Introduction
Materials and methods
Patients with RA and controls
Interview data
Statistical analyses
Results
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis | Population controls | ||
---|---|---|---|
Mean age at diagnosis, years (range)
a
| 49 (18 to 65) | 48 (16 to 68) | |
Gender
| Women | 366 (71.1%) | 478 (62.2%) |
Men | 149 (28.9%) | 291 (37.8%) | |
Birth year
| Before 1940 | 71 (13.8%) | 98 (12.7%) |
1940 to 1949 | 171 (33.2%) | 250 (32.5%) | |
1950 to 1959 | 145 (28.2%) | 223 (29.0%) | |
1960 to 1969 | 77 (15.0%) | 129 (16.8%) | |
1970 or after | 51 (9.9%) | 69 (9.0%) | |
Place of residence
| Copenhagen | 86 (16.7%) | 102 (13.3%) |
Suburbs of Copenhagen | 90 (17.5%) | 137 (17.8%) | |
Other towns with ≥100,000 inhabitants | 78 (15.2%) | 77 (10.0%) | |
Towns with 10,000 to 99,999 inhabitants | 93 (18.1%) | 197 (25.6%) | |
Rural areas/towns with <10,000 inhabitants | 168 (32.6%) | 256 (33.3%) | |
Education
b
| No post-school education | 123 (23.9%) | 120 (15.6%) |
Semi-skilled worker, short education (<1 year) or apprentice | 204 (39.6%) | 293 (38.2%) | |
Short or middle length advanced studies (1 to 4 years) | 156 (30.3%) | 265 (34.5%) | |
Long advanced studies (>4 years) | 32 (6.2%) | 90 (11.7%) |
Risk factors for RA overall
Reproductive factors
Number of patients/controls | ORa (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Age at menarche
| ||
≤12 years | 85/145 | 1 (ref) |
13 years | 84/130 | 1.08 (0.73 to 1.61) |
14 years | 88/105 | 1.39 (0.93 to 2.08) |
≥15 years | 94/80 | 1.87 (1.23 to 2.85) |
Trend test (p) | 0.002 | |
Number of live-born children
| ||
0 | 67/86 | 1 (ref) |
1 | 81/85 | 1.10 (0.67 to 1.79) |
2 | 133/196 | 0.76 (0.48 to 1.21) |
3 | 63/84 | 0.81 (0.48 to 1.37) |
≥4 | 21/27 | 0.73 (0.36 to 1.51) |
Trend test (p) | 0.15 | |
Spontaneous abortion
| ||
Never | 237/292 | 1 (ref) |
Ever | 78/120 | 0.83 (0.59 to 1.18) |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.29 | |
Breastfeeding
b
| ||
Never | 19/18 | 1 (ref) |
Ever | 279/374 | 0.70 (0.35 to 1.39) |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.30 | |
Age at menopause
c
| ||
<50 years | 37/34 | 1 (ref) |
≥50 years | 47/49 | 0.87 (0.46 to 1.65) |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.68 | |
Oral contraceptive pills
| ||
Never | 116/165 | 1 (ref) |
Ever | 249/312 | 1.24 (0.91 to 1.71) |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.18 | |
Hormone replacement therapy
d
| ||
Never | 328/436 | 1 (ref) |
Ever | 36/37 | 1.08 (0.63 to 1.86) |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.78 |
Marital status and sexual behaviour
Women | Men | Both genders | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients/controls | ORa (95% CI) | Number of patients/controls | ORa (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | |
Marital status
| |||||
Married or cohabiting with partner | 267/352 | 1 (ref) | 116/229 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
Widowed | 12/20 | 0.65 (0.29 to 1.45) | 4/4 | 2.04 (0.44 to 9.51) | 0.91 (0.46 to 1.81) |
Divorced or separated | 40/58 | 0.84 (0.54 to 1.33) | 10/41 | 0.43 (0.20 to 0.92) | 0.73 (0.50 to 1.06) |
Unmarried | 47/48 | 1.52 (0.93 to 2.49) | 19/17 | 2.55 (1.16 to 5.61) | 1.71 (1.14 to 2.58) |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.19 | 0.007 | 0.02 | ||
Lifetime number of sexual partners of opposite sex
| |||||
0 to 1 | 70/85 | 1 (ref) | 16/44 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
2 to 5 | 160/184 | 1.13 (0.76 to 1.68) | 51/79 | 1.74 (0.84 to 3.59) | 1.26 (0.90 to 1.77) |
6 to 10 | 79/124 | 0.87 (0.56 to 1.37) | 36/58 | 1.62 (0.75 to 3.51) | 1.04 (0.71 to 1.51) |
11 to 20 | 35/63 | 0.69 (0.39 to 1.22) | 21/48 | 1.26 (0.54 to 2.95) | 0.84 (0.53 to 1.31) |
21 to 30 | 8/9 | 1.15 (0.40 to 3.29) | 6/32 | 0.48 (0.16 to 1.48) | 0.65 (0.32 to 1.30) |
>30 | 8/5 | 2.10 (0.62 to 7.16) | 10/20 | 1.16 (0.38 to 3.55) | 1.29 (0.63 to 2.64) |
Trend test (p) | 0.95 | 0.21 | 0.44 | ||
Age at first sexual intercourse
| |||||
≤14 years | 24/36 | 0.98 (0.54 to 1.75) | 11/27 | 0.69 (0.30 to 1.57) | 0.88 (0.55 to 1.40) |
15 to 17 years | 170/228 | 1 (ref) | 59/104 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
18 to 20 years | 136/164 | 1.06 (0.77 to 1.46) | 51/113 | 0.83 (0.51 to 1.37) | 0.99 (0.76 to 1.29) |
>20 years | 29/42 | 0.80 (0.46 to 1.39) | 26/44 | 1.11 (0.59 to 2.09) | 0.95 (0.64 to 1.43) |
Trend test (p) | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.98 | ||
Lifetime number of anal-intercourse partners of opposite sex
| |||||
0 | 273/339 | 1 (ref) | 111/230 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
1 | 69/93 | 0.99 (0.68 to 1.45) | 20/34 | 1.28 (0.67 to 2.42) | 1.06 (0.77 to 1.46) |
≥2 | 17/37 | 0.65 (0.34 to 1.22) | 14/25 | 0.99 (0.45 to 2.20) | 0.82 (0.51 to 1.32) |
Trend test (p) | 0.30 | 0.76 | 0.63 | ||
Venereal disease
b
| |||||
Never | 292/362 | 1 (ref) | 117/223 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
Ever | 67/102 | 0.85 (0.59 to 1.22) | 30/57 | 1.02 (0.60 to 1.73) | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.21) |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.38 | 0.95 | 0.48 |
Smoking, coffee, alcohol, diet, body mass index, physical activity, and pets
Women | Men | Both genders | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients/controls | ORa (95% CI) | Number of patients/controls | ORa (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | |
Smoker status
| |||||
Never | 128/223 | 1 (ref) | 26/75 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
Former | 68/76 | 1.69 (1.12 to 2.55) | 40/79 | 1.58 (0.84 to 2.97) | 1.57 (1.13 to 2.19) |
Current | 170/179 | 1.84 (1.33 to 2.54) | 83/137 | 1.89 (1.09 to 3.30) | 1.80 (1.37 to 2.36) |
Test for homogeneity (p) | <0.001 | 0.08 | < 0.001 | ||
Pack-years smoked
b
| |||||
0 pack-years | 128/223 | 1 (ref) | 26/75 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
>0 to 10 pack-years | 77/100 | 1.54 (1.04 to 2.28) | 21/42 | 1.42 (0.69 to 2.91) | 1.44 (1.02 to 2.02) |
>10 to 20 pack-years | 78/81 | 1.84 (1.23 to 2.77) | 25/44 | 1.86 (0.92 to 3.77) | 1.84 (1.30 to 2.59) |
>20 pack-years | 78/70 | 2.07 (1.35 to 3.16) | 76/126 | 2.00 (1.12 to 3.58) | 1.93 (1.40 to 2.68) |
Trend test (p) | <0.001 | 0.03 | <0.001 | ||
Coffee consumption
c
| |||||
0 cups per day | 70/116 | 1 (ref) | 14/26 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
>0 to 5 cups per day | 148/219 | 1.16 (0.76 to 1.79) | 42/107 | 0.79 (0.35 to 1.81) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.64) |
>5 to 10 cups per day | 117/122 | 1.68 (1.05 to 2.70) | 60/112 | 1.09 (0.49 to 2.46) | 1.59 (1.07 to 2.38) |
>10 cups per day | 30/20 | 2.88 (1.43 to 5.79) | 33/45 | 1.57 (0.64 to 3.84) | 2.33 (1.40 to 3.87) |
Trend test (p) | <0.001 | 0.05 | <0.001 | ||
Alcohol consumption
c,d
| |||||
0 drinks per week | 79/80 | 1.36 (0.91 to 2.03) | 11/13 | 1.38 (0.51 to 3.72) | 1.34 (0.93 to 1.93) |
>0 to 5 drinks per week | 170/227 | 1 (ref) | 42/75 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
>5 to 10 drinks per week | 68/109 | 0.87 (0.60 to 1.27) | 35/54 | 1.24 (0.68 to 2.26) | 0.95 (0.70 to 1.30) |
>10 to 15 drinks per week | 29/34 | 1.21 (0.69 to 2.11) | 11/41 | 0.42 (0.19 to 0.94) | 0.80 (0.52 to 1.24) |
>15 drinks per week | 15/26 | 0.74 (0.37 to 1.47) | 47/104 | 0.82 (0.47 to 1.43) | 0.79 (0.53 to 1.17) |
Trend test (p) | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.05 | ||
Wine consumption
c
| |||||
0 glasses per week | 120/135 | 1.23 (0.89 to 1.71) | 36/65 | 0.89 (0.52 to 1.52) | 1.09 (0.83 to 1.44) |
>0 to 5 glasses per week | 191/251 | 1 (ref) | 87/139 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
>5 to 10 glasses per week | 34/67 | 0.62 (0.39 to 1.00) | 18/57 | 0.48 (0.26 to 0.89) | 0.57 (0.39 to 0.83) |
>10 to 15 glasses per week | 11/16 | 0.82 (0.36 to 1.86) | 2/17 | 0.15 (0.03 to 0.70) | 0.53 (0.27 to 1.04) |
>15 glasses per week | 6/8 | 0.96 (0.31 to 2.92) | 6/11 | 1.05 (0.35 to 3.09) | 0.95 (0.44 to 2.02) |
Trend test (p) | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.02 | ||
Body mass index
c
| |||||
<18.5 kg/m2 (underweight) | 25/36 | 0.95 (0.52 to 1.73) | 3/5 | 0.95 (0.19 to 4.72) | 0.90 (0.52 to 1.56) |
18.5 to < 25 kg/m2 (normal weight) | 232/327 | 1 (ref) | 73/137 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
25 to < 30 kg/m2 (overweight) | 73/80 | 1.26 (0.87 to 1.85) | 52/116 | 0.86 (0.54 to 1.37) | 1.05 (0.79 to 1.40) |
≥ 30 kg/m2 (obese) | 26/21 | 1.83 (0.97 to 3.44) | 21/30 | 1.39 (0.71 to 2.71) | 1.57 (1.01 to 2.44) |
Trend test (p) | 0.04 | 0.57 | 0.07 | ||
Body mass index at age 20
| |||||
<18.5 kg/m2 (underweight) | 56/62 | 1.39 (0.92 to 2.10) | 4/9 | 0.75 (0.21 to 2.73) | 1.29 (0.88 to 1.89) |
18.5 to <25 kg/m2 (normal weight) | 258/371 | 1 (ref) | 108/220 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
25 to <30 kg/m2 (overweight) | 36/30 | 1.72 (1.01 to 2.92) | 28/38 | 1.65 (0.93 to 2.93) | 1.61 (1.10 to 2.34) |
≥ 30 kg/m2 (obese) | 4/6 | 1.33 (0.35 to 5.09) | 5/5 | 1.92 (0.50 to 7.38) | 1.59 (0.63 to 4.00) |
Trend test (p) | 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.15 | ||
Physical activity at work
c
| |||||
Not physically demanding | 46/94 | 1 (ref) | 23/59 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
Slightly physically demanding | 80/104 | 1.53 (0.95 to 2.47) | 37/73 | 1.25 (0.65 to 2.41) | 1.47 (1.01 to 2.14) |
Moderately physically demanding | 91/106 | 1.70 (1.07 to 2.72) | 47/85 | 1.41 (0.75 to 2.67) | 1.64 (1.13 to 2.37) |
Very physically demanding | 85/94 | 1.84 (1.14 to 2.96) | 35/58 | 1.62 (0.82 to 3.18) | 1.73 (1.18 to 2.53) |
Unemployed | 63/80 | 1.68 (0.95 to 2.98) | 7/16 | 0.94 (0.30 to 2.93) | 1.48 (0.91 to 2.42) |
Trend test (p)e,f | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.005 | ||
Physical activity in leisure time
c
| |||||
Not physically demanding | 28/28 | 1 (ref) | 25/29 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
Slightly physically demanding | 125/150 | 0.80 (0.44 to 1.45) | 52/76 | 0.84 (0.42 to 1.66) | 0.77 (0.50 to 1.19) |
Moderately physically demanding | 180/260 | 0.65 (0.37 to 1.16) | 59/145 | 0.44 (0.23 to 0.84) | 0.56 (0.37 to 0.86) |
Very physically demanding | 33/39 | 0.92 (0.44 to 1.94) | 13/41 | 0.26 (0.10 to 0.65) | 0.61 (0.35 to 1.05) |
Trend test (p)e | 0.35 | <0.001 | 0.004 | ||
Pets as adult
| |||||
Never | 68/51 | 1 (ref) | 22/36 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
Ever | 298/427 | 0.46 (0.30 to 0.71) | 127/255 | 0.85 (0.46 to 1.58) | 0.56 (0.40 to 0.79) |
Test for homogeneity (p) | <0.001 | 0.61 | <0.001 |
Viral antibodies in serum and self-reported health conditions
Women | Men | Both genders | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients/controls | ORa (95% CI) | Number of patients/controls | ORa (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | |
Mononucleosis
| 12/24 | 0.74 (0.35 to 1.56) | 3/12 | 0.48 (0.13 to 1.84) | 0.63 (0.33 to 1.20)b |
Hay fever
c
| 61/63 | 1.32 (0.89 to 1.97) | 14/36 | 0.56 (0.27 to 1.17) | 1.13 (0.81 to 1.58) |
Atopic dermatitis
| 19/24 | 0.99 (0.51 to 1.90) | 7/10 | 1.46 (0.51 to 4.20) | 1.12 (0.65 to 1.94) |
Asthma
c,d
| 24/40 | 0.74 (0.43 to 1.28) | 4/28 | 0.22 (0.07 to 0.67) | 0.58 (0.36 to 0.93)e |
Stomach or duodenal ulcer
| 20/32 | 0.70 (0.38 to 1.27) | 12/30 | 0.70 (0.33 to 1.47) | 0.73 (0.47 to 1.16)b |
Diarrhea
| 49/84 | 0.72 (0.48 to 1.07) | 27/53 | 1.01 (0.58 to 1.75) | 0.81 (0.59 to 1.12) |
Type I diabetes
c
| 2/1 | 2.84 (0.22 to 36.05) | 3/6 | 1.15 (0.26 to 5.00) | 1.30 (0.39 to 4.34) |
Thyroid disease
c
| 38/34 | 1.45 (0.87 to 2.40) | 3/2 | 2.32 (0.35 to 15.44) | 1.52 (0.94 to 2.46)b |
Periodontal disease
| 83/118 | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.33) | 41/88 | 0.92 (0.57 to 1.47) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.19) |
Urinary tract infection
| 171/256 | 0.76 (0.57 to 1.01) | 13/40 | 0.57 (0.28 to 1.14) | 0.73 (0.57 to 0.95)e |
Cancer
| 12/19 | 0.70 (0.33 to 1.49) | 4/2 | 5.51 (0.89 to 34.19) | 1.01 (0.51 to 1.99) |
Blood transfusion
| 51/66 | 0.99 (0.65 to 1.51) | 12/26 | 0.84 (0.39 to 1.79) | 0.98 (0.68 to 1.40) |
Tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, appendectomy, or splenectomy
| 163/214 | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.29) | 63/124 | 1.00 (0.65 to 1.55) | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.24) |
Schizophrenia among first-degree relatives
| 6/5 | 2.19 (0.62 to 7.77) | 6/6 | 1.77 (0.51 to 6.11) | 2.08 (0.88 to 4.93)b |
Risk factors for anti-CCP-positive and anti-CCP-negative RA
Anti-CCP-positive rheumatoid arthritis | Anti-CCP-negative rheumatoid arthritis | Test for homogeneity anti-CCP-positive versus anti-CCP-negative rheumatoid arthritis (p) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients/controls | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) | Number of patients/controls | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) | ||
Age at menarche (women only)
| |||||||
≤12 years | 48/145 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 27/145 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
13 years | 52/130 | 1.24 (0.77 to 1.99) | 1.33 (0.79 to 2.26) | 22/130 | 0.88 (0.47 to 1.66) | 1.06 (0.52 to 2.14) | |
14 years | 46/105 | 1.35 (0.82 to 2.22) | 1.54 (0.88 to 2.69) | 26/105 | 1.24 (0.67 to 2.29) | 1.86 (0.93 to 3.70) | 0.68 |
≥15 years | 52/80 | 1.91 (1.16 to 3.16) | 2.07 (1.18 to 3.63) | 27/80 | 1.75 (0.93 to 3.29) | 2.27 (1.13 to 4.57) | |
Trend test (p) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | |||
Oral contraceptive pills (women only)
| |||||||
Never | 64/165 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 33/165 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Ever | 145/312 | 1.37 (0.93 to 2.02) | 1.65 (1.06 to 2.57) | 70/312 | 1.20 (0.73 to 1.98) | 1.19 (0.68 to 2.07) | 0.34 |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 0.53 | |||
Marital status
| |||||||
Married or cohabiting with partner | 227/581 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 106/581 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Widowed | 8/24 | 0.79 (0.33 to 1.89) | 0.50 (0.19 to 1.34) | 5/24 | 0.86 (0.30 to 2.47) | 0.72 (0.23 to 2.24) | |
Divorced or separated | 30/99 | 0.76 (0.48 to 1.19) | 0.62 (0.36 to 1.04) | 11/99 | 0.58 (0.29 to 1.13) | 0.48 (0.22 to 1.06) | 0.77 |
Unmarried | 44/65 | 1.98 (1.25 to 3.14) | 1.65 (0.96 to 2.84) | 14/65 | 1.47 (0.75 to 2.92) | 1.19 (0.53 to 2.67) | |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.28 | |||
Smoker status
| |||||||
Never | 84/298 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 51/298 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Former | 60/155 | 1.53 (1.02 to 2.29) | 1.57 (0.99 to 2.48) | 33/155 | 1.41 (0.84 to 2.34) | 1.35 (0.76 to 2.39) | 0.03 |
Current | 165/316 | 2.13 (1.54 to 2.95) | 1.73 (1.17 to 2.56) | 52/316 | 1.01 (0.65 to 1.57) | 0.83 (0.49 to 1.39) | |
Test for homogeneity (p) | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.22 | |||
Pack-years smoked
c
| |||||||
0 pack-years | 84/298 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 51/298 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
>0 to 10 pack-years | 51/142 | 1.32 (0.86 to 2.01) | 1.31 (0.81 to 2.12) | 27/142 | 1.22 (0.71 to 2.08) | 1.20 (0.66 to 2.17) | |
>10 to 20 pack-years | 73/125 | 2.47 (1.65 to 3.69) | 2.41 (1.51 to 3.82) | 19/125 | 0.84 (0.46 to 1.52) | 0.72 (0.37 to 1.40) | 0.08 |
>20 pack-years | 100/196 | 2.25 (1.53 to 3.32) | 1.65 (1.03 to 2.64) | 37/196 | 1.31 (0.78 to 2.19) | 1.00 (0.54 to 1.88) | |
Trend test (p) | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.76 | |||
Coffee consumption
d
| |||||||
0 cups per day | 44/142 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 25/142 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
>0 to 5 cups per day | 110/326 | 1.20 (0.76 to 1.91) | 1.33 (0.77 to 2.30) | 53/326 | 0.84 (0.47 to 1.53) | 0.79 (0.41 to 1.52) | |
>5 to 10 cups per day | 112/234 | 1.83 (1.12 to 2.97) | 1.70 (0.95 to 3.05) | 45/234 | 1.07 (0.57 to 2.00) | 0.94 (0.47 to 1.90) | 0.46 |
>10 cups per day | 43/65 | 2.75 (1.52 to 4.99) | 2.18 (1.07 to 4.42) | 13/65 | 1.38 (0.61 to 3.15) | 1.23 (0.48 to 3.16) | |
Trend test (p) | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.44 | |||
Alcohol consumption
d,e
| |||||||
0 drinks per week | 58/93 | 1.68 (1.10 to 2.55) | 1.98 (1.22 to 3.19) | 18/93 | 0.88 (0.48 to 1.64) | 0.72 (0.34 to 1.48) | |
>0 to 5 drinks per week | 124/302 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 60/302 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
>5 to 10 drinks per week | 63/163 | 0.96 (0.66 to 1.39) | 1.10 (0.73 to 1.66) | 27/163 | 0.89 (0.53 to 1.48) | 1.01 (0.58 to 1.74) | 0.01 |
>10 to 15 drinks per week | 26/75 | 0.82 (0.49 to 1.38) | 0.98 (0.55 to 1.76) | 9/75 | 0.67 (0.31 to 1.45) | 0.78 (0.33 to 1.84) | |
>15 drinks per week | 32/130 | 0.58 (0.35 to 0.94) | 0.60 (0.35 to 1.04) | 21/130 | 1.36 (0.73 to 2.52) | 1.36 (0.68 to 2.74) | |
Trend test (p) | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.34 | |||
Wine consumption
d
| |||||||
0 glasses per week | 96/200 | 1.18 (0.86 to 1.63) | 1.18 (0.82 to 1.71) | 36/200 | 0.98 (0.62 to 1.55) | 0.86 (0.51 to 1.45) | |
>0 to 5 glasses per week | 168/390 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 72/390 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
>5 to 10 glasses per week | 30/124 | 0.52 (0.33 to 0.81) | 0.59 (0.36 to 0.98) | 17/124 | 0.77 (0.43 to 1.38) | 0.76 (0.39 to 1.45) | 0.03 |
>10 to 15 glasses per week | 7/33 | 0.46 (0.20 to 1.09) | 0.45 (0.17 to 1.21) | 6/33 | 0.99 (0.38 to 2.56) | 0.83 (0.27 to 2.61) | |
>15 glasses per week | 5/19 | 0.66 (0.24 to 1.84) | 0.90 (0.29 to 2.76) | 5/19 | 1.59 (0.54 to 4.66) | 2.29 (0.71 to 7.42) | |
Trend test (p) | 0.003 | 0.04 | 0.77 | 0.46 | |||
Body mass index
d
| |||||||
<18.5 kg/m2 (underweight) | 19/41 | 1.22 (0.65 to 2.29) | 0.88 (0.43–1.80) | 4/41 | 0.34 (0.10 to 1.19) | 0.35 (0.09 to 1.34) | |
18.5 to <25 kg/m2 (normal weight) | 184/464 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 77/464 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
25 to <30 kg/m2 (overweight) | 77/196 | 1.04 (0.74 to 1.45) | 1.01 (0.69 to 1.47) | 35/196 | 1.20 (0.75 to 1.93) | 1.24 (0.74 to 2.10) | 0.004 |
≥30 kg/m2 (obese) | 25/51 | 1.34 (0.79 to 2.28) | 1.15 (0.62 to 2.13) | 20/51 | 3.22 (1.73 to 5.98) | 3.45 (1.73 to 6.87) | |
Trend test (p) | 0.53 | 0.63 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Physical activity at work
d
| |||||||
Not physically demanding | 34/153 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 23/153 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Slightly physically demanding | 63/177 | 1.60 (0.99 to 2.58) | 1.10 (0.65 to 1.87) | 39/177 | 1.51 (0.85 to 2.69) | 1.41 (0.74 to 2.67) | |
Moderately physically demanding | 93/191 | 2.24 (1.41 to 3.54) | 1.64 (0.98 to 2.73) | 30/191 | 1.08 (0.59 to 1.97) | 1.02 (0.52 to 1.99) | 0.84 |
Very physically demanding | 70/152 | 2.03 (1.26 to 3.27) | 1.18 (0.68 to 2.06) | 34/152 | 1.53 (0.84 to 2.77) | 1.33 (0.66 to 2.67) | |
Unemployed | 48/96 | 2.58 (1.45 to 4.61) | 1.95 (1.00 to 3.81) | 10/96 | 0.47 (0.18 to 1.23) | 0.41 (0.13 to 1.23) | |
Trend test (p)f,g | 0.002 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.57 | |||
Physical activity in leisure time
d
| |||||||
Not physically demanding | 35/57 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 11/57 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Slightly physically demanding | 108/226 | 0.74 (0.45 to 1.21) | 0.97 (0.56 to 1.70) | 49/226 | 0.95 (0.45 to 1.98) | 0.87 (0.39 to 1.94) | |
Moderately physically demanding | 137/405 | 0.51 (0.32 to 0.83) | 0.76 (0.43 to 1.32) | 66/405 | 0.69 (0.33 to 1.42) | 0.76 (0.34 to 1.67) | 0.75 |
Very physically demanding | 29/80 | 0.60 (0.32 to 1.13) | 0.90 (0.44 to 1.86) | 10/80 | 0.60 (0.23 to 1.59) | 0.59 (0.20 to 1.70) | |
Trend test (p)f | 0.008 | 0.32 | 0.10 | 0.29 | |||
Pets as adult
| |||||||
Never | 52/87 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 20/87 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Ever | 257/682 | 0.59 (0.40 to 0.87) | 0.62 (0.39 to 0.99) | 116/682 | 0.65 (0.37 to 1.14) | 0.61 (0.33 to 1.16) | 0.98 |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||
Asthma
h
| |||||||
Never | 288/699 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 131/699 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Ever | 21/68 | 0.73 (0.43 to 1.23) | 0.58 (0.32 to 1.08) | 4/68 | 0.32 (0.11 to 0.91) | 0.28 (0.09 to 0.85) | 0.23 |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.02 | |||
Schizophrenia among first-degree relatives
| |||||||
No | 299/758 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 134/758 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Yes | 10/11 | 3.36 (1.32 to 8.51) | 4.18 (1.54 to 11.3) | 2/11 | 1.16 (0.24 to 5.55) | 0.51 (0.06 to 4.44) | 0.16 |
Test for homogeneity (p) | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.85 | 0.54 |