Introduction
Methods
Study design
Body weight and composition
Physical fitness and self-reported physical activity
Lipids and density profiling
Inflammatory markers
Blood pressure
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and symptoms
Intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses
Statistical analyses
Results
Population
AIT (n = 26) | LED + AIT (n = 29) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Male | 22 (85%) | 21 (72%) | 0.34 |
Age | 62.3 (5.7) | 63.8 (6.7) | 0.38 |
VO2peakffm (mL/kg ffm0.67/min) | 124 (24) | 126 (25) | 0.83 |
VO2peakbw (mL/kg/min) | 20.8 (4.9) | 20.6 (5.0) | 0.85 |
Body weight (kg) | 96.2 (13.8) | 95.5 (10.7) | 0.85 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.5 (29.6; 33.5) | 31.3 (29.9; 33.7) | 0.85 |
Body fat mass (kg) | 32.6 (7.6) | 34.6 (8.0) | 0.36 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 110 (10) | 108 (7) | 0.36 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 111 (8) | 110 (7) | 0.80 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126 (13) | 127 (15) | 0.78 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 (9.2) | 71 (7.7) | 0.18 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.1 (0.7) | 0.23 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 53 (8) | 53 (7) | 0.97 |
Pre-diabetes | 21 (81%) | 25 (86%) | 0.59 |
Ischaemic aetiology and treatment | |||
Myocardial infarction | 8 (31%) | 22 (76%) | < 0.001 |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 17 (65%) | 23 (79%) | 0.25 |
Coronary artery bypass graft | 6 (23%) | 6 (21%) | 0.83 |
Prior cardiac rehabilitation | 24 (92%) | 21 (72%) | 0.06 |
CCS-class | |||
0 | 21 (81%) | 23 (79%) | |
I | 5 (19%) | 6 (21%) | 0.89 |
NYHA-class | |||
I | 21 (81%) | 21 (72%) | |
II | 5 (19%) | 7 (24%) | 0.87 |
III | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | |
Medication | |||
ACE-I/ARB | 15 (58%) | 21 (72%) | 0.57 |
Acetylsalicylic acid | 23 (88%) | 26 (90%) | 1.00 |
Beta blocker | 12 (46%) | 16 (55%) | 0.50 |
Calcium antagonist | 6 (23%) | 10 (34%) | 0.39 |
Statin | 25 (96%) | 28 (97%) | 1.00 |
Other cholesterol-lowering drug | 5 (19%) | 2 (7%) | 0.24 |
Weight loss and body composition
AIT (n = 26) | LED + AIT (n = 29) | Between-group 1 yeara | p | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Change baseline to 1 year | p | Change 12 weeks to 1 year | p | Baseline | Change baseline to 1 year | p | Change 12 weeks to 1 year | p | |||
Body composition | ||||||||||||
Weight (kg) | 96.2 (13.8) | − 1.7 (− 0.7; − 2.6) | < 0.001 | − 0.4 (− 1.4; 0.6) | 0.406 | 95.6 (10.7) | − 7.2 (− 8.4; − 6.1) | < 0.0 01 | 2.5 (1.3; 3.6) | < 0.001 | 5.6 (4.1; 7.1) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.1 (3.2) | − 0.6 (− 0.9; − 0.2) | 0.001 | − 0.1 (− 0.5; 0.2) | 0.408 | 32.2 (3.1) | − 2.5 (− 2.9; − 2.1) | < 0.001 | 0.8 (0.4; 1.2) | < 0.001 | 1.90 (1.37; 2.42) | < 0.001 |
Body fat mass (kg) | 32.6 (7.6) | − 1.9 (− 2.8; − 1.0) | < 0.001 | − 0.3 (− 1.2; 0,5) | 0.448 | 34.6 (8.0) | − 6.6 (− 7.7; − 5.5) | < 0.001 | 1.9 (0.8; 3.1) | < 0.001 | 4.7 (3.2; 6.2) | < 0.001 |
Body fat % | 34.6 (6.5) | − 1.5 (− 2.4; − 0.7) | < 0.001 | 0.2 (− 1.0; 0.6) | 0.618 | 36.7 (6.8) | − 4.7 (− 5.8; − 3.7) | < 0.001 | 1.6 (0.5; 2.7) | 0.003 | 3.2 (1.8; 4.6) | < 0.001 |
Fat free mass (kg) | 62.9 (9.9) | 0.2 (− 0.5; 0.9) | 0.564 | − 0.3 (− 0.9; 0.4) | 0.430 | 60.4 (8.8) | − 0.5 (− 1.1; 0.02) | 0.060 | 0.3 (− 0.2; 0.9) | 0.240 | 0.7 (− 0.1; 1.6) | 0.096 |
Waist (cm) | 109.9 (9.5) | − 3.3 (− 5.1; − 1.5) | < 0.001 | − 0.4 (− 2.2; 1.4) | 0.696 | 107.7 (7.1) | − 6.6 (− 8.6; − 4.6) | < 0.001 | 3.2 (1.2; 5.2) | 0.002 | 3.3 (0.6; 6.1) | 0.018 |
Hip (cm) | 110.8 (8.0) | − 4.0 (− 5.1; − 2.9) | < 0.001 | − 1.7 (− 2.8; − 0.6) | 0.003 | 110.3 (7.5) | − 6.0 (− 7.4; − 4.7) | < 0.001 | 0.9 (− 0.4; 2.2) | 0.201 | 2.0 (0.3; 3.8) | 0.025 |
Waist/hip– ratio | 0.99 (0.1) | 0.005 (− 0.01; 0.02) | 0.512 | 0.01 (− 0.003; 0.03) | 0.116 | 0.98 (0.1) | − 0.01 (− 0.03; 0.01) | 0.397 | 0.02 (0.01; 0.02) | 0.008 | 0.01 (− 0.01; 0.04) | 0.295 |
Physical fitness | ||||||||||||
VO2peaktotal (mL/min) | 1997 (463) | 95 (− 30; 221) | 0.135 | − 123 (− 249; 2) | 0.053 | 1981 (533) | 132 (37; 227) | 0.007 | 196 (102; 292) | < 0.001 | − 36 (− 192; 119) | 0.645 |
VO2peakkg (mL/kg/min) | 20.8 (4.9) | 1.5 (0.2; 2.9) | 0.027 | − 1.0 (− 2.3; 0.4) | 0.150 | 20.6 (5.2) | 3.1 (2.9; 4.2) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (0.4; 2.7) | 0.007 | − 1.6 (− 3.3; 0.2) | 0.077 |
VO2peakffm (mL/kg fat free mass0.67/min) | 124.0 (24.3) | 5.9 (− 1.9; 13.7) | 0.138 | − 7.4 (− 15.2; 0.4) | 0.065 | 125.5 (25.2) | 8.7 (2.8; 14.6) | 0.004 | 11.9 (6.0; 17.9) | < 0.001 | − 2.8 (− 12.4; 6.9) | 0.575 |
Peak RER | 1.19 (0.08) | 0.0002 (− 0.03; 0.03) | 0.989 | 0.01 (− 0.02; 0.04) | 0.602 | 1.18 (0.09) | 0.06 (− 0.02; 0.09) | < 0.001 | 0.00001 (− 0.03; 0.03) | 0.999 | − 0.05 (− 0.1; − 0.01) | 0.018 |
Max workload (W) | 158 (42) | 13 (2; 23) | 0.017 | − 7.6 (− 18; 3) | 0.155 | 155 (48) | 15 (9; 22) | < 0.001 | 15 (9; 22) | < 0.001 | − 2.5 (− 14.4; 9.5) | 0.687 |
Peak heart rate | 137 (23) | 1 (− 4; 7) | 0.638 | 1 (− 6; 5) | 0.826 | 135 (22) | 9 (4; 13) | < 0.001 | 9 (− 4; 14) | < 0.001 | − 7.4 (− 14.5; − 0.3) | 0.040 |