Background
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To identify the risks and benefits of the use of PAI in the treatment or prevention of cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery occlusive disease, and coronary disease in older adults.
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To develop recommendations which will enable physicians to stop the use of PAI in the treatment or prevention of cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery occlusive disease, and coronary disease in older adults based on current best evidence.
Methods
Search strategy
Study selection
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Criteria | Inclusion | Exclusion | ||
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Type of study | SR &MA | RCT | OS | editorials, opinion papers, case reports, case series, narrative reviews, letters, qualitative studies and observational studies which do not provide information of interest regarding adverse events |
Age of participants | mean or median age ≥ 65 years, or subgroup analysis ≥ 65 years | ≥ 80% of participants ≥ 65 years or a subgroup analysis ≥ 65 years | ||
Type of intervention | efficacy and/or safety of PAI as monotherapy or in combination with any other drug for the treatment or prevention of cerebral infarction, transient ischaemic attacks, peripheral artery occlusive disease and coronary disease or one of these indications versus placebo, no treatment, other drugs or a non-pharmacological intervention | focus on acute conditions (like exclusively acute treatment of myocardial infarction during the first hours) | ||
Clinically relevant outcomes | quality of life, mortality, life expectancy, hospitalization, cognitive impairment or cognitive status, functional impairment or functional status, cardiovascular event including stroke, renal failure, composite end points including any of the above (extraction of individual outcomes will be done if reported by original studies), adverse drug event, bleeding | surrogate endpoints (like laboratory measurements or blood pressure) |
Reference | Type of study | Aim | Population (number of studies, participants, mean age) | Treatment | Outcomes |
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Aguilar 2005 [49] | SR | To assess the efficacy and safety of long-term APT for primary prevention in stroke of patients with chronic non-valvular AF. | Studies n = 5, 1965 participants, mean age 70 years | Warfarin INR 2.8–4.2 vs ASA 75 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 125 mg/d vs placebo, warfarin INR 2–4.5 vs control and ASA 325 mg/d vs placebo | All strokes, ischaemic strokes, all disabling or fatal stroke, myocardial infarction, systemic emboli, all intracranial haemorrhage, major extracranial haemorrhage, vascular death and the composite of all stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular death and all-cause mortality |
Aguilar 2007 [30] | SR | To characterize the relative effect of long-term oral anticoagulant treatment compared with antiplatelet therapy on major vascular events in patients with non-valvular AF and no history of stroke or TIA. | Studies n = 7, 9598 participants, mean age 64–75 years | Clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 75-100 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, ASA 75 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2.8–4.2 vs placebo, ASA 300 mg/d vs fixed-dose warfarin vs fixed-dose warfarin + ASA 300 mg/d vs adjusted-dose warfarin INR 2–3, ASA 100 mg/d vs fixed-dose VKA vs adjusted-dose VKA INR 2.6–3.5, triflusal 600 mg/d vs adjusted-dose VKA INR 2–3, ASA 150 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2.5–3.5 vs low-dose warfarin INR 1.1–1.6, ASA 325 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–4.5, ASA 325 mg/d vs adjusted-dose warfarin INR 2–4.5 | Primary outcome: all strokes; Secondary outcomes: ischaemic strokes, all disabling or fatal strokes, myocardial infarction, systemic emboli, all intracranial haemorrhages, major extracranial haemorrhages, vascular death, all-cause mortality |
Andersen 2008 [43] | MA | To evaluate the efficacy of warfarin in preventing systemic embolism (embolism to limbs or viscera) in patients with AF | Studies n = 15, 16,058 participants, mean age 63.3–81.5 years | Warfarin vs placebo vs ASA 75 mg/d, warfarin vs placebo, warfarin vs ASA 325 mg/d, warfarin vs low-dose warfarin (INR 1.2–1.5) + ASA 325 mg/d, warfarin vs indobufen 200 mg/d, warfarin vs low-dose warfarin 1.25 mg/d, warfarin vs low-dose warfarin 1.25 mg/d vs low-dose warfarin + ASA 300 mg/d vs ASA 300 mg/d, warfarin vs ASA 150 mg/d vs low-dose warfarin (INR 1.1–1.6), warfarin vs low-dose warfarin (INR 1.5–2.1), warfarin vs ASA 150-160 mg/d, warfarin vs clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 75-100 mg/d, warfarin vs ASA 300 mg/d, warfarin vs ASA 75 mg/d | Systemic embolism and major bleeding |
Assiri 2013 [44] | MA | A mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis to evaluate direct and indirect treatment data including ASA, warfarin apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban and rivaroxaban for the prevention of primary or secondary stroke in patients with AF | Studies n = 21, 80,906 participants, mean age 71 years | ASA vs warfarin vs placebo, ASA vs warfarin, warfarin vs placebo, ASA vs placebo, ASA + warfarin vs placebo, ASA + clopidogrel vs warfarin, dabigatran vs warfarin, ASA vs ASA + clopidogrel, edoxaban vs warfarin, apixaban vs warfarin, rivaroxaban vs warfarin | Any stroke or embolism, all-stroke, ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, vascular death, all-cause mortality, major and non-major bleeding, and intra-cranial haemorrhage |
Baigent 2009 [28] | MA | To assess the benefits and risks in primary prevention; Identify risk factors for various outcomes in people in the primary prevention trials | Studies n = 6 primary prevention, 16 secondary prevention, 112,000 participants, subgroup ≥ 65 years | ASA 500 mg/d, ASA 325 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 75 mg/d vs warfarin vs placebo, ASA 75 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 100 mg/d vs control, ASA 100 mg/d vs placebo | Vascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, death from vascular cause), major coronary event, any stroke, death from any cause, major extracranial bleeding |
Cameron 2014 [46] | NMA | To examine the comparative efficacy and safety of antithrombotic treatments (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban and VKA at a standard adjusted dose (target international normalised ratio 2.0–3.0), ASA, ASA and clopidogrel) for non-valvular atrial fibrillation and among subpopulations | Studies n = 16, 82,314 participants, mean age 62–83, subgroup-analysis age ≥ 75 years | Dabigatran 150 mg twice daily vs dabigatran 110 mg twice daily vs adjusted-dose VKA, edoxaban 60 mg/d vs edoxaban 30 mg/d vs adjusted-dose VKA, ASA 100 mg/d + clopidogrel 75 mg/d vs adjusted-dose VKA, ASA 100 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 100 mg/d vs adjusted-dose VKA, adjusted-dose VKA vs placebo, ASA 100-300 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 100-300 mg/d vs adjusted-dose VKA, rivaroxaban 20 mg/d vs adjusted-dose VKA, apixaban 5 mg twice daily vs adjusted-dose VKA, dabigatran 150 mg twice daily 100-300 mg ASA vs adjusted-dose VKA, apixaban 2.5 mg twice daily vs apixaban 5 mg twice daily vs adjusted-dose VKA | Primary outcomes: all-cause stroke, systemic embolism, major bleeding |
Cooper 2006 [42] | NMA | To identify different stroke prevention treatments for atrial fibrillation assessed in randomized controlled trials and to compare them within a single evidence synthesis framework | Studies n = 19, 17,833 participants, mean age 64–80.5 years | Warfarin INR 2–3 vs ximelegatran 72 mg/d, warfarin 1.25 mg/d + ASA 75 mg/d vs control, warfarin INR 2.2–3.5 vs warfarin INR 1.5–2.1, warfarin INR 1.2–1.5 vs control, warfarin prothrombin-time 1.2–1.5 vs placebo, warfarin INR 2–3 vs placebo, warfarin vs ASA 300 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 325 mg/d vs warfarin vs placebo, warfarin 1.25 mg/d vs warfarin 1.25 mg/d + ASA 300 mg/d vs ASA 300 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2.3, coumarin INR 2.5–3.5 vs coumarin INR 1.1–1.6 vs ASA 150 mg/d, indobufen 100 or 200 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3.5, warfarin INR 1.25 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, warfarin INR 1.2–1.5 + ASA 325 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, ASA 125 mg/d vs ASA 125 mg/d on alternate days vs control | Primary outcome: ischaemic stroke, major or fatal bleeding |
Coleman 2012 [56] | MA | To identify the propensity difference between various AP and anticoagulation for stroke prevention in patients with AF to cause MGIB | Studies n = 16, 42,983 participants, mean age 65–75 years | Clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 75-100 mg/d, ASA 75-100 mg/d vs dabigatran 110 mg BID vs dabigatran 150 mg BID vs adjusted-dose warfarin, ASA 150-200 mg/d vs control, adjusted-dose warfarin vs ximelagatran 36 mg BID, triflusal 600 mg/d vs adjusted-dose VKA vs adjusted-dose VKA + ASA 100 mg/d, adjusted-dose VKA + placebo vs adjusted-dose VKA + ASA 100 mg/d, adjusted-dose warfarin vs low-dose warfarin, adjusted-dose VKA vs low-dose VKA vs ASA 150 mg/d, adjusted-dose warfarin vs low-dose warfarin vs ASA 300 mg/d vs low-dose warfarin + ASA 300 mg/d, indobufen 200 mg BID vs adjusted-dose warfarin, low-dose warfarin + ASA 325 mg/d, adjusted-dose warfarin (INR 2–3 or 2–4.5) vs ASA 325 mg/d, adjusted-dose VKA vs ASA 300 mg/d vs placebo, adjusted-dose warfarin vs placebo, warfarin vs no treatment, adjusted-dose warfarin vs ASA 75 mg/d vs placebo | Major gastrointestinal bleeding |
Connolly 2013 [61] | MA | To characterize the risk of subdural hematoma associated with antiplatelet therapy | Studies n = 9, 97,254 participants, mean age 57 years, subgroup ≥ 70 years | ASA 325 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 75 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 150-200 mg/d vs control, ASA 81-100 mg/d vs control, ASA 325 mg every other day vs placebo, ASA 50 mg/d + dipyridamol 400 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 75 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 100 mg every other day vs placebo, ASA 100 mg/d vs placebo | Subdural hematomas, intracerebral haemorrhage |
Dogliotti 2014 [41] | NMA | To synthesise the evidence from trials using a multiple treatment comparison methods thereby permitting a broader comparison across multiple therapies | Studies n = 20, 79,808 participants, mean age 64–83 | Adjusted-dose warfarin vs ASA vs placebo, adjusted-dose warfarin vs placebo, adjusted-dose VKA vs ASA vs placebo, adjusted-dose warfarin vs ASA, adjusted-dose coumarin vs ASA, ASA vs no treatment, adjusted-dose warfarin vs ASA + clopidogrel, ASA vs no treatment, clopidogrel + ASA vs ASA, adjusted-dose warfarin vs ASA, dabigatran 110 mg twice daily vs dabigatran 150 mg twice daily vs adjusted-dose warfarin, apixaban vs adjusted-dose warfarin, apixaban vs ASA, adjusted-dose warfarin vs rivaroxaban | Primary outcomes: stroke, composite of ischaemic stroke or systemic embolism, death from any cause, major bleeding |
Gandhi 2015 [54] | MA | To compare Dual-antiplatelet Therapy to Mono-antiplatelet Therapy after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation | Studies n = 4, 640 participants, mean age 82.2 years | ASA 80 mg/d + clopidogrel 75 mg/d or ticlopidin 500 mg BID vs ASA 75-160 mg/d, ASA 75 mg/d + clopidogrel 75 mg/d (300 mg loading-dose) vs ASA 75 mg/d or clopidogrel 75 mg/d, ASA 75 mg/d + clopidogrel 75 mg/d (300 mg loading-dose) vs ASA 75 mg/d (300 mg loading-dose), ASA 100 mg/d + clopidogrel 75 mg/d (300 mg loading-dose) vs ASA 100 mg/d | Primary outcome: combined end point of 30-day stroke, spontaneous myocardial infarction, all-cause-mortality, combined lethal and major bleeding. Secondary outcomes: 30-day major stroke, 30-day spontaneous myocardial infarction, 30-day all-cause mortality, 30-day combined lethal and major bleeding, 6-months major stroke, 6-months myocardial infarction, 6-months all-cause mortality, 6-months combined lethal and major bleeding |
Halkes 2008 [56] | MA | To study the effect of combination therapy with ASA and dipyridamole (A + D) over ASAalone in secondary prevention after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke of presumed arterial origin and to perform subgroup analyses to identify patients that might benefit most from secondary prevention with A + D | Studies n = 5, 7612 participants, mean age 65 years | ASA + dipyridamol vs ASA, ASA + dipyridamol vs ASA vs dipyridamol vs placebo. ASA ranged from 50 mg/d-990 mg/d. Dipyridamol ranged from 150 mg/d-400 mg/d. | Death from all vascular causes, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction |
Hart 2007 [40] | MA | To characterize the efficacy and safety of antithrombotic agents for stroke prevention in patients who have atrial fibrillation, adding 13 recent randomized trials to a previous meta-analysis | Studies n = 29, 28,044 participants, mean age 71 years | Warfarin vs ASA vs placebo, warfarin vs control, warfarin vs placebo, LMWH vs control, warfarin vs ASA, warfarin vs low-dose warfarin + ASA, warfarin vs indobufen, ASA vs dipyridamol vs ASA + dipyridamol vs placebo, warfarin vs low-dose warfarin vs ASA vs low-dose warfarin + ASA, warfarin vs low-dose warfarin, warfarin vs low-dose warfarin vs ASA, ASA daily vs ASA every other day vs control, ASA vs placebo, warfarin vs warfarin, fluindione vs fluindione + ASA, ximelagatran vs warfarin, low-dose warfarin + ASA vs control, triflusal vs VKA vs triflusal + VKA, ximelagatran vs warfarin, ASA vs control, warfarin vs clopidogrel + ASA, dabigatran vs dabigatran +ASA vs warfarin | All strokes, ischaemic stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, all-cause mortality, major extracranial haemorrhage |
Hart 1999 [39] | MA | To analyse the increased risk of intracranial haemorrhage when ASA is combined with Warfarin | Studies n = 16, 9874 participants, mean age 69–71 years | Warfarin INR 2.8–4.2 vs ASA 75 mg/d, ASA 300 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, warfarin vs placebo + ASA 325 mg/d vs Placebo, ASA 325 mg/d vs warfarin 2–4.5, warfarin INR 1.2–1.5 + ASA 325 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, warfarin INR 1.2–1.5 vs Control, warfarin vs placebo, warfarin 1.2–1.5 vs placebo, OAC INR 3–4.5 vs ASA 300 mg/d vs placebo, indobufen 100-200 mg vs warfarin INR 2–3.5, warfarin fixed-dose 1.25 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, ASA 150 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2.5–3.5, LMWH vs control, ASA 125 mg/d vs ASA 125 mg/d on alternate days vs control, ASA 600 mg/d vs ASA 300 mg/d vs placebo | All strokes, ischaemic stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, all-cause mortality, major extracranial bleeding |
He 1998 (JAMA) [29] | MA | To estimate the risk of haemorrhagic stroke associated with ASA treatment | Studies n = 16, 55,462 participants, mean age 63.7 years, subgroup ≥64 years | ASA 1200 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 1300 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 900 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 1000 mg vs ASA 1000 mg + 325 mg dipyridamol, ASA 1000 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 1500 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 160 mg/d vs streptokinase vs both vs placebo, ASA 500 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 325 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 75 mg/d vs warfarin vs placebo, ASA 325 mg/d vs warfarin vs placebo, ASA 75 mg/d vs placebo, ASA 300 mg/d vs placebo | Primary outcome: stroke. Secondary outcomes: myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease mortality, all-cause mortality |
Leonardi-Bee 2005 [55] | MA | To assess whether dipyridamole, given with or without ASA, reduced stroke in patients with previous ischemic cerebrovascular disease | Studies n = 7, 11,459 participants, mean age 65.4, subgroup age ≥ 65 years | Dipyridamol 100-200 mg/d vs control, dipyirdamol 20 mg/d + ASA 300 mg/d vs ASA 300 mg/d vs control, dipyridamol 75 mg/d + ASA 330 mg/d vs ASA 330 mg/d vs control, dipyridamol 75 mg/d + ASA 325 mg/d vs ASA 325 mg/d, dipyridamol 75 mg/d vs dipyridamol 75 mg/d + ASA 300 mg/d vs ASA 300 mg/d, dipyridamol 100 mg/d + ASA 50 mg/d vs dipyridamol 100 mg/d, dipyridamol 75 mg/d + ASA 330 mg/d vs control, dipyridamol 200 mg/d + ASA 25 mg/d vs ASA 25 mg/d vs dipyridamol 200 mg/d vs control | Primary outcome: composite of death from all vascular causes, fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes: composite of death from all vascular causes or non-fatal stroke, all death, death from vascular causes, fatal and non-fatal stroke, fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction |
Lin 2015 [63] | NMA | To summarize and compare clinical and safety outcomes of oral antithrombotics for stroke prevention in AF in younger (65–74 years) and older (≥ 75 years) elderly | Studies n = 49, 897,748 participants, mean age 71 years, subgroup age ≥ 75 years | Dabigatran 150 mg vs dabigatran 110 mg vs warfarin, dabigatran 150 mg vs warfarin, rivaroxaban vs warfarin, apixaban vs warfarin, edoxaban vs warfarin, ASA vs warfarin, warfarin vs ASA + clopidogrel, warfarin vs ASA vs control, warfarin vs control, ASA vs control, apixaban vs ASA, ASA + clopidogrel vs ASA, warfarin vs ASA, warfarin vs ASA vs control, dabigatran 150 mg vs warfarin vs rivaroxaban, dabigatran vs rivaroxaban, dabigatran 150 mg vs dabigatran 110 mg vs rivaroxaban vs warfarin, dabigatran vs rivaroxaban vs warfarin, dabigatran vs warfarin, rivaroxaban vs warfarin, warfarin vs ASA vs ASA + clopidogrel | Primary outcomes: stroke, systemic embolism, major bleeding. Secondary outcomes: ischaemic stroke, all-cause mortality, intracranial bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding |
Lip 2006 [45] | MA | To compare the effectiveness of ASA, warfarin, and ximelagatran as thromboprophylaxis in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation | Studies n = 13, 14,423 participants, mean age 64–80 years | Warfarin INR 2.8–4.2 vs ASA 75 mg/d vs placebo, warfarin INR 1.5–2.7 vs placebo, warfarin INR 2–3 vs placebo, warfarin prothrombin time 1.3–1.8 vs placebo, warfarin INR 1.4–2.8 vs placebo, warfarin 2.5–4.0 vs placebo, warfarin INR 2.7 vs ASA 325 mg/d, warfarin INR 2.6 vs ASA 325 mg/d, warfarin INR 2–3 vs fixed low-dose warfarin + ASA 325 mg/d, warfarin INR 2–3 vs ASA 300 mg/d vs fixed low-dose warfarin vs fixed low-dose warfarin + ASA 300 mg/d, warfarin INR 2.5–3.5 vs ASA 150 mg/d vs fixed low-dose warfarin, warfarin INR 2–3 vs ASA 75-300 mg/d, warfarin INR 2–3 vs ximelagatran 72 mg/d, warfarin INR 2–3 vs ximelagatran 72 mg/d | Ischaemic stroke, systemic embolism, mortality, haemorrhage |
Segal 2000 [38] | MA | To appropriate use of drugs to prevent thromboembolism in patients with AF involves comparing the patient’s risk of stroke and risk of haemorrhage. Summarize the evidence regarding the efficacy of the medicaments | Studies n = 11, 8690 participants, mean age 66–80 years | Warfarin vs placebo, ASA 325 mg/d vs warfarin, warfarin vs ASA 325 mg/d + low-dose warfarin, ASA 75 mg/d vs warfarin vs placebo, warfarin vs ASA 300 mg/d vs ASA 300 mg/d + low-dose warfarin, warfarin vs ASA 300 mg/d vs placebo, warfarin vs indobufen 200 mg, anti-factor Xa vs placebo | Stroke, major haemorrhage, minor haemorrhage, total mortality |
Taylor 2001 [37] | MA | To examine the benefits and risks of long term anticoagulation (warfarin) compared with antiplatelet treatment (ASA/indoprofen) in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation | Studies n = 6, 3298 participants, mean age 64–80 years | ASA 75 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2.8–4.2, ASA 325 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–4.5, ASA 300 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, indoprofen 400 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3.5, ASA 150 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2.5–3.5 | Fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, fatal and major non-fatal bleeding events |
Warkentin 2012 [57] | MA | To provide a pooled estimate of the bleeding risk from randomized controlled trials RCTs comparing warfarin and ASA at the dose ranges recommended in evidencebased guidelines | Studies n = 8, 2948 participants, mean age 62–83 years, subgroup age ≥ 70 years | ASA 80 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–2.5, ASA 100 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, ASA 300 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, ASA 75 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, ASA 325 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3, ASA 162 mg/d vs warfarin INR 2–3.5 | Major bleeding |
Zhou 2012 [52] | MA | To evaluate the benefits and harms of combined ASA and clopidogrel therapy on major cardiovascular outcomes | Studies n = 7, 48,248 participants, mean age 61.7–71 years | Clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 75-325 mg/d vs ASA 75-325 mg/d, clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 100-200 mg/d vs ASA 100-200 mg/d, clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 75-100 mg/d vs ASA 75-100 mg/d, clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 162 mg/d vs ASA 162 mg/d, clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 75-162 mg/d vs ASA 75-162 mg/d, clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 81-325 mg/d vs ASA 81-325 mg/d, clopidogrel 75 mg/d + ASA 75 mg/d vs clopidogrel 75 mg/d | Major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, stroke, mortality, major bleeding events, other adverse reaction |
Reference | Type of study | Aim | Treatment | Sample size and amount of older participants | Follow-up | Outcomes |
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Britton 1987 [58] | RCT | To study the effectiveness of high-dose ASA after cerebral infarction | ASA 1.5 g/d vs placebo |
N = 505, mean age 68 years | 2 years | Primary outcomes: Recurrent stroke or death. Secondary outcomes: myocardial infarction, TIA |
Diener 2004 [53] | RCT | To assess whether addition of ASA to clopidogrel could have a greater benefit than clopidogrel alone in prevention of vascular events with potentially higher bleeding risk | ASA 75 mg/d + clopidogrel 75 mg/d vs placebo + clopidogrel 75 mg/d |
N = 7599, placebo + clopidogrel: mean age 66.1 years, 54% older than 65 years. ASA + clopidogrel: mean age 66.5 years, 56% older than 65 years. Subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years | 18 months | Primary outcomes: composite of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular death or rehospitalisation for an acute ischaemic event. Secondary outcomes: Individual and various combinations of each of the outcomes forming the primary endpoint, any death, any stroke |
EAFT 1993 [34] | RCT | To assess the preventive benefit of anticoagulation or ASA in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke | ASA 300 mg/d vs OAC INR 2.5–4.0 vs placebo |
N = 1007, OAC: mean age 71 years. 80% older than 65 years. ASA: mean age 73 years, 84% older than 65 years. Placebo: mean age 73 years, 84% older than 65 years | 2.3 years | Primary outcomes: death from vascular disease, non-fatal stroke (including haemorrhage), non-fatal myocardial infarction or systemic embolism. Secondary outcomes: death from all causes, all strokes, major thromboembolic events |
Huynh 2001 [36] | RCT | To test the hypothesis that moderate-intensity warfarin either alone or in combination with low-dose ASA will be more effective than ASA alone for the secondary prevention of coronary events in patients with previous CABG | ASA 80 mg/d + placebo, warfarin INR 2–2.5 + placebo, ASA 80 mg/d + warfarin INR 2–2.5 |
N = 135, ASA + placebo: mean age 68, 61% older than 65 warfarin + placebo: mean age 67, 57% older than 65, ASA + warfarin: mean age 66, 53% older than 65 years. Subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years | 12 months | Primary outcomes: composite end point of any-cause death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring a new hospitalization. Secondary outcome: performance of reperfusion procedure (either percutaneous or open chest) |
Ikeda 2014 [35] | RCT | To determine whether daily low-dose ASA reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events in older Japanese patients with multiple atherosclerotic risk factors | ASA 100 mg/d vs control |
N = 14,464, ASA: mean age 70.6, 82% older than 65. Control: mean age 70.5, 81% older than 65 | 5.02 years | Primary outcome: composite of death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal stroke and non-fatal myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes: composite of primary outcomes + TIA, angina pectoris and arteriosclerotic disease requiring surgery or intervention; death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, TIA, angina pectoris, arteriosclerotic disease requiring surgery or intervention, serious extracranial haemorrhage |
Kjeldsen 2000 (HOT) [31] | RCT | To study the relationship between three levels of target diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients and to examine the effects of 75 mg ASA daily versus placebo | ASA 75 mg/d |
N = 18,790; men: mean age 60.8 years, 28% older than 65 years. Women: mean age 62.3 years, 36% older than 65 years. Subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years | 3.8 years | Major CV events, MI, Stroke CV mortality, total mortality |
Liu 2014 [47] | RCT | To compare the therapeutic warfarin and ASA efficacies for treatments of atrial fibrillation complicated with stable coronary heart disease | Warfarin INR 1.6–2.5, ASA 100 mg/d |
N = 101, warfarin: mean age 84.8 years, ASA: mean age 84.4 years. 100% older than 65 years | 2 years | Primary outcome: ischaemic stroke, systemic embolism. Secondary outcomes: non-fatal myocardial infarction and all causes of death |
Ogawa 2008 [33] | RCT | To examine the efficacy of low-dose ASA for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes | ASA 81–100 mg/d vs control |
N = 2539, mean age 65 years. ASA: 50% older than 65 years. Non-ASA group: 46% older than 65 years. Subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years | 4.37 years | Primary outcomes: Any atherosclerotic event (composite endpoint of sudden death, death from coronary, cerebrovascular, and aortic causes, non-fatal acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, newly developed exertional angina, non-fatal ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, non-fatal aortic and peripheral vascular disease). Secondary outcomes: each primary endpoint and combinations of primary endpoints, death from any cause |
Silagy 1993 [32] | RCT | To investigate the incidence of adverse effects resulting from the use of regular low-dose ASA in an otherwise healthy elderly population | ASA 100 mg/d vs placebo |
N = 400, mean age 73 years, 100% older than 65 years | 12 months | Adverse events (gastrointestinal symptoms, gastrointestinal bleeding, easy bruising, nose bleeds), haematologic parameters |
Uchiyama 2016 [50] | RCT | To evaluate the effect of ASA on the risk of stroke and intracranial haemorrhage in the Japanese Primary Prevention Project. | ASA 100 mg/d vs control |
N = 14,464, ASA: mean age 70.6 years, 82% older than 65 years. No ASA: 70.5 years, 81% older than 65 years | 5.02 years | Primary outcomes: composite of death from cardiovascular causes (including fatal myocardial infarction, fatal stroke, and other cardiovascular death), non-fatal stroke and non-fatal MI. Secondary outcomes: composite of the same events as the primary end points plus TIA, angina pectoris and atherosclerotic disease requiring surgery or intervention. Death from cardiovascular disease, death from nonvascular causes, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal MI, TIA, angina pectoris, atherosclerotic disease requiring surgery or intervention, serious extracranial haemorrhage requiring transfusion or hospitalization. |
Wiviott 2007 [51] | RCT | To compare prasugrel with clopidogrel for the prevention of thrombotic complications in patients with an acute coronary syndrom and scheduled percutaneous coronary intervention | Prasugrel 60 mg loading-dose, 10 mg daily maintenance dose vs clopidogrel 300 mg loading-dose, 75 mg daily maintenance |
N = 13,608, mean age 61 years. Subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years. | 6–15 months | Primary outcomes: composite of death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke. Secondary outcomes: stent thrombosis and a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or rehospitalisation due to a cardiac ischaemic event. Safety outcomes: major bleeding not related to coronary-artery bypass grafting, life threatening bleeding not related to coronary-artery bypass grafting, major and minor bleeding |
Reference | Type of study | Aim | Treatment | Sample size and number of older participants | Follow-up | Outcomes |
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Burton 2006 [48] | Regional cohort-study | To measure the complication rates and adequacy of warfarin control in a cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation managed in primary care and to compare them with published data from controlled trials and community patients with atrial fibrillation not receiving warfarin. | ASA, warfarin INR 2–3, no antithrombotic therapy |
N = 601, mean age 77 years. Subgroup analysis age ≥ 75 years. | 5 years | Antithrombotic treatment, stroke or TIA, bleeding complications, death |
Sam 2004 [59] | Community-based observational cohort-study | To determine the prevalence of warfarin and ASA use in atrial fibrillation. | ASA, warfarin, control |
N = 393, men: mean age 72.5 years, women: mean age 79 years. | 14 years | ASA and warfarin use, bleeding complication, cardiovascular events |
Author, year | ‘A priori’ Design | Duplicate study selection and data extraction | Comprehensive literature search performed | Status of publication used as an inclusion criterion | List of included and excluded studies provided | Characteristics of the included studies provided | Scientific quality of included studies assessed and documented | Scientific quality of included studies used appropriately in formulating conclusions | Appropriate methods to combine the findings of studies | Assessment of the likelihood of publication bias | Conflict of interest stated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aguilar 2005 [49] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
u
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
Aguilar 2007 [30] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
u
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
Andersen 2008 [43] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
n/a
| ✓ | ✓ |
Assiri 2013 [44] | ✓ |
u
| ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
u
|
u
| ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
Baignent 2009 [28] | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
✗
| ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
Cameron 2014 [46] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
Coleman 2012 [56] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
Connolly 2013 [61] | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
✗
|
✗
|
Cooper 2006 [42] | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
✗
|
u
|
✗
|
✗
|
✗
|
Dogliotti 2014 [41] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
Gandhi 2015 [54] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
u
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Halkes, 2008 [56] | ✓ |
n/a
|
n/a
|
✗
| ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
Hart 1999 [39] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
✗
|
u
| ✓ |
✗
|
✗
|
Hart 2007 [40] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
He 1998 [29] | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
Leonardi-Bee 2005 [55] | ✓ |
n/a
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
Lin 2015 [57] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ | ✓ |
Lip 2006 [45] | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ |
✗
|
u
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Segal 2000 [38] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
Taylor 2001 [37] | ✓ |
u
| ✓ | ✓ |
✗
| ✓ |
u
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Warkentin 2012 [57] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
u
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
n/a
| ✓ | |
Zhou 2012 [52] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Reference | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants/personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective Reporting | Other bias |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Britton 1987 [58] | LR | LR | LR | LR | LR | LR | UR |
Diener 2004 (MATCH) [53] | LR | LR | UR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
EAFT 1993 [34] | LR | LR | HR | LR | LR | LR | UR |
Huynh 2001 [36] | UR | UR | LR | UR | LR | LR | HR |
Ikeda 2014 [35] | LR | LR | HR | LR | LR | LR | LR |
Kjeldsen 2000 [31] | LR | UR | UR | UR | LR | LR | HR |
Liu 2014 [47] | UR | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
Ogawa 2008 [33] | LR | LR | HR | LR | LR | HR | UR |
Silagy 1993 [32] | UR | UR | UR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
Uchiyama 2016 [50] | LR | LR | HR | LR | UR | LR | LR |
Wiviott 2007 [51] | UR | UR | UR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
Reference | Study addressed a clearly focused issue | Authors used an appropriate method to answer their question | Cases/cohort were/was recruited in an acceptable way | Controls were selected in an acceptable way | The exposure was accurately measured to minimize bias | The outcome was accurately measured to minimize bias | The authors identified all important confounding factors | The follow up of subjects was complete enough | The follow up of subjects was long enough | Results can be applied to the local population |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sam 2004 [59] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
Burton 2006 [48] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
✗
|
✗
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Indication | Recommendations | Strength of the recommendation | Quality of the evidence | Evidence base |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary prevention CVD (ASA not recommended) | It is suggested to discontinue ASA for primary prevention of CVD in adults without diabetes because there is uncertainty about the risk/benefit ratio: The risk of haemorrhagic stroke, major gastrointestinal and extracranial bleeds may be increased, there is less confidence regarding its benefits in decreasing vascular events in adults aged 65 and older. | Weak | Low | |
ASA in the secondary prevention of CVD | No stop recommendation developed | [36] | ||
ASA in the primary prevention of stroke a) with AF b) without AF | With AF: It is suggested to discontinue ASA for the primary prevention of stroke in older adults with atrial fibrillation (including adults older than 75 years) and consider the use of oral anticoagulants instead. Oral anticoagulants are more beneficial than ASA in preventing cardiovascular events and these benefits appear to apply to older people, while the risk of bleeding appears to be similar for both treatments. Without AF: No stop recommendation developed | Weak | Low | |
ASA in the secondary prevention of stroke a) with AF b) without AF | No recommendation developed | |||
ADP-receptor inhibitors in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease | It is recommended to discontinue ASA in adults at high-risk of vascular events with recent transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke who are also taking clopidogrel and who do not have another indication for dual therapy (e.g. first year after acute coronary syndrome, first year after elective drug eluting coronary stenting, aortic valve replacement, carotid stenting or complications of severe lower limb ischaemia despite ASA therapy) because the combination of ASA and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone increases the risk of bleeding complications and may not be beneficial in reducing vascular events, especially in the subgroup of adults aged 65 years or older. | Strong | Moderate | |
ADP- receptor inhibitors in the secondary prevention of stroke and/or transient ischemic attack | No recommendation developed | |||
Dipyridamol in the secondary prevention of stroke | No recommendation developed |
Reference | Setting/country/ethnicity | Male sex | Age | Comorbidity | Number of coincident medications | Functional status/Frailty level | Cognitive status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aguilar 2005 [49] | Denmark, Spain, USA | 62% | Mean age 70 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Aguilar 2007 [30] | Asia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, South America, South Africa, Spain, USA | Ranged from 45 to 66% | Mean age 64–75 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Andersen 2013 [43] | Not reported | Not reported | Mean age 63.3–81.5 years | Most of the participants had at least one risk factor for cerebral embolism: previous MI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart failure and/or stroke | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Assiri 2013 [44] | Not reported | 58.7% | Mean age 71 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Baigent 2009 [28] | Asia, Italy, UK, USA | Not reported | Subgroup ≥65 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Cameron 2014 [46] | America, Asia, Canada, Denmark, Japan, UK, | Not reported | Mean age 62–83 years | Prior stroke 3%–55% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Coleman 2012 [56] | Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, USA | Ranged from 41%–100% | Mean age 65–75 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Cooper 2006 [42] | Asia, Australia, Canada, Denmark, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, USA | Ranged from 32%–100% | Mean age 64–80.5 years | Previous stroke 0–100% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Connolly 2013 [61] | Japan, Sweden, USA | 41% | Mean age 57 years, subgroup ≥70 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Dogliotti 2014 [41] | Canada, Japan, UK, USA | Ranged from 46 to 100% | Mean age 64–83 years | Hypertension 31.5–90.5%, diabetes mellitus 4–40%, previous myocardial infarction 8.6–19%, heart failure 5–69.5%, previous TIA/stroke 3.7–70% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Gandhi 2015 [54] | France, Italy, UK | 43% | Mean age 82.2 years | Hypertension 99%, dyslipidemia 52%, coronary heart disease 47%, diabetes mellitus 24%, atrial fibrillation 18%, chronic kidney disease 8.1%, previous myocardial infarction 13% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Halkes 2008 [56] | Canada, France, USA | Ranged from 63 to 64% | Mean age 65 years | Hypertension 58%, diabetes mellitus 16–17%, ischaemic heart disease 25% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Hart 2007 [40] | China, Japan, USA | 75% | Mean age 71 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Hart 1999 [39] | Canada, UK, USA | Ranged from 62 to 71% | Mean age 69–71 years | Hypertension 45–46%, previous TIA/stroke 20–40% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
He 1998 (JAMA) [29] | Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Sweden, UK. USA, 99% white | 86% | Mean age 59, subgroup ≥64 years | Hypertension 24%, hyperlipidaemia 11%, smoking 21% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Leonardi-Bee 2005 [55] | Canada, France, Italy, Spain, USA | 60% | Mean age 65.4 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Liang Lin 2015 [63] | Asia, Canada, China, Denmark, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK, USA | NRSs 56%, RCTs 62% | Mean Age 71.5 years, subgroup-analysis age ≥ 75 years | Hypertension 17–94%, chronic heart failure 1–70%, diabetes mellitus 3–45%, prior TIA/stroke 3–55% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Lip 2006 [45] | Canada, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, USA | Not reported | Mean age 64–80 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Segal 2000 [38] | Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, USA | Ranged from 24%–100% | Mean age 66–80 years | Diabetes mellitus 8%–32%, congestive heart failure 9%–71%, hypertension 32%–58% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Taylor 2001 [37] | Denmark, Italy, Netherlands, USA | Not reported | Mean age 64–80 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Warkentin 2012 [57] | Canada, Denmark, Greece, UK, Spain, USA | Ranged from 47 to 89% | Mean age 62–83 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Zhou 2012 [52] | Canada, USA | Ranged from 58.2–89.4% | Mean age 61.7–71 years, subgroup-analysis age ≥ 65 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Reference | Setting/country/ethnicity | Male sex | Age | Comorbidity | Number of coincident medications | Functional status/frailty level | Cognitive status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Britton 1987 [58] | Sweden | ASA: 67%, placebo: 58% | Mean age 68 years, subgroup analysis age ≥ 68 years | ASA/placebo: hypertension 48%/45%, diabetes mellitus 15%/18%, smoking 48%/57%, hyperlipidaemia 2%/3%, angina 20%/15%, myocardial infarction 11%/9%, heart failure 15%/17%, atrial fibrillation 6%/8%, claudication 9%/8%, previous TIA 8%/8%, previous cerebral infarction 6%/6%, previous other strokes 5%/5% | Not reported | Capable of walking by themselves and without aphasia 61%, severely disabled 39% | Not reported |
Diener 2004 [53] | 28 countries | Placebo: 63%, intervention: 63% | Placebo + clopidogrel: mean age 66.1 years, 54% older than 65 years. ASA + clopidogrel: mean age 66.5 years, 56% older than 65 years, subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years | Placebo + clopidogrel/ASA + clopidogrel: hypertension 78%/78%, diabetes mellitus 68%/68%, hypercholesterinaemia 57%/56%, smoking 47%/48%, previous ischaemic stroke 26%/27%, previous TIA 19%/19%, previous myocardial infarction 5%/5%, angina pectoris 12%/13%, symptomatic peripheral arterial disease 10%/10% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
EAFT 1993 [34] | Israel | OAC: 55%, ASA: 59%, placebo: 53% | OAC: mean age 71 years, 80% older than 65 years. ASA: mean age 73 years, 84% older than 65 years, placebo: mean age 73 years, 84% older than 65 years | Warfarin/ASA/placebo: Multiple strokes in the year prior to randomisation 19%/22%/24%, hypertension 43%/49%/47%, diabetes mellitus 12%/13%/13%, hypercholesterinaemia 12%/10%/7%, smoking 19%/20%/18%, angina pectoris 11%/11%/11%, myocardial infarction 7%/7%/9%, congestive heart failure 8%/11%/12%, minor stroke 8%/8%/6% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Huynh 2001 [36] | Canada | ASA + placebo: 82.2%, warfarin + placebo: 86.4%, ASA + warfarin: 70.7% | ASA + placebo: mean age 68 years, 61% older than 65 years. Warfarin + placebo: mean age 67 years, 57% older than 65 years. ASA + warfarin: mean age 66 years, 53% older than 65 years, subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years | ASA + placebo/warfarin + placebo/warfarin + ASA: hypertension 34.8%/37.8%/38.6%, prior myocardial infarction 56.5%/62.2%/72.7%, current smoking 17.8%/31.1%/20.5%, hyperlipidaemia 43.5%/62.2%/68.2%, diabetes mellitus 17.4%/15.6%/25% | ASA + placebo/warfarin + placebo/warfarin + ASA: β-blockers 71.7%/57.8%/70.5%, calcium antagonists 52.2%/55.6%/54.5%, nitrates 63%/64.4%/75%, lipid-lowering agents 37%/42.2%/36.4%, ACE inhibitors 15.3%/35.6%/22.7%, antiarrhythmic agents 2.2%/6.8%/4.6%, diuretics 11%/26.7%/34.1% | Not reported | Not reported |
Ikeda 2014 [35] | Japan | ASA 42.3%, control 42.4% | ASA: mean age 70.6 years, 82% older than 65 years. Control: mean age 70.5 years, 81% older than 65 years | ASA/control: BMI >25 36.6%/35.9%, hypertension 84.9%/84.8%, dyslipidaemia 72%/71.8%, diabetes mellitus 33.9%/33.9%, smoking 13.3%/12.9% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Kjeldsen 2000 (HOT) [31] | 26 countries | 53% | Men: mean age 60.8 years, 28% older than 65 years. Women: mean age 62.3 years, 36% older than 65 years, subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years | Men/women: smoking 21.2%/10%, diabetes mellitus 7.8%/8.2%, previous cardiovascular disease 9.8%/7.4% | Men/women: calcium antagonists 45.2%/37.9%, β-blockers 28.3%/28.2%, ACE-inhibitors 39.3%/37.2%, diuretics 29.8%/36.4% | Not reported | Not reported |
Liu 2014 [47] | China | Warfarin: 60.8%, ASA: 60.0% | Warfarin: mean age 84.8 years. ASA: mean age 84.4 years, 100% older than 65 years | Warfarin/ASA: hypertension 39.2%/38%, diabetes mellitus 21.6%/22%, smoking 25.5%/24%, previous myocardial infarction 15.7%/14%, angina pectoris 84.3%/86% | Warfarin/ASA: β-blockers 7.8%/6%, statins 11.2%/16%, ACE-inhibitors or ARB 9.8%/12% | Not reported | Not reported |
Ogawa 2008 [33] | Japan | ASA: 56%, non-ASA: 53% | ASA: mean age 65 years, 50% older than 65 years. NonASA group: mean age 64 years, 46% older than 65 years, subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years | ASA/non-ASA: smoking 23%/19%, hypertension 59%/57%, dyslipidaemia 54%/52%, diabetes mellitus 100%/100% | ASA/non-ASA: sulfonylureas 58%/56%, α-glukosidase-inhibitors 33%/32%, biguanides 13%/15%, insulin 13%/13%, thiazolidines 5%/5%, calcium antagonists 35%/34%, angiotensin-II antagonists 21%/21%, ACE-inhibitors 14%/15%, β-blockers 6%/7%, α-blockers 4%/3%, statins 26%/26% | Not reported | Not reported |
Silagy 1993 [32] | Australia, Germany, USA | ASA: 48.6%, placebo: 49.6% | Mean age 73 years, 100% older than 65 years | ASA/placebo: smoking 4.5%/7.1% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Uchiyama 2016 [50] | Japan | ASA: 42.3% no ASA: 42.4% | ASA: mean age 70.6 years, 82% older than 65 years. No ASA: 70.5 years, 81% older than 65 years | ASA/no ASA: hypertension 84.9%/84.8%, dyslipidaemia 72%/71.8%, diabetes mellitus 33.9%/33.9%, BMI >25 36.6%/35.9%, smoking 13.3%/12.9% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Wiviott 2007 [51] | 30 countries | Prasugrel: 75%, clopidogrel 73% | Mean age 61 years, 13% older than 75 years, subgroup analysis age ≥ 65 years | Prasugrel/clopidogrel: hypertension 64%/64%, hypercholesterolemia 56%/56%, diabetes mellitus 23%/23%, smoking 38%/38%, previous myocardial infarction 18%/18%, previous CABG 8%/7% | Prasugrel/clopidogrel: heparin 66%/65%, LMWH 9%/8%, bivalirudin 3%/3%, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa–receptor antagonist 54%/55%, ACE inhibitors 76%/75%, β-blockers 88%/88%, statin 92%/92%, calcium antagonists 18%/17%, ASA 99%/99% | Not reported | Not reported |
Reference | Country | Male sex | Age | Comorbidity | Number of coincident medications | Functional status/frailty level | Cognitive status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burton 2006 [48] | Scotland | 51% | Mean age 77 years, subgroup analysis age ≥ 75 years | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
Sam 2004 [59] | USA | 49.8% | Men: mean age 72.5 years. Women: mean age 79 years, 100% older than 65 years | ASA/warfarin/none: congestive heart failure 14%/22%/65%, previous myocardial infarction 20%/18%/62%, stroke 25%/28%/46%, diabetes mellitus 25%/23%/53%, hypertension 21%/21%/58%, alcohol use 19%/26%/55% | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |