Background
Materials and methods
Subjects
Evening test- and reference meals
Ad libitum breakfast and ad libitum lunch
Study design
Procedure
Analysis of nutrient composition in evening meals, breakfast and lunch
Meals | Portion weight | Total starch | RS | Available starch | Insoluble DF | Soluble DF | Total DF | RS+DF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% dry matter
| ||||||||
BK2
| - | 68.79 | 11.6 | 57.23 | 8.11 | 5.80 | 13.9 | 25.5 |
WWB | - | 81.09 | 1.85 | 79.24 | 4.03 | 1.16 | 5.19 | 7.04 |
g/serving
| ||||||||
BK2
| 96.83
| 60.10 | 10.1 | 50 | 7.09 | 5.06 | 12.2 | 22.3 |
WWB | 119.7 | 51.34 | 1.17 | 504
| 2.29 | 0.66 | 2.95 | 4.12 |
Carbohydrates2
| Protein | Fat | Energy content | |
---|---|---|---|---|
% dry matter
|
kcal
| |||
Breakfast | 62.6 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 59.8 /sandwich |
Lunch | 38.5 | 13.9 | 27.5 | 234/100 g |
Ketchup3
| - | - | - | 85/100 g |
Analysis of physiological variables
Calculations and statistical methods
Results
Breath H2
Test variables | WWB | BK | %2
|
---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.13
| 2 |
Insulin (pg/mL) | 607 ± 78 | 600 ± 58 | -1 |
GLP-1 (pg/mL) | 57.1 ± 8.2 | 68.7 ± 9.1 * | 20 |
GIP (pg/mL) | 26.5 ± 2.1 | 29.5 ± 2.4 | 11 |
Ghrelin (pg/mL) | 108 ± 12.7 | 91.1 ± 9.33
| -16 |
FFA (mmol/L) | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.03 * | -18 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.60 ± 0.07 | 0.49 ± 0.034
| -18 |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 9.3 ± 0.5 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | -1 |
H2 (ppm) | 16.5 ± 2.0 | 24.7 ± 2.2 ** | 50 |
Satiety (mm) | 18.8 ± 2.7 | 22.8 ± 3.1 | 21 |
Hunger (mm) | 60.3 ± 3.4 | 61.8 ± 4.3 | 2 |
Test variables | WWB | BK | %2
|
---|---|---|---|
Breakfast (0-210 min)
| |||
Energy intake, breakfast (kcal) | 415 ± 38.0 | 400 ± 30.7 | -4 |
Hunger, AUC 0-120 min (min·mm) | 3 330 ± 343 | 2 960 ± 372 | -11 |
Hunger, AUC 120-210 min (min·mm) | 4 750 ± 380 | 4 090 ± 395* | -14 |
Satiety, AUC 0-120 min (min·mm) | 6 130 ± 384 | 6 510 ± 365 | 6 |
Satiety, AUC 120-210 min (min·mm) | 2 780 ± 425 | 3 180 ± 342 | 14 |
Desire to eat, AUC 0-120 min (min·mm) | 3 600 ± 413 | 3 310 ± 488 | -8 |
Desire to eat, AUC 120-210 min (min·mm) | 5 000 ± 433 | 4 530 ± 477 | -10 |
H2, mean 0-120 min (ppm) | 11 ± 2.1 | 33 ± 4.4*** | 200 |
Lunch (210-330 min)
| |||
Energy intake, lunch (kcal) | 804 ± 98.4 | 709 ± 74.0* | -12 |
H2, mean 210-330 min (ppm) | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 29 ± 4.7*** | 267 |
Breakfast + Lunch (0-330 min)
| |||
Energy intake, cumulative (kcal) | 1 220 ± 130 | 1 110 ± 93.23
| -9 |
Hunger, AUC 0-330 min (min·mm) | 10 800 ± 892 | 9 510 ± 997* | -12 |
Satiety, AUC 0-330 min (min·mm) | 15 810 ± 1060 | 16 540 ± 917 | 5 |
Desire to eat, AUC 0-330 min (min·mm) | 11 700 ± 1 140 | 10 800 ± 1 220 | -8 |
H2, mean 0-330 min (ppm) | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 31 ± 4.4*** | 248 |
Voluntary energy intake at breakfast and lunch
Glucose and insulin
Test variables | WWB | BK | %2
|
---|---|---|---|
Breakfast (0-120 min)
| |||
Glucose, iPeak (mmol/L) | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.2*** | -33 |
Glucose, iAUC 0-120 min (mmol·min/L) | 168 ± 21.6 | 98.7 ± 10.3*** | -41 |
Glucose, GP2 (min/mmol
2
) | 24.6 ± 4.1 | 39.0 ± 4.8* | 59 |
Insulin, iPeak (pg/mL) | 2 270 ± 168 | 1 710 ± 244 | -16 |
Insulin, iAUC 0-120 min (pg·min/mL) | 125 100 ± 10 650 | 106 700 ± 13 210 | -15 |
Lunch (210-330 min)
| |||
Glucose, iPeak (mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | -7 |
Glucose, iAUC 210-330 min (mmol·min/L) | 126 ± 14.8 | 107 ± 12.8 | -15 |
Insulin, iPeak (pg/mL) | 1 790 ± 223 | 1 740 ± 282 | -3 |
Insulin, iAUC 210-330 min (pg·min/mL) | 103 400 ± 9 260 | 100 200 ± 17 770 | -3 |
Breakfast + Lunch (0-330 min)
| |||
Insulin, iAUC (pg·min/mL) | 276 300 ± 25 620 | 241 300 ± 32 810 | -13 |
Glucose, iAUC (mmol·min/L) | 341 ± 36.3 | 227 ± 23.8** | -34 |
FFA
Incretin hormones and ghrelin
Test variables | WWB | BK | %2
|
---|---|---|---|
Breakfast (0-120 min)
| |||
GLP-1, AUC (pg·min/ml) | 7 684 ± 886 | 11 010 ± 1 671** | 43 |
GIP, AUC (pg·min/ml) | 18 200 ± 1 466 | 21 160 ± 1 524 | 16 |
Ghrelin, AUC (pg·min/ml) | 8 393 ± 1 077 | 7 351 ± 901 | -12 |
Lunch (210-330 min)
| |||
GLP-1, AUC (pg·min/ml) | 10 040 ± 1 171 | 12 500 ± 1 757* | 25 |
GIP, AUC (pg·min/ml) | 33 300 ± 3 451 | 29 140 ± 2 164 | -12 |
Ghrelin, AUC (pg·min/ml) | 10 370 ± 1 536 | 9 999 ± 1 143 | -4 |
Breakfast + Lunch (0-330 min)
| |||
GLP-1, AUC (pg·min/ml) | 22 960 ± 2 636 | 30 670 ± 4 310** | 34 |
GIP, AUC (pg·min/ml) | 62 910 ± 5 354 | 62 590 ± 4 646 | -0.5 |
Ghrelin, AUC (pg·min/ml) | 28 080 ± 3 672 | 25 850 ± 3 016 | -8 |