Erratum
Country | % sero-prevalence | Sample demographics | Sample size | Year of sampling | Diagnostic methods | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burkina Faso | 19.1 | Blood donors | 178 | 2010-12 | IgG | [29] |
11.6 | Pregnant women | 189 | 2010-12 | IgG | [29] | |
Burundi | 14.0 | Adults without chronic liver disease, 44.7 yrs old (±13.5) | 129 | 1986 | Total Ig | [30] |
Cameroon | 14.2 | HIV-infected adults, 38.1 yrs old (±11.3)and | 289 | 2009-10 | IgG | [32] |
2.0 | HIV-infected children, 8.3 yrs old (±7.5) | 100 | 2009-10 | IgG | [32] | |
CARa
| 24.2 | Patients attending the center for sexually transmitted diseases | 157 | 1995b
| Total Ig | [33] |
Djibouti | 13.0 | Male peacekeepers in Haiti, 31.2 yrs old | 112 | 1998b
| Total Ig | [42] |
Egypt | 84.3 | Pregnant women, 24 yrs old (16-48) | 2,428 | 1997-2003 | Total Ig | [55] |
80.1 | Patients with chronic liver disease, 48 yrs old (23-62) | 518 | 2000-2 | IgG | [57] | |
67.6 | Residents of two rural villages, 24.5 and 26.5 yrs, respectively | 10,156 | 1997 | Total Ig | [54] | |
58.6 | Asymptomatic pregnant women, ~33 yrs old | 116 | 2009 | IgG | [58] | |
56.4 | Residents of a semi-urban village, 1-67 yrs old | 140 | 1993 | Total Ig | [51] | |
54.1 | Four waste water treatment plant male workers, 20-60 yrs old | 205 | 1998-9 | IgG | [116] | |
51.2 | Waste water treatment plant workers, 47.1 yrs old | 43 | 2011b
| Total Ig | [60] | |
50.6 | Waste water treatment plant workers, 20-60 yrs old | 233 | 2000b
| Total Ig | [61] | |
45.3 | Blood donors, 18-45 yrs old | 95 | 1998b
| IgG | [52] | |
39.6 | Haemodialysis patients, 8-20 yrs old | 96 | 1998b
| IgG | [52] | |
38.9 | Healthy females, 21.8 yrs old (16-25) | 95 | 1995 | IgG | [50] | |
17.2 | Residents of a hamlet, 20.9 yrs old (<1-95) | 1259 | 1992 | IgG | [49] | |
0.0 | Healthy controls, 20–60 yrs old | 96 | 1998-9 | IgG | [116] | |
Gabon | 14.2 | Pregnant women, 24.6 yrs old (14-44) | 840 | 2005, 2007 | IgG | [73] |
0.0 | Villagers, 29 yrs old (2-80) | 35 | 1991-2 | Total Ig | [72] | |
Ghana | 45.3 | Adult HIV patients, 40 yrs old (±9.6) | 402 | 2008-10 | IgG | [32] |
38.1 | Pig handlers, 36.5 yrs old (12-65) | 105 | 2009b
| Total Ig | [77] | |
34.8 | Pig handlers, 32.9 yrs old (15-70) | 353 | 2008 | Total Ig | [75] | |
28.7 | Pregnant women, 28.9 yrs old (13-42) | 157 | 2008 | Total Ig | [78] | |
4.6 | Blood donors | 239 | 2012b
| IgG | [76] | |
4.4 | 6-18 yr olds | 803 | 1993 | Total Ig | [74] | |
Madagascar | 14.1 | Slaughterhouse workers | 427 | 2008-9 | Total Ig | [81] |
Morocco | 8.5 | Blood donors | 200 | 2000-1 | IgG | [85] |
2.2 | men (n = 232) and women (n = 259), 27.7 yrs old (±5.9) | 491 | 1995b
| IgG | [84] | |
Nigeria | 94.0 | Control healthy adults (n = 44) | 44 | 2008-9 | Total Ig | [90] |
43.0 | Health care workers | 88 | 2008-9 | Total Ig | [90] | |
13.4 | Healthy and sick people, 29.8 yrs old (3-72) | 186 | 2007 | Total Ig | [91] | |
Sierra Leone | 7.6 | Primary school children, 6-12 yrs old | 66 | 1998b
| IgG | [139] |
South Africa | 10.7 | Urban (n = 407) and rural (n = 360) blacks, 42 yrs old (18-85) | 767 | 1996b
| Total Ig | [98,117] |
2.6 | Medical students | 227 | 1992 | Total Ig | [97] | |
1.8 | Canoeists who have been regularly exposed to waste water | 555 | 1992 | Total Ig | [97] | |
Tanzania | 6.6 | Women, 32.1 yrs old (15-45) | 212 | 1996 | Total Ig | [114] |
0.2 | Healthy adults, 30.3 yrs old | 403 | 1992 | Total Ig | [112] | |
0.0 | Women | 180 | 1995 | Total Ig | [113] | |
Tunisia | 46.0 | Healthy persons, > 60 yrs old | 100 | 1991 | IgG | [106] |
29.5 | Children with chronic haematological diseases | 34 | 1996 | IgG | [106] | |
28.9 | Polytransfused patients; adults (n = 59, 34.8 yrs old [20-61]) and children (n = 48, 7.3 yrs old [1-15]) | 107 | 2008-9 | IgG | [107] | |
22.0 | Healthy blood donors, < 40 yrs old | 100 | 1996 | IgG | [106] | |
12.1 | Pregnant women, 30.1 yrs old (17-52) | 404 | 2008-9 | IgG | [108] | |
10.0 | Healthy controls; blood donors (n = 100, 31.3 yrs old [20–58]) and children, (n = 60, 7.9 yrs old [1–15]) | 160 | 2008-9 | IgG | [107] | |
5.4 | Blood donors, 32.6 yrs old (± 8.6) | 687 | 2007-8 | Total Ig | [109] | |
4.3 | Healthy persons, 20.7 yrs old (16-25) | 1,505 | 2008b
| IgG | [110] | |
Zambia | 40.6c
| Urban adults, 18–64 yrs old | 106 | 1999 | IgG | [115] |
16.0 | Urban children, 1–15 yrs old | 194 | 2011 | IgG | [115] |
Country | % sero-positivity | Case demographics | No. of cases | Year of sampling | Diagnostic methods | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chad | 48.8 | Acute or fulminant hepatitis patients, 4-64 yrs old | 41 | 1993 | IgM | [36] |
20.0a
| Sporadic cases | 17 | 1994 | RT-PCRb
| [27] | |
Djibouti | 58.5 | Acute hepatitis patients, 21.8 yrs old (2-65) | 65 | 1992-3 | IgM | [41] |
Egypt | 24.2 | Jaundiced patients, 1-73 yrs old | 202 | 1993 | IgM | [46] |
22.2 | Jaundiced children, 5 yrs old (1-11) | 261 | 1990 | IgM | [70] | |
21.7 | Acute hepatitis patients, 26.6 yrs old (18-60) | 143 | 1993-4 | IgM | [71] | |
20.2 | Acute viral hepatitis patients, 8 yrs old | 287 | 2006-8 | IgM | [62] | |
17.9 | Acute hepatitis patients, 15.7 (± 14.9) yrs old | 235 | 2007-8 | IgM or > = 3-fold rise in IgG | [69] | |
17.2 | Children with elevated level (two-fold or more) of AST and ALT | 64 | 2006d
| IgM | [47] | |
15.7 | Acute hepatitis patients, 15.9 yrs old (1-65) | 235 | 2007-8 | IgM | [63] | |
15.1 | Children with acute jaundice, 6.4 yrs old (1-13) | 73 | 1987-8 | IgM | [45] | |
12.5 | Patients with acute hepatitis, 20.2 yrs old (4-65) | 200 | 2001-2 | IgM | [64] | |
6.0 | Children with minor hepatic ailments, 6 mo-10 yrs | 100 | 2004-5 | IgM | [65] | |
5.0 | Patients with acute on chronic liver failure, 46.4 yrs old | 100 | 2009-10 | IgM | [66] | |
2.1 | Acute viral hepatitis patients, 25 yrs old (2-77) | 47 | 2002-5 | IgM | [76] | |
2.0 | Hepatitis patients, 5.4 yrs old (1.5-15) | 50 | 2007 | RT-PCR | [48] | |
Ethiopia | 45.6 | Acute viral hepatitis patients with NANB | 79 | 1988-91 | FABAd
| [43] |
31.8 | Non-pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis, 30 yrs old | 22 | 1988-91 | FABA | [6] | |
67.9 | Pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis, 26 yrs old | 28 | 1988-91 | FABA | [6] | |
Mayotte | 100.0 | Patients with acute jaundice, 46 yrs old | 1 | 2009 | IgM | [82] |
Nigeria | 70.0 | Male patients with acute hepatitis, 25-33 yrs old | 10 | 1997-8 | RT-PCR | [89] |
Senegal | 20.0 | Patients with jaundice | 30 | 1992c
| IgM | [93] |
10.2 | Patients with viral hepatitis | 49 | 1993c
| IgM | [92] | |
Somalia | 61.1 | Native Somalis and displaced Ethiopian patients with acute hepatitis, 7-90 yrs old | 36 | 1992-3 | IgM | [96] |
Sudan | 5.4 | Patients with fulminant hepatic failure, 38 yrs old (19-75) | 37 | 2003-4 | IgM | [103] |
59.0 | Children with acute clinical jaundice, ≤14 yrs old | 39 | 1987-8 | IgM | [118] |
Genotype | Country | Year of sampling | Sample | RNA region tested | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CARa
| 2002 | One fecal sample from an outbreak | NAb
| [34] |
Chad | 1984 | A patient with hepatitis E | Complete genome | [28] | |
2004 | Five isolates from an outbreak | ORFc2 (363 ntd) | [35] | ||
Egypt | 1993 | Acute hepatitis patients | ORF1 (location: 55-320) | [46] | |
2006-8 | Acute hepatitis patients | ORF1 | [62] | ||
2012e
| Sixteen isolates from acute hepatitis patients | ORF2 (189 nt) | [124] | ||
Namibia | 1983 | Nine isolates from an outbreak in Kavango | ORF2 (296 nt), 3 (188 nt) | [88] | |
Sudan | 2004 | Twenty three isolates from an outbreak | ORF2 (363 nt) | [35] | |
Uganda | 2007 | Internally displaced persons camp | NA | [123] | |
2008 | Twenty four isolates from an outbreak | NA | [119] | ||
2 | CAR | 2002 | Three fecal samples from an outbreak | NA | [34] |
Chad | 2004 | Four isolates from an outbreak | ORF2 (363 nt) | [35] | |
Namibia | 1995 | Four isolates from NANB outbreak in Rundu | ORF2 (451 nt near 3'-end) | [87] | |
3 | Nigeria | 2000e
| Ten adult acute hepatitis patients | ORF1, 2 (3'-end) | [89] |
Egypt | 2007 | One 9 year-old acute hepatitis patient | ORF1, 2, 2/3 | [48] | |
Mayotte | 2009 | One French acute hepatitis patient (46 yr old) | ORF2 (288 nt) | [82] | |
Madagascar | 2009 | Slaughter house workers | ORF2,3 (1000 nt) | [81] |