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Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology

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Open Access 23.07.2020 | Original Article – Clinical Oncology

Efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies in NSCLC patients with an EGFR mutation and high PD-L1 expression

verfasst von: Ken Masuda, Hidehito Horinouchi, Midori Tanaka, Ryoko Higashiyama, Yuki Shinno, Jun Sato, Yuji Matsumoto, Yusuke Okuma, Tatsuya Yoshida, Yasushi Goto, Noboru Yamamoto, Yuichiro Ohe

Erschienen in: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | Ausgabe 1/2021

Abstract

Introduction

Several studies have demonstrated that non-small cell lung cancer patients (NSCLCs) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations have poor clinical outcomes in response to treatment with programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors. However, it remains unclear whether EGFR-mutated NSCLCs with a high programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression (tumor proportion score ≥ 50%) respond to PD-1 inhibitors.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated the NSCLCs who had received PD-1 inhibitors between January 2016 and December 2018 to assess the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with an EGFR mutation and high PD-L1 expression.

Results

There were 153 patients with a high PD-L1 expression level, and the median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 5.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–12.4 months] in the patients with EGFR mutations (n = 17) and 8.3 months (95% CI 6.0–11.7 months) in those with wild-type EGFR (n = 136; hazard ratio (HR) 1.62; 95% CI 0.83–2.87). Among the 110 patients in the low PD-L1 expression group, the mPFS was 1.6 months (95% CI 1.3–5.9 months) in the patients with EGFR mutations (n = 18) and 3.8 months (95% CI 2.5–5.9 months) in those with wild-type EGFR (n = 92; HR 2.59; 95% CI 1.48–4.31). The HR for PFS in the group with EGFR mutations and high PD-L1 expression was 0.97 (95% CI 0.56–1.59) compared to the group with wild-type EGFR and low PD-L1 expression.

Conclusions

PD-1 inhibitors can serve as one of the treatment options for NSCLCs with an EGFR mutation and high PD-L1 expression.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Introduction

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly inhibitors of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) axis, have revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Treatment with ICIs has been shown to result in a significant tumor response and overall survival (OS) benefit in advanced NSCLC (Borghaei et al. 2015; Brahmer et al. 2015; Mok et al. 2019; Reck et al. 2016). Programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor cells is associated with improved clinical outcomes of PD-1 pathway blockade in NSCLC patients (Garon et al. 2015; Herbst et al. 2014). Pembrolizumab monotherapy has become a standard first-line treatment for advanced NSCLC in patients with a PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) of at least 50%, based on the results of the KEYNOTE-024 phase III trial (Reck et al. 2016). Several studies have also shown a relationship between high PD-L1 expression and a higher objective response rate (ORR) and better survival in NSCLC patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors, including nivolumab and pembrolizumab (Aguiar et al. 2017). However, most clinical studies have excluded specific patients, for example, patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations.

Several studies have reported disappointing clinical outcomes with lower response rates and shorter survival in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC treated with PD-1 inhibitors than in patients with EGFR-wild NSCLC (Bylicki et al. 2017; Gainor et al. 2016; Lee et al. 2018; Santambrogio and Rammensee 2019). EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are standard first-line treatment for EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Lisberg et al. reported a phase II trial of pembrolizumab in TKI-naive patients with advanced EGFR-mutated, PD-L1-positive NSCLC and concluded that pembrolizumab is not appropriate as a first-line treatment for EGFR-mutated NSCLC before EGFR-TKI therapy (Lisberg et al. 2018). However, it remained unclear whether EGFR-mutated NSCLC with high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%) responds to ICIs, because the sample size in their trial was too small. We retrospectively investigated the relationship between PD-L1 expression and the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in NSCLC patients to assess the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with an EGFR mutation and high PD-L1 expression.

Materials and methods

Study design

This study was a retrospective, single-center, observational study conducted at the National Cancer Center Hospital in Japan. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Cancer Center Hospital (No. 2015-355).

Subjects

Patients with advanced NSCLC who had been treated with an anti-PD-1 antibody between March 2017 and December 2018 at the National Cancer Center Hospital in Japan were identified from the database. Patients with no PD-L1 expression data were excluded. We reviewed the medical records and abstracted the following patient characteristics: age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS), histology, disease status, EGFR mutation status, details of treatment, and survival. PD-L1 expression was evaluated using the PD-L1 22C3 pharmDx (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA) and EGFR mutations were identified using the Cobas® EGFR Mutation Test v2 (Cobas; Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). The patients who were adopted as subjects of our study were divided into four groups according to PD-L1 expression level and EGFR mutation status. In our study, low PD-L1 expression was defined as the presence of < 50% positive-staining tumor cells, whereas ≥ 50% positive staining was considered high PD-L1 expression. The efficacy of treatment with the PD-1 inhibitors in the four groups was assessed by evaluating progression-free survival (PFS).

Treatment and assessment

In the safety analysis, we evaluated adverse events associated with ICIs or EGFR-TKIs according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.03. Objective tumor response in patients with target lesions was evaluated based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 and assessment by computed tomography every 6–8 weeks after the start of treatment.

Statistical analysis

Differences between groups were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. PFS was defined as the time between the start of PD-1 inhibitor treatment and progression or death from any cause; PFS was censored at a date when the patient was confirmed to be progression free. Patients whose treatment was discontinued due to toxicity in the absence of disease progression were censored at the start of the next treatment. Overall survival (OS) was measured until death or censored at the latest follow-up examination of surviving patients. Survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. All statistical analyses were performed using the JMP version 14.0 software program (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). All P values were two sided, and p < 0.05 was considered evidence of a statistically significant difference.

Results

Patient characteristics

In this study, the 414 NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab at the National Cancer Center Hospital between March 2017 and December 2018 were identified as candidates for inclusion, and 263 of them were ultimately adopted as subjects of our study. We excluded 151 patients for the following reasons: absence of PD-L1 data (n = 125), participation in a clinical trial of pembrolizumab or nivolumab (n = 22), and NSCLC with ALK rearrangement (n = 4) (Fig. 1). The median age of the subjects was 62 years (range 33–87 years). High PD-L1 expression was found in 153 patients (58.2%). Thirty-five (7.5%) patients had EGFR mutations, and 29 (82.9%) of these 35 patients had an exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R mutation (Table 1).

Table 1

Patient characteristics

	All patients N	PD-L1 high EGFR + N	PD-L1 high EGFR − N	PD-L1 low EGFR + N	PD-L1 low EGFR − N
Total N	263	17	136	18	92
Median age, years (range)	62 (33–87)	62 (47–85)	62 (33–87)	64.5 (37–83)	62 (33–83)
Sex
Female	83	7	36	15	25
Male	180	10	100	3	67
ECOG-PS
0, 1	236	14	125	16	81
2	27	3	11	2	11
Smoking history
Never smoker	53	7	21	12	13
Smoker	210	10	115	6	79
Histologic classification
Adenocarcinoma	203	16	107	18	62
Squamous	52	0	24	0	28
Others	8	1	5	0	2
Disease status
Stage IV	140	9	75	12	44
Stage III	53	3	30	2	18
Recurrence	70	5	31	4	30
EGFR mutation status
Ex19del	21	8	0	13	0
L858R	8	6	0	2	0
Others	6	3	0	3	0
Negative	0	0	136	0	92
ICIs status
Pembrolizumab	141	11	105	4	21
Nivolumab	122	6	31	14	71
Line of ICI
First-line	92	2	85	0	5
Second-line	111	3	42	2	64
Third-line or more	60	12	9	16	23

ECOG-PS Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, ICI immune checkpoint inhibitors, PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1

Efficacy

The median follow-up time was 11.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 9.0–14.7 months]. Table 2 summarizes the efficacy of the PD-1 inhibitors. Kaplan–Meier curves for PFS according to PD-L1 expression level and EGFR mutation status are shown in Fig. 2. In the high PD-L1 expression group, the ORR was 29.4% (95% CI 1.3–53.1%) in the EGFR mutation subgroup (n = 17) and 43.4% (95% CI 35.4–51.8%) in the wild-type EGFR subgroup (n = 136). Median PFS was 5.3 months (95% CI 1.3–12.4 months) in the EGFR mutation subgroup and 8.3 months (95% CI 6.0–11.7 months) in the wild-type EGFR subgroup [hazard ratio (HR) 1.62; 95% CI 0.83–2.87; p = 0.125]. In the low PD-L1 expression group, the ORR was 0% in the EGFR mutation subgroup (n = 18) and 16.3% (95% CI 10.1–25.2%) in the wild-type EGFR subgroup (n = 92). Median PFS was 1.6 months (95% CI 1.3–2.5 months) in the EGFR mutation subgroup and 3.8 months (95% CI 2.5–5.9 months) in the wild-type EGFR subgroup (HR 0.39; 95% CI 0.23–0.66; p < 0.001). The PFS of the group with EGFR mutations and high PD-L1 expression was similar to the PFS in the group with wild-type EFGR and low PD-L1 expression (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.56–1.59; p = 0.909). In the EGFR mutation group, median OS was 26.4 months (95% CI, 6.7 to not evaluated) in the high PD-L1 expression subgroup and 12.7 months (95% CI 2.6 to not evaluated) in the low PD-L1 expression subgroup. In the wild-type EGFR group, median OS was 36.2 months (95% CI 21.0–36.2 months) in the high PD-L1 expression subgroup and 13.0 months (95% CI 9.9–29.7 months) in the low PD-L1 expression subgroup. Regarding the patterns of progression after PD-1 inhibitors, there was no significant difference between the EGFR mutation group and the wild-type EGFR group.

Table 2

Summary of the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors

	ORR (%) 95% CI	mPFS (month) 95% CI	HR of mPFS 95% CI
PD-L1 high EGFR −N = 136	43.4 35.4–51.8	8.3 6.0–11.7	0.56 0.40–0.78
PD-L1 high EGFR + N = 17	29.4 1.3–53.1	5.3 1.3–12.4	0.97 0.56–1.59
PD-L1 low EGFR −N = 92	16.3 10.1–25.2	3.8 2.5 to 5.9	Reference
PD-L1 low EGFR −N = 18	0	1.6 1.3–2.5	2.59 1.48–4.31

CI confidence interval, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, HR hazard ratio, mPFS median progression-free survival, ORR objective response rate, PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1

Toxicity

An immune-related adverse event (irAE) developed in 5 (29.4%) of the 17 patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC and high PD-L1 expression. The most frequent adverse events in this study were diarrhea (n = 2) and hypothyroidism (n = 2). Grade 3 alanine and aspartate aminotransferase elevation was observed in one patient. Grade 4 small intestinal perforation occurred in one patient treated with nivolumab, and nivolumab was discontinued; however, PD-1 inhibitor therapy was continued after the irAE in the other patients. There were no grade 5 adverse events related to the PD-1 inhibitors.

Discussion

The results of our study showed that PD-L1 expression was associated with the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with EGFR mutations. The ORR and median PFS in the high PD-L1 expression group were 29.4% (95% CI 1.3–53.1%) and 5.3 months (95% CI 1.3–12.4 months), respectively, compared with 0% and 1.6 months (95% CI 1.3–2.5 months), respectively, in the low PD-L1 expression group. In the group of patients with an EGFR mutation, the efficacy of the PD-1 inhibitors was greater in the subgroup of patients with high PD-L1 expression than in the subgroup with low PD-L1 expression. Moreover, PFS in the group with EGFR mutations and high PD-L1 expression was similar to PFS in the group with wild-type EFGR and low PD-L1 expression (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.56–1.59; p = 0.909).

Berghoff et al. recently reviewed ICI treatment in patients with oncogene-addicted NSCLC (Berghoff et al. 2019). They evaluated the efficacy of ICIs in NSCLC patients with wild-type EGFR and in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC in five clinical trials: CheckMate 057 (Borghaei et al. 2015), KEYNOTE-010 (Herbst et al. 2016), OAK (Rittmeyer et al. 2017), POPLAR (Fehrenbacher et al. 2016), and IMpower150 (Socinski et al. 2018), and found that the survival benefits of treatment with an ICI tended to be lower in patients with EGFR mutations than in patients with wild-type EGFR. Lee et al. performed a meta-analysis study that assessed the role of ICIs as second-line therapy in advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC (Lee et al. 2018). Their analysis of the data from three clinical trials (CheckMate 057 (Borghaei et al. 2015), KEYNOTE-010 (Herbst et al. 2016), and POPLAR (Fehrenbacher et al. 2016)) showed that ICIs did not improve OS compared with docetaxel therapy. Both meta-analyses also evaluated the results of ICI therapy in PD-L1-positive NSCLC, but there have been no reports on the efficacy of ICIs in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC and high PD-L1 expression. Our own data showed that PD-1 inhibitors were beneficial as second-line or later treatment of patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC and high PD-L1 expression.

Data regarding the relative risk of toxicity with ICIs and EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC patients in several studies have revealed more severe irAEs when EGFR-TKIs were used in combination with ICIs or used after ICIs. Ahn et al. reported that a phase Ib clinical trial of concurrent durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 agent) plus osimertinib was halted due to a high rate of interstitial lung disease (Ahn et al. 2016). Schoenfeld et al. found that treatment with an ICI followed by osimertinib was associated with severe irAEs (Schoenfeld et al. 2019), but no irAEs were observed in their study when osimertinib preceded ICI therapy or when treatment with an ICI was followed by other EGFR-TKIs. A case reported by Kaira et al. showed that EGFR-TKI re-challenge immediately after nivolumab therapy may be tolerable and effective in patients with EGFR-TKI resistance (Kaira and Kagamu 2019). Whether irAEs are more severe when EGFR-TKIs are used in combination with ICIs or after ICIs remains a matter of controversy. If future investigations elucidate the mechanisms of toxicity and clinical situations in which toxicity develops, it might be possible to provide better treatment options and clinical benefits to patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC and high PD-L1 expression.

This study had several limitations. First, this study was retrospective and conducted in a single center. The follow-up periods were not identical; however, all patients were regularly followed up every 1–2 months as outpatients, and evaluations were performed every 3–6 months for 1 year. In addition, their condition was subsequently checked every 6 months by X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomography CT. Second, patient characteristics were not uniform across the groups, and that may have led to selection bias.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our study showed that patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC and higher PD-L1 expression received a greater benefit of treatment with PD-1 inhibitors in terms of ORR and PFS than patients with low PD-L1 expression did. In addition, the ORR and PFS in the group of NSCLC patients with an EGFR mutation and high PD-L1 expression were similar to the ORR and PFS in the group with wild-type EFGR and low PD-L1 expression. The findings in our study suggest that even in NSCLC patients with an EGFR mutation evaluation of PD-L1 expression can help predict the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors, and that PD-1 inhibitors can serve as one of the treatment options for patients with an EGFR mutation and high PD-L1 expression.

Acknowledgements

We greatly appreciate the participation of the patients and their families and the assistance of the staff of the Department of Thoracic Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics of the National Cancer Center Hospital.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

Dr. Ohe reports grants and personal fees from Ono Pharmaceutical, grants and personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, grants and personal fees from MSD, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from Chugai, grants and personal fees from Eli Lilly, grants and personal fees from Taiho, grants and personal fees from Takeda, grants and personal fees from Nippon Kayaku, grants and personal fees from Kyorin, grants and personal fees from Novartis, grants and personal fees from Janssen, personal fees from Pfizer, grants from Ignyta, grants from Kyowa Hakko Kirin, personal fees from Celtrion, personal fees from Amgen. Dr. Yamamoto reports grants from Chugai, grants from Taiho, grants from Eisai, grants from Lilly, grants from Quintiles, grants from Astellas, grants from BMS, grants from Novartis, grants from Daiichi-Sankyo, grants from Pfizer, grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants from Kyowa-Hakko Kirin, grants from Bayer, grants from ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD, grants from Takeda, personal fees from ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD, personal fees from Chugai, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Lilly, personal fees from BMS, personal fees from Eisai, personal fees from Otsuka, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Cimic, grants from Janssen Pharma, grants from MSD, grants from Merck, personal fees from Sysmex, grants from GSK. Dr. Goto reports grants and personal fees from Eli Lilly, grants and personal fees from Chugai, grants and personal fees from Taiho Pharmaceutical, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, grants and personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from AstraZeneca, grants and personal fees from MSD, grants and personal fees from Guardant Health, grants and personal fees from Ono Pharmaceutical, grants from Kyorin, grants from Dai-ichi Sankyo, personal fees from Illumina. Dr. Yoshida reports grants from MSD, grants from Ono Pharmaceutical, grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, grants from Takeda, personal fees from Chugai, personal fees from Novartis, and personal fees from Abbvie. Dr. Okuma reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Chugai, personal fees from Ono, personal fees from Ily Lilly, personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb. Dr. Matsumoto reports grants from Hitachi, Ltd., grants from Hitachi High-Technologies, personal fees from Olympus, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Novartis, and personal fees from COOK. Dr. Horinouchi reports grants and personal fees from BMS, grants and personal fees from MSD, grants and personal fees from Chugai, grants and personal fees from Taiho, grants and personal fees from Astra Zeneca, grants from Astellas, grants from Merck Serono, grants from Genomic Health, grants and personal fees from Lilly, grants and personal fees from Ono. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Cancer Center Hospital (No. 2015–355).

This manuscript contains no individual person’s data.

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Titel: Efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies in NSCLC patients with an EGFR mutation and high PD-L1 expression
verfasst von: Ken Masuda
Hidehito Horinouchi
Midori Tanaka
Ryoko Higashiyama
Yuki Shinno
Jun Sato
Yuji Matsumoto
Yusuke Okuma
Tatsuya Yoshida
Yasushi Goto
Noboru Yamamoto
Yuichiro Ohe
Publikationsdatum: 23.07.2020
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology / Ausgabe 1/2021
Print ISSN: 0171-5216
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1335
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03329-0

Springer Medizin

Efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies in NSCLC patients with an EGFR mutation and high PD-L1 expression