Introduction
Methods
Study protocol
Search strategy
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Quality assessment articles
Criteria | |
1. Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? | |
2. Was the study population clearly specified and defined? | |
3. Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? | |
4. Were all the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations (including the same time period)? Were inclusion and exclusion criteria for being in the study prespecified and applied uniformly to all participants? | |
5. Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided? | |
6. For the analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured? | |
7. Was the timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed? | |
8. For exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome (e.g., categories of exposure, or exposure measured as continuous variable)? | |
9. Were the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? | |
10. Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over time? | |
11. Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? | |
12. Were the outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants? | |
13. Was loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? | |
14. Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure(s) and outcome(s)? |
Extract information from articles
Parameter | Standard |
---|---|
Total coliforms | 1000 aMPN/100 mL |
Salmonella | Not detected/50 g of final product |
Escherichia coli | < 100 aMPN per gram (dry weight) |
Fecal coliforms | < 1000 aMPN per gram (dry weight) |
Enteric viruses | < 1 PFU per 4 g total dry solids |
Helminth eggs (Ascaris sp. and Taenia sp.) | < 1 per 4 g total dry solids |
Findings
Search results
Descriptive results of articles
Quality assessment of articles
Author/Year/ Ref | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Q14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hashemi et al., 2010 [28] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Banejad et al., 2010 [29] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Derayat et al., 2011 [30] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Baghapour et al., 2013 [31] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | × | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Safari et al., 2013 [32] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | × | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Navidjouy et al., 2014 [33] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | × | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Karimi et al., 2014 [34] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | × | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Aslani et al., 2014 [35] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | × | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Jamshidi et al., 2014 [36] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | × | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Nahavandi et al., 2015 [37] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | × | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Ghoreishi et al., 2016 [38] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | × | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Mollaie Tavani et al., 2017 [39] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | × | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Sasani et al., 2017 [40] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | NA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Choopan et al., 2018 [41] | ✓ | ✓ | NA | NA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NA | ✓ | NA | ✓ | ✓ |
Article features
Author/Year/Ref | Sample Size | Type of samples/City | Types of wastewater treatment systems | Microbial agent | Microbial agent removal rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hashemi et al., 2010 [28] | 17 | Municipal wastewater/Esfahan | UV disinfection system including low pressure (LP) | Total coliforms | 1000 MPN/100 mL | Yes |
Fecal coliforms | 400 MPN/100 mL | Yes | ||||
Fecal streptococci | 400 MPN/100 mL | Yes | ||||
UV disinfection system including medium pressure (MP) | Total coliforms | 1000 MPN/100 mL | Yes | |||
Fecal coliforms | 400 MPN/100 mL | Yes | ||||
Fecal streptococci | 400 MPN/100 mL | Yes | ||||
LP + MP | Total coliforms | 1000 MPN/100 mL | Yes | |||
Fecal coliforms | 400 MPN/100 mL | Yes | ||||
Fecal streptococci | 400 MPN/100 mL | Yes | ||||
Banejad et al., 2010 [29] | 12 | Domestic wastewater/Hamedan | Flocculation and coagulation with moringa peregrina seeds | Total coliforms | 97% | Yes |
Escherichia coli | 97% | Yes | ||||
Derayat et al., 2011 [30] | 120 | Municipal wastewater/Kermanshah and Gilangharb | Conventional activated sludge | Cysts | 97.5% | Yes |
Parasite eggs | 98.3% | Yes | ||||
Stabilization pond systems | Cysts | 100% | Yes | |||
Parasite eggs | 100% | Yes | ||||
Baghapour et al., 2013 [31] | 64 | Municipal wastewater/Shiraz | Activated sludge | Total coliforms | 1291.11 ± 1165.88 MPN/100 mL | No |
Fecal coliforms | 675.22 ± 1008.21 MPN/100 mL | No | ||||
Helminth egg | 73.61 ± 96.125 N/L | No | ||||
Safari et al., 2013 [32] | 7 | Municipal wastewater/Shahrak Gharb Tehran | Two-stage fluidized bed reactor (FBR) | Fecal coliforms (without chlorine addition) | 35–75% | No |
Fecal coliforms (with the chlorine addition) | 67–97% | No | ||||
Navidjouy et al., 2014 [33] | 8 | Municipal treatment plants and slaughterhouse treatment plants/Tehran | Activated sludge | Helminth egg | 94.8–95.7% | Yes |
Protozoa (oo)cyst | 79.3–85.8% | No | ||||
Karimi et al., 2014 [34] | 100 | Municipal wastewater/Yazd | Wetlands | Fecal coliforms | 1.13 × 1014 MPN/100 | No |
Escherichia coli | 5.03 × 1012 MPN/100 mL | No | ||||
Aslani et al., 2014 [35] | 9 | Municipal wastewater/North of Tehran | Activated sludge effluent | Fecal coliforms | 5.5 ± 05 MPN/100 mL | No |
Jamshidi et al., 2014 [36] | 70 Lit | Domestic wastewater/Tehran | Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) followed by Bio-rack wetland planted with Phragmites sp. and Typha sp. | Total coliforms | 99% | Yes |
Nahavandi et al., 2015 [37] | 8 | Municipal treatment plants and slaughterhouse treatment plants/Tehran | Activated sludge | Helminth egg | 94.8–95.7% | Yes |
Protozoa (oo)cyst | 79.3–85.8% | No | ||||
Ghoreishi et al., 2016 [38] | 9 | Municipal wastewater/Azerbaijan Province | Extended aeration activated sludge/Tabriz | Total coliforms | 2.17 × 105 MPN/100 mL | No |
Extended aeration activated sludge/Marand | Total coliforms | 1.34 × 106 MPN/100 mL | No | |||
Extended aeration activated sludge/Jolfa | Total coliforms | 1.82 × 106 MPN/100 mL | No | |||
Activated sludge/Ajabshir | Total coliforms | 4.53 × 105 MPN/100 mL | No | |||
Extended aeration activated sludge/Ahar | Total coliforms | 2.25 × 103 MPN/100 mL | No | |||
Extended aeration activated sludge/Mianeh | Total coliforms | 3.93 × 103 MPN/100 mL | No | |||
Conventional activated sludge/Maragheh | Total coliforms | 3.02 × 104 MPN/100 mL | No | |||
SBR/Bostanabad | Total coliforms | 1.09 × 106 MPN/100 mL | No | |||
Extended aeration activated sludge/Sarab | Total coliforms | 2.02 × 103 MPN/100 mL | No | |||
Mollaie Tavani et al., 2017 [39] | 16 | Hospital wastewater/Behshahr | Conventional activated sludge | Total coliforms | 46 MPN/100 mL | Yes |
Fecal coliforms | 4.75 MPN/100 mL | Yes | ||||
Sasani et al., 2017 [40] | 36 | Municipal wastewater/Ahvaz | Conventional activated sludge | Total coliforms | 7.8 × 1012 MPN/100 mL | No |
Choopan et al., 2018 [41] | 45 | Municipal wastewater/Torbat-heydarieh | Activated sludge | Fecal coliforms | 200 MPN/100 mL | Yes |