Introduction
Material and methods
Sleep test and CPAP adjustment
Echocardiography
Laboratory methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Parameter | Group 1 (CPAP users) | Group 2 (non-CPAP users) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n = 16) | Follow-up (n = 16) | Baseline (n = 34) | Follow-up (n = 22) | ||
Male sex, n (%) | 12 (75) | 12 (75) | 20 (59) | 12 (54) | |
Age (years) | 57.3 ± 9.2 | 60.1 ± 9 | 61.8 ± 10.4 | 63.4 ± 10.8 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 35 ± 4.4 | 35 ± 5.1 | 33.7 ± 6.5 | 32.7 ± 5.1 | |
Sleep study results | |||||
AHI (h−1) | 46.3 ± 18.5 | 2.7 ± 2.6 | 33.3 ± 18.1 | ||
OA (h−1) | 23.6 ± 22.2 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 14.5 ± 14 | ||
CA (h−1) | 1.8 ± 3.4 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 2.1 | ||
MIX (h−1) | 5.7 ± 6.7 | 2.2 ± 5.8 | |||
H (h−1) | 15.2 ± 9.5 | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 15.6 ± 8.4 | ||
mean SpO2 (%) | 90.1 ± 4 | 88.6 ± 13.7 | |||
ESS | 10.5 ± 6 | 8.9 ± 6 | |||
Time to control (months) | 38 ± 4.1 | 38 ± 4.3 | |||
Comorbidities | |||||
Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 15 (94) | 15 (94) | 26 (76) | 16 (73) | |
Diabetes mellitus 2, n (%) | 5 (31) | 5 (31) | 10 (29) | 6 (27) | |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 14 (88) | 14 (88) | 28 (82) | 20 (91) | |
LVEF (%) | 62.1 ± 5.4 | 64.4 ± 2.3 |
NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | p | sICAM-1 (ng/ml) | p | Endothelin-1 (pg/ml) | p | vWF (%) | p | D-dimers (µg/L) | p | TAT (ng/ml) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Males | 157.7 ± 569.8 | ns | 11.9 ± 19.8 | ns | 12.5 ± 16.6 | ns | 162.5 ± 58.1 | ns | 435.7 ± 497.2 | 0.03 | 1.14 ± 1.82 | ns |
Females | 170.3 ± 166.2 | 19.4 ± 44.0 | 18.1 ± 30.0 | 166.6 ± 53.7 | 1058.2 ± 1468.6 | 0.94 ± 1.31 | |||||||
Age | < 65 | 60.5 ± 76.3 | ns | 13.3 ± 20.7 | ns | 13.7 ± 18.6 | ns | 152.9 ± 59.8 | ns | 383.4 ± 354.6 | 0.02 | 1.08 ± 1.83 | ns |
≥ 65 | 302.7 ± 695.1 | 16.4 ± 40.9 | 15.7 ± 28.1 | 179.3 ± 47.6 | 1038.1 ± 1410.3 | 1.05 ± 1.39 | |||||||
BMI | < 30 | 142.5 ± 199.6 | ns | 6.8 ± 3.7 | 0.04 | 3.1 ± 3.3 | 0.04 | 142.6 ± 44.6 | ns | 307.1 ± 145.8 | ns | 1.27 ± 2.20 | ns |
≥ 30 | 168.5 ± 522.3 | 17.1 ± 17.4 | 18.2 ± 12.6 | 170.7 ± 58.1 | 748.1 ± 1096.1 | 1.01 ± 1.40 | |||||||
BMI | < 40 | 181.5 ± 504.2 | ns | 10.5 ± 8.7 | 0.01 | 11.4 ± 7.9 | 0.02 | 160.6 ± 57.3 | ns | 693.1 ± 1077.1 | ns | 1.12 ± 1.66 | ns |
≥ 40 | 61.2 ± 52.8 | 35.9 ± 32.2 | 30.9 ± 21.5 | 181.7 ± 48.4 | 471.8 ± 293.7 | 0.82 ± 1.66 | |||||||
Normotensive patients | 134.0 ± 229.9 | ns | 10.7 ± 9.4 | ns | 13.0 ± 21.8 | ns | 142.2 ± 40.4 | ns | 304.3 ± 138.8 | ns | 0.87 ± 1.05 | ns | |
Arterial hypertension | 168.4 ± 502.6 | 15.5 ± 33.4 | 14.9 ± 23.3 | 168.7 ± 58.3 | 726.6 ± 1072.5 | 1.11 ± 1.75 | |||||||
Non-diabetic | 101.7 ± 137.8 | ns | 17.3 ± 36.2 | ns | 15.3 ± 26.0 | ns | 163.6 ± 62.2 | ns | 718.4 ± 1170.7 | ns | 1.17 ± 1.80 | ns | |
Diabetes mellitus | 303.5 ± 822.3 | 8.3 ± 5.0 | 12.7 ± 12.0 | 164.8 ± 39.9 | 519.3 ± 369.7 | 0.83 ± 1.21 | |||||||
Normal lipid profile | 97.2 ± 119.1 | ns | 8.2 ± 4.1 | ns | 12.6 ± 17.6 | ns | 141.2 ± 36.3 | ns | 351.2 ± 208.1 | ns | 0.74 ± 1.43 | ns | |
Hypercholesterolemia | 174.6 ± 503.6 | 15.8 ± 33.2 | 14.9 ± 23.8 | 168.3 ± 58.4 | 717.2 ± 1074.0 | 1.13 ± 1.69 |
NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | p | sICAM-1 (ng/ml) | p | Endothelin-1 (pg/ml) | p | vWF (%) | p | D-dimers (µg/L) | p | TAT (ng/ml) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RV structural changes | |||||||||||||
RVOT (mm) | ≤ 30 | 99.2 ± 89.8 | ns | 7.5 ± 5.0 | ns | 10.7 ± 13.2 | ns | 137.4 ± 35.9 | ns | 797.2 ± 1693.5 | ns | 0.53 ± 0.93 | ns |
> 30 | 182.5 ± 529.8 | 17.1 ± 34.7 | 15.9 ± 25.1 | 170.3 ± 59.0 | 600.8 ± 639.5 | 1.14 ± 1.79 | |||||||
RVD (mm) | ≤ 37 | 220.7 ± 592.4 | ns | 15.5 ± 34.4 | ns | 15.2 ± 26.4 | ns | 164.6 ± 51.4 | ns | 836.7 ± 1244.1 | ns | 0.86 ± 0.70 | 0.04 |
> 37 | 65.5 ± 74.6 | 16.2 ± 24.4 | 13.4 ± 15.1 | 168.5 ± 63.8 | 460.5 ± 340.1 | 1.96 ± 1.20 | |||||||
RAA (cm2) | ≤ 20 | 110.2 ± 114.6 | ns | 16.7 ± 36.8 | ns | 14.6 ± 27.3 | ns | 158.3 ± 46.9 | ns | 795.6 ± 1279.4 | ns | 0.90 ± 1.66 | ns |
> 20 | 246.5 ± 655.0 | 13.2 ± 22.3 | 14.6 ± 16.6 | 173.4 ± 65.0 | 499.2 ± 574.8 | 1.25 ± 1.64 | |||||||
RV functional changes | |||||||||||||
TAPSE (mm) | ≥ 24 | 69.5 ± 52.2 | ns | 12.4 ± 22.8 | ns | 11.3 ± 16.3 | ns | 164.5 ± 45.6 | ns | 498.4 ± 578.9 | ns | 0.86 ± 1.41 | ns |
< 24 | 241.2 ± 623.6 | 16.5 ± 36.1 | 17.3 ± 27.2 | 163.6 ± 64.6 | 789.8 ± 1235.0 | 1.25 ± 1.82 | |||||||
RV S’ (cm/s) | ≥ 12 | 68.9 ± 61.2 | 0.01 | 14.1 ± 29.2 | ns | 11.5 ± 10.9 | 0.04 | 159.3 ± 51.8 | ns | 676.3 ± 1023.4 | ns | 1.00 ± 1.63 | ns |
< 12 | 466.8 ± 559.1 | 18.6 ± 37.6 | 26.0 ± 13.2 | 184.4 ± 69.7 | 656.8 ± 869.1 | 1.47 ± 1.69 | |||||||
TRPG (mmHg) | ≤ 25 | 87.4 ± 94.5 | ns | 21.0 ± 43.2 | ns | 18.4 ± 30.8 | ns | 153.8 ± 55.6 | ns | 745.3 ± 1307.2 | ns | 1.38 ± 2.01 | ns |
> 25 | 305.9 ± 634.8 | 9.0 ± 5.8 | 10.8 ± 9.7 | 190.4 ± 56.0 | 727.4 ± 585.7 | 0.84 ± 1.18 |
NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | p | sICAM-1 (ng/ml) | p | Endothelin-1 (pg/ml) | p | vWF (%) | p | D-dimers (µg/L) | p | TAT (ng/ml) | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AHI | (h−1) | < 30 | 106.8 ± 84.8 | ns | 7.3 ± 4.7 | 0.04 | 8.9 ± 11.7 | ns | 159.4 ± 62.2 | ns | 722.9 ± 1309.4 | ns | 1.13 ± 1.22 | ns |
≥ 30 | 199.2 ± 595.9 | 19.5 ± 19.4 | 18.3 ± 27.5 | 167.1 ± 52.2 | 605.5 ± 705.8 | 1.13 ± 1.89 | ||||||||
mean SpO2 | (%) | ≥ 90 | 196.2 ± 536.0 | ns | 11.9 ± 9.3 | 0.04 | 14.5 ± 18.8 | ns | 162.9 ± 61.5 | ns | 653.3 ± 1084.4 | ns | 1.27 ± 1.79 | ns |
< 90 | 65.2 ± 51.7 | 23.6 ± 25.8 | 14.9 ± 32.5 | 168.9 ± 38.4 | 657.9 ± 718.7 | 0.52 ± 0.98 |
Males | Females | < 60 years | ≥ 60 years | BMI < 35 | BMI ≥ 35 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AHI (h−1) | < 30 | 6.9 ± 4.5 | 7.8 ± 5.3 | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 7.9 ± 5.7 | 7.0 ± 4.9 | 8.5 ± 4.5 | |
≥ 30 | 14.6 ± 11.9 | 30.8 ± 30.5 | 19.8 ± 14.4 | 19.2 ± 23.3 | 14.9 ± 13.5 | 24.6 ± 24.5 | ||
p | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
CPAP users | non-CPAP users | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n = 16) | Follow-up (n = 16) | p | Baseline (n = 34) | Follow-up (n = 22) | p | ||
NT-proBNP | pg/ml | 257.5 ± 806.9 | 122.0 ± 93.5 | ns | 103.2 ± 82.9 | 115.8 ± 170.7 | ns |
sICAM-1 | ng/ml | 8.31 ± 5.6 | 8.1 ± 5.2 | ns | 14.3 ± 23.6 | 13.0 ± 16.3 | ns |
Endothelin-1 | pg/ml | 11.3 ± 12.7 | 6.8 ± 6.8 | ns | 16.9 ± 21.7 | 18.0 ± 30.0 | ns |
D-dimers | µg/L | 659.1 ± 870.9 | 635.8 ± 940.5 | ns | 730.3 ± 1319.7 | 480.6 ± 296.8 | ns |
vWF | % | 172.6 ± 72.8 | 191.5 ± 117.5 | ns | 149.4 ± 43.1 | 156.8 ± 43.9 | ns |
TAT | ng/ml | 0.87 ± 2.05 | 0.53 ± 1.40 | ns | 1.45 ± 1.55 | 0.99 ± 0.99 | ns |