumann, Verena Stangl

Erschienen in: Cardiovascular Ultrasound | Ausgabe 1/2014

Abstract

Background

Experimental data suggests that exclusive heart rate reduction with ivabradine is associated with the amelioration of the endothelial function. Since it is presently unknown whether this also applies to humans, the aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether heart rate reduction with ivabradine modulates the endothelial function in humans with an established coronary heart disease.

Methods

Using high-sensitivity ultrasound, we analysed the flow-mediated (FMD) and nitro-mediated dilation (NMD) of the brachial artery in 25 patients (62.9 ± 8.4 years) with a stable coronary heart disease and a resting heart rate of ≥70 beats per minute (bpm). To assess acute effects, measurements were performed before and 4 hours after the first intake of ivabradine 7.5 mg. Sustained effects of an ivabradine therapy (5 mg to 7.5 mg twice daily) were investigated after 4 weeks.

Results

We found a significant decrease in heart rate, both 4 hours after the intake of 7.5 mg of ivabradine (median -8 [interquartile range (IQR) -14 to -4] bpm) and after 4 weeks of twice daily intake (median -10 [IQR-17 to -5] bpm) (p < 0.05). However, the FMD did not change significantly: neither after first dose of ivabradine nor after sustained therapy (baseline FMD: median 5.0 [IQR 2.4 to 7.9]%; FMD 4 hours after 7.5 mg of ivabradine: median 4.9 [IQR 2.7 to 9.8]%; FMD after 4 weeks of ivabradine therapy: median 6.1 [IQR 4.3 to 8.2]%). No significant changes of the NMD were observed. In regression analysis, the heart rate and FMD did not correlated, irrespective of the ivabradine intake (r² = 0.086).

Conclusion

In conclusion, in our study heart rate reduction through ivabradine does not improve the endothelial function in patients with a stable coronary heart disease. Moreover, we found no correlation between the heart rate and the endothelial function.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Authors’ original file for figure 2

Authors’ original file for figure 3

Authors’ original file for figure 4

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-7120-12-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nicoline Jochmann, Franziska Schröter contributed equally to this work.

Competing interests

The Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte has received a grant from Servier (France). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Authors’ contributions

NJ, VS and FS have designed and coordinated the study. FS, NJ, FK, RH and CG have analysed the data. NJ and FS have written the manuscript. FS and RH have performed the measurement of the endothelial function for the study. NJ, FS, FK, VS, KS and GB performed the planning of the study and the patient selection. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

BMI

Body mass index

bpm

Beats per minute

CEC

Charité University Hospital Ethics Committee

FMD

Flow-mediated dilation

Heart rate

Iva

Ivabradine

NMD

Nitro-mediated dilation

IQR

Interquartile range.

Background

Numerous epidemiologic studies suggest that an elevated heart rate (HR) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1‐5]. This negative prognostic value of a higher HR appears to be independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors [1, 6, 7]. In addition, experimental and clinical evidence indicates that an increased HR contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress, expanded levels of low shear-stress periods and increased mechanical burden are discussed as underlying mechanisms [8‐10]. There are some clues that the HR modulates the endothelial function as well; however, results are controversial. Both positive as well as negative correlations of the HR with the FMD as parameter of endothelial-dependent vasodilation have been described [11‐14].

Ivabradine (Iva), a selective inhibitor of I_f channels, reduces the resting and exercise HR without affecting cardiac contractility, blood pressure, intracardiac conduction, or ventricular repolarisation [15‐17]. It therefore offers the unique opportunity to assess effects of an exclusive HR reduction [5]. Since it is presently unknown whether changes in the HR have an impact on the endothelial function in humans, the aim of our study was to investigate effects of a HR reduction in response to Iva on the endothelial function measured by the FMD of the brachial artery.

Methods

Study population

Patients with a stable coronary heart disease and betablocker intolerance (chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma, psoriasis, hypotension, Raynaud’s syndrome) or with an insufficient HR reduction during betablocker treatment were included in the study from January 2010 to September 2011. The main inclusion criterion was a resting HR of ≥70 beats/min in two consecutive ECGs. Exclusion criteria were a recent (<2 months) myocardial infarction or revascularisation procedures (<4 weeks), ventricular or atrioventricular pacing, atrial fibrillation or flutter. We required routine laboratory parameters to lay within the normal range. It was also necessary that blood lipids, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and HbA1c as well as glucose levels demonstrated good adjustment according to guidelines for secondary prevention in coronary heart disease [18]. The study was approved by the Charité University Hospital Ethics Committee (CEC), and participants provided their written informed consent. The study was carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).

Study design

This prospective, non-randomized study was designed to evaluate the acute and sustained effects of Iva on the endothelial function. At the first study visit (control), baseline FMD/NMD data were assessed in the morning after a 12-hour overnight fast and 4 hours thereafter. At the second study visit, FMD/NMD measurements were performed before and 4 hours after a first dose of Iva (7.5 mg) to investigate acute effects on the endothelial function. After the morning measurement, patients consumed a standardized meal, which consisted of two wheat rolls, one package of low fat cream cheese (1,5% fat per 100 g) and half a liter of still water. Patients thereafter received Iva (5 mg) twice daily for four weeks. In case of a HR of ≥60/min at day 14 (documented in two resting ECGs at least 5 min apart), the Iva dosage was increased to 7.5 mg twice daily. After 4 weeks of Iva intake, FMD/NMD values were assessed again at 08.00 a.m. (sustained effect). Blood pressure and HR were documented simultaneously at each time point (Figure 1).

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitro-mediated dilation (NMD)

The endothelial function was measured by high-resolution vascular ultrasound with a 13-MHz linear-array transducer (Sonoline Antares, Siemens, Germany), as recently described [19]. The endothelium-dependent FMD was assessed by measuring the change in the brachial artery diameter during reactive hyperaemia after cuff occlusion of the forearm for 5 min, according to established guidelines [20, 21]. To improve the accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements, an attached device fixed the ultrasound probe at one site of the brachial artery during the entire period of measurements. Changes in the arterial diameter were measured every 15 sec up to 3 min. The FMD was defined as the maximum percentage change in diameter compared with the baseline measurement. The nature of the stimulus and conditions of the measurements of FMD were chosen to obtain a nitric oxide-dependent response after a brief period of shear stress in the brachial artery [21]. The endothelium-independent vasodilation (NMD) was determined after sublingual application of nitroglycerin spray (0.4 mg). The increase in diameter of the brachial artery was measured from min 1 to 6, and the NMD was defined as the maximum percentage change in diameter compared with the baseline measurement. Ultrasound images were digitized online and saved. Analyses of diameter changes were conducted offline (Tom Tec Imaging Systems, Germany) by an investigator blinded to subject treatment. Intra- and interobserver variations for FMD max (%) were 0.97 and 0.91 and for NMD max (%) 0.99 and 0.98 in 20 by random chosen studies.

Statistical analysis

Values for the FMD and HRs in tables, text and figures are presented as median values (Q1 – Q3). The baseline characteristics are means ± standard deviation. All statistical tests were two-sided with the level of significance at 5%. The non-parametric test design was chosen because of the small sample size. The paired design was considered by using the Wilcoxon test. Comparison between the FMD and HR took place with regression analysis. Statistical analyses were performed by using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20.

Results

A total of 25 patients were included in the study arm to investigate the acute effects of Iva on the endothelial function. In 17 of these patients, the sustained effects of an up to four weeks long Iva therapy were assessed. Patients’ baseline characteristics and demographic data are depicted in Tables 1 and 2. The mean age was 62.9 ± 8.4 years and the mean BMI 27.7 ± 4.9 kg/m². 44% of patients were receiving betablocker treatment. Medians of FMD and NMD measurements over the whole study period are shown in Table 3. We found a significant decrease in the HR both 4 hours after the intake of 7.5 mg of Iva (-8 [-14 to -4] bpm) and after 4 weeks of twice daily intake (-10 [-17 to -5] bpm), shown in Figure 2. However, the FMD did not change significantly: neither after the first dose of Iva nor after sustained therapy (baseline FMD: 5.0 [2.4 to 7.9]%; FMD 4 hours after 7.5 mg of Iva: 4.9 [2.7 to 9.8]%; FMD after 4 weeks of Iva therapy: 6.1 [4.3 to 8.2]%) (Figure 3). Iva failed to modulate the endothelial function regardless of the presence or absence of concomitant betablocker therapy (data not shown). Moreover, the degree of HR reduction had no influence on Iva effects (data not shown). No significant changes of NMD were observed. Median values for FMD and NMD measurements are depicted in Table 3. In regression analysis, HR and FMD did not correlate, irrespective of Iva intake (r² = 0.086) (Figure 4).

Table 1

Baseline characteristics

	Mean ± SD
Age (years)	62.9 ± 8.4
BMI (kg/m²)	27.7 ± 4.9
Heart rate (bpm)	82.4 ± 10.8
RR syst. (mmHg)	126.7 ± 16.2
RR diast. (mmHg)	76.8 ± 9.0
LVEF (%)	54.8 ± 8.6
Glucose (mg/dl)	109.5 ± 34.3
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	177.8 ± 50.7
LDL (mg/dl)	106.0 ± 40.1
HDL (mg/dl)	56.4 ± 25.9
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	132.2 ± 54.9

BMI = body mass index; RR syst. = systolic blood pressure; RR diast. = diastolic blood pressure; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; HDL = high-density lipoprotein.

Table 2

Demographic characteristics

	n (%)
Male	19 (76)
Smokers	6 (24)
Hypertension	22 (88)
Diabetes	10 (40)
Dyslipidaemia	20 (80)
Myocardial infarction	10 (40)
CABG/PCI	20 (80)
ICD	2 (8)
Angina pectoris	17 (68)
β-blocker	11 (44)

CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; ICD = implantable cardiac defibrillator.

Table 3

Median values of FMD and NMD

	Baseline		Acute effect		Sustained effect
	8.00 a.m.	12.00 a.m.	8.00 a.m.	12.00 a.m.	8.00 a.m.
FMD_base (mm)	3.8 [3.3-4.2]	3.8 [3.4-4.2]	3.7 [3.3-4.2]	3.6 [3.3-4.1]	3.6 [3.4-4.3]
FMD_max(mm)	3.9 [3.5-4.3]	4.0 [3.6-4.3]	3.8 [3.5-4.3]	3.9 [3.5-4.3]	3.8 [3.6-4.4]
FMD_max (%)	4.8 [2.4-6.5]	5.3 [2.2-7.5]	5.0 [2.4-7.9]	4.9 [2.7-9.8]	6.1 [4.3-8.2]
NMD_base (mm)	3.6 [3.2-4.2]	4.1 [3.4-4.2]	3.8 [3.1-4.4]	4.1 [3.3-4.4]	3.7 [3.3-4.2]
NMD_max (mm)	4.4 [4.1-4.8]	4.4 [4.2-4.9]	4.4 [3.9-5.0]	4.4 [4.1-5.1]	4.4 [4.1-4.9]
NMD_max (%)	19.1 [13.2-25.7]	17.0 [12.5-23.7]	16.7 [13.0-24.6]	17.3 [9.8-23.7]	21.1 [13.5-29.6]

Values are presented as median values (Q1 – Q3). FMD_base: diameter of brachial artery before hyperaemic stimulus; FMD_max : maximum dilation of brachial artery after hyperaemic stimulus, shown in mm as maximum percentage change in brachial artery diameter compared with FMD_base; NMD_base: diameter of brachial artery before application of 0.4 mg nitroglycerine; NMD_max: maximum dilation of brachial artery after application of 0.4 mg nitroglycerine, shown in mm and as maximum percentage change in brachial artery diameter compared with FMD_base.. Baseline: FMD at 08.00 and 12.00 at study visit 1 (without ivabradine); Acute effect: FMD before and 4 hours after first intake of 7,5 mg ivabradine; Sustained effect: FMD after 4 weeks of ivabradine intake twice daily (10 to 15 mg).

Discussion

The main finding of our study is that Iva treatment is not associated with a significant amelioration of the endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Although the HR declined by 10%, no changes in the endothelial-dependent vasodilation assessed non-invasively by high-sensitivity ultrasound of the brachial artery were observed: neither acutely nor after one month of treatment with Iva. Even in the patient subgroup with the highest HR at baseline and with the greatest reduction in response to Iva, we found no significant impact on the endothelial function.

These results are in line with two recently published trial in humans which also did not find an improvement of the FMD after Iva treatment of diabetic patients and of patients with angina pectoris despite a profound reduction of the HR [22, 23]. These two studies in humans stand, however, in contrast to experimental data obtained on several occasions in mice with lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction, which reveals that endothelial-dependent vasodilation improves in response to a HR reduction with this I_f-channel blocker [8‐10, 24]. Drouin reported in 2008 that Iva prevents deterioration of the endothelial dilator function of renal and cerebral arteries associated with dyslipidemia in mice expressing human ApoB-100 [9]. Similarly, in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a Western-type diet, Iva improved the endothelial function in aortic rings, exerted potent antioxidative effects and reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation [8]. These effects were independent of blood pressure or lipid lowering [8]. Very recently, Schirmer et al. showed that Iva enhanced arteriogenesis and increased eNOS expression, NO availability and endothelial-dependent relaxation in a murine hindlimb model of endothelial dysfunction [24]. HR reduction has been incriminated as the main underlying mode of action, since Iva had no direct effect on the endothelium: neither in cultured endothelial cells nor in isolated rings from ApoE-/- mice [24].

The reasons for the inconsistent results between our data in humans and in animal models are unclear; however, species differences may be of importance. The HR is usually below 100 beats/min in humans and above 600 beats/min in small animals such as mice. Harzheim et al. reported that HCN4 channels serve to regulate the HR in adult mice only during and after stress and that, accordingly, effects of Iva may not be directly compared to data obtained in humans [25, 26].

Principally, the paradigm must be questioned that there is a comprehensive correlation between the level of the HR and the endothelial function. As mentioned before, human studies assessing this correlation have yielded diverging results [11, 13, 14, 26]. In a community-based cohort of 2883 participants, a positive correlation between the FMD and HR was found, which suggests that an increased HR is associated with an improved endothelial function [13]. In contrast, these two parameters correlated inversely in smaller studies. In these investigations, a bias of the chosen triggers to modulate the HR (e.g., physical activity or mental stress) cannot be ruled out [11, 14]. One study in pacemaker patients found no effects of different cardiac pacing protocols (80–120 bpm) on FMD [12]. To obtain further insights, we analysed in our patient group whether the HR correlates with FMD. The fact that this was not the case (Figure 4) may explain why an HR reduction in response to Iva treatment failed to modulate the endothelial function.

Limitations

Several limitations of our study must be considered. First, because of the relatively small sample size, the study may be not sufficiently powered to assess significant differences. Second, the absence of a placebo-controlled group may have biased some results.

Third, the brachial diameter was not measured continuously as we didn’t use a semiautomatic system for analyses of FMD and NMD. Nevertheless intra- and interobserver variations for FMD and NMD showed a good accuracy of our methodology.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our data did not support the concept that a reduction of the HR is beneficial with regard to the amelioration of the endothelial function. There is no acute or sustained effect on the flow-mediated dilation measured by high-frequency ultrasound despite a significant HR reduction.

Acknowledgements

We thank Ulrike Günther for her excellent technical assistance.

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Competing interests

Authors’ contributions

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Authors’ original file for figure 2

Authors’ original file for figure 3

Authors’ original file for figure 4

Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS, Cupples LA: Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987, 113 (6): 1489-1494. 10.1016/0002-8703(87)90666-1.CrossRefPubMed

Hjalmarson A, Gilpin EA, Kjekshus J, Schieman G, Nicod P, Henning H, Ross J: Influence of heart rate on mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1990, 65 (9): 547-553. 10.1016/0002-9149(90)91029-6.CrossRefPubMed

Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC: Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2005, 26 (10): 967-974. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi190.CrossRefPubMed

Gillman MW, Kannel WB, Belanger A, D’Agostino RB: Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1993, 125 (4): 1148-1154. 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90128-V.CrossRefPubMed

Fox KM, Ferrari R: Heart rate: a forgotten link in coronary artery disease?. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011, 8 (7): 369-379. 10.1038/nrcardio.2011.58.CrossRefPubMed

Thorin E, Thorin-Trescases N: Vascular endothelial ageing, heartbeat after heartbeat. Cardiovasc Res. 2009, 84 (1): 24-32. 10.1093/cvr/cvp236.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Custodis F, Reil JC, Laufs U, Bohm M: [Heart rate and rate control: prognostic value in cardiovascular diseases]. Internist. 2012, 53 (1): 6-13. 10.1007/s00108-011-2887-3.CrossRefPubMed

Custodis F, Baumhakel M, Schlimmer N, List F, Gensch C, Bohm M, Laufs U: Heart rate reduction by ivabradine reduces oxidative stress, improves endothelial function, and prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation. 2008, 117 (18): 2377-2387. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.746537.CrossRefPubMed

Drouin A, Gendron ME, Thorin E, Gillis MA, Mahlberg-Gaudin F, Tardif JC: Chronic heart rate reduction by ivabradine prevents endothelial dysfunction in dyslipidaemic mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2008, 154 (4): 749-757.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Baumhakel M, Custodis F, Schlimmer N, Laufs U, Bohm M: Heart rate reduction with ivabradine improves erectile dysfunction in parallel to decrease in atherosclerotic plaque load in ApoE-knockout mice. Atherosclerosis. 2010, 212 (1): 55-62. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.03.002.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Lavrencic A, Salobir BG, Keber I: Physical training improves flow-mediated dilation in patients with the polymetabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000, 20 (2): 551-555. 10.1161/01.ATV.20.2.551.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Green D, Cheetham C, Henderson C, Weerasooriya R, O’Driscoll G: Effect of cardiac pacing on forearm vascular responses and nitric oxide function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002, 283 (4): H1354-H1360.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, Mitchell GF, Vasan RS, Keaney JF, Lehman BT, Fan S, Osypiuk E, Vita JA: Clinical correlates and heritability of flow-mediated dilation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004, 109 (5): 613-619. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000112565.60887.1E.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Mizia M, Mizia-Stec K, Gasior Z, Gomulka S, Kumor P, Niedojadlo A, Mielczarek M: Mental stress, heart rate and endothelial function in patients with syndrome X. Cardiol J. 2007, 14 (2): 180-185.PubMed

15.

Camm AJ, Lau CP: Electrophysiological effects of a single intravenous administration of ivabradine (S 16257) in adult patients with normal baseline electrophysiology. Drugs R&D. 2003, 4 (2): 83-89. 10.2165/00126839-200304020-00001.CrossRef

16.

Manz M, Reuter M, Lauck G, Omran H, Jung W: A single intravenous dose of ivabradine, a novel I(f) inhibitor, lowers heart rate but does not depress left ventricular function in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiology. 2003, 100 (3): 149-155. 10.1159/000073933.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Joannides R, Moore N, Iacob M, Compagnon P, Lerebours G, Menard JF, Thuillez C: Comparative effects of ivabradine, a selective heart rate-lowering agent, and propranolol on systemic and cardiac haemodynamics at rest and during exercise. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006, 61 (2): 127-137. 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02544.x.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, Benlian P, Boysen G, Cifkova R, et al.: European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The fifth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2012, 33 (13): 1635-1701.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Lorenz M, Jochmann N, von Krosigk A, Martus P, Baumann G, Stangl K, Stangl V: Addition of milk prevents vascular protective effects of tea. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28 (2): 219-223.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, Celermajer D, Charbonneau F, Creager MA, Deanfield J, Drexler H, Gerhard-Herman M, Herrington D, et al.: Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002, 39 (2): 257-265. 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01746-6.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Pyke KE, Tschakovsky ME: The relationship between shear stress and flow-mediated dilatation: implications for the assessment of endothelial function. J Physiol. 2005, 568 (Pt 2): 357-369.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Nerla R, Di Franco A, Milo M, Pitocco D, Zaccardi F, Tarzia P, Sarullo FM, Villano A, Russo G, Stazi A, et al.: Differential effects of heart rate reduction by atenolol or ivabradine on peripheral endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients. Heart. 2012, 98 (24): 1812-1816. 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302795.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Villano A, Di Franco A, Nerla R, Sestito A, Tarzia P, Lamendola P, Di Monaco A, Maria F, Gaetano S, et al.: Effects of ivabradine and ranolazine in patients with microvascular angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 2013, 112 (1): 8-13. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.02.045.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Schirmer SH, Degen A, Baumhakel M, Custodis F, Schuh L, Kohlhaas M, Friedrich E, Bahlmann F, Kappl R, Maack C, et al.: Heart-rate reduction by If-channel inhibition with ivabradine restores collateral artery growth in hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 2012, 33 (10): 1223-1231. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr255.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Harzheim D, Pfeiffer KH, Fabritz L, Kremmer E, Buch T, Waisman A, Kirchhof P, Kaupp UB, Seifert R: Cardiac pacemaker function of HCN4 channels in mice is confined to embryonic development and requires cyclic AMP. EMBO J. 2008, 27 (4): 692-703. 10.1038/emboj.2008.3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Triggle CR: Defying the economists: a decrease in heart rate improves not only cardiac but also endothelial function. Br J Pharmacol. 2008, 154 (4): 727-728.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Effect of ivabradine-induced heart rate reduction on flow-mediated dilation measured with high-sensitivity ultrasound in patients with stable coronary heart disease
verfasst von: Nicoline Jochmann
Franziska Schröter
Fabian Knebel
Robert Hättasch
Christine Gericke
Karl Stangl
Gert Baumann
Verena Stangl
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2014
Verlag: BioMed Central
Erschienen in: Cardiovascular Ultrasound / Ausgabe 1/2014
Elektronische ISSN: 1476-7120
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-7120-12-5

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

25.04.2024 Allergien und Intoleranzreaktionen Nachrichten

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Electronic supplementary material

Competing interests

Authors’ contributions

Background

Methods

Study population

Study design

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitro-mediated dilation (NMD)

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Competing interests

Authors’ contributions

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2014

Intima media thickness, pulse wave velocity, and flow mediated dilation

The value of diastolic function parameters in the prediction of left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation

Time-course changes in left ventricular myocardial deformation in STZ-induced rabbits on velocity vector imaging

Different contribution of extent of myocardial injury to left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in early reperfused acute myocardial infarction

Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction and left atrium reverse remodeling after mitral regurgitation surgery

Differences in brachial and femoral artery responses to prolonged sitting

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

Update Innere Medizin