Background
Materials and methods
Data source
Recruitment and sampling techniques
Data collection
Demographic and health characteristics
Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements
Twenty-four-hour urine collections
Urinary analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant flow for the urinary validation study, SSM 2017
Characteristics of participants
Characteristics | Overall (n = 371) | Men (n = 132) | Women (n = 239) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||
Age, years | ||||
18–49 | 50.9 (46.1–56.1) | 44.6 (36.0–53.3) | 54.4 (48.2–60.8) | |
50–94 | 49.1 (43.9–53.9) | 55.4 (46.7–64.0) | 45.6 (39.2–51.8) | 0.073a |
Education attainment | ||||
Never been in school | 53.6 (48.3–58.6) | 50.0 (41.3–58.8) | 55.6 (49.2–61.9) | |
≤ 9 y | 31.7 (26.9–36.7) | 29.4 (21.5–37.6) | 32.9 (26.9–39.0) | |
> 9 y | 14.7 (11.1–18.3) | 20.6 (13.8–28.1) | 11.5 (7.6–15.8) | 0.067 |
Geographic area | ||||
Urban | 69.5 (65.0–74.1) | 63.2 (55.3–72.1) | 72.6 (66.9–78.0) | |
Rural | 30.5 (25.9–35.0) | 36.2 (27.9–44.7) | 27.4 (22.0–33.1) | 0.080 |
BMI | ||||
< 18.5c | - | - | - | |
18.5–24.9 25.0–29.9 | 31.8 (25.3–37.4) 37.7 (32.9–42.6) | 48.4 (36.7–60.3) 36.2 (28.0–44.5) | 22.8 (15.9–30.1) 38.6 (32.5–44.8) | |
≥ 30.0 | 30.5 (25.9–35.0) | 15.4 (9.4–21.9) | 38.6 (32.5–44.8) | < 0.001 |
Salt reduction | 4.0 (02.2–06.2) | 0.8 (0.01–2.5) | 5.8 (3.0–8.9) | 0.019 |
Curent cigarette smoking | 11.4 (8.3–14.7) | 12.7 (7.0–18.8) | 10.7 (7.0–14.9) | 0.566 |
Current alcohol use | 1.7 (0.3–3.3) | 0.9 (0.01–2.7) | 2.2 (0.5–4.5) | 0.389 |
Hypertension | 31.0 (26.4–35.6) | 32.6 (24.6–40.7) | 30.1 (24.4–36.2) | 0.625 |
Diabetes | 18.1 (13.9–22.6) | 10.4 (4.9–16.7) | 22.5 (16.8–28.5) | 0.010 |
Drug use | ||||
Antihypertensive | 17.8 (13.9–21.9) | 10.1 (5.1–15.5) | 21.9 (16.8–27.4) | 0.005 |
Anticholesterol | 1.1 (0.3–2.2) | 0.8 (0.01–2.7) | 1.3 (0.01–2.9) | 0.689 |
Antidiabetes | 3.9 (2.0–6.2) | 1.6 (1.2–0.01) | 5.1 (2.5–8.1) | 0.105 |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Urinary measurements | ||||
Creatinine (mg/day) | 1096 (421) | 1264 (465) | 1005 (365) | < 0.001b |
Urine volume (ml/day) | 1360 (600) | 1280 (580) | 1400 (620) | 0.045 |
24-h urinary sodium excretion in adults in the Northwest region of Morocco, urinary validation study, SSM 2017
Overall (n = 371) | Men (n = 132) | Women (n = 239) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | |
Mean sodium excretion | ||||||
(mg/day) | ||||||
Overall | 2794 (1349) | 2550 (1780–3650) | 2962 (1426) | 2665 (1875–3807) | 2702 (1301) | 2470 (1720–3520) |
Creatinine range ¥ | 2847 (1372) | 2615 (1840–3714) | 3064 (1410) | 2847 (2046–3852) | 2738 (1343) | 2513 (1732–3578) |
Age, y | ||||||
18–49 | 2949 (1351) | 2790 (1932–3815) | 2956 (1202) | 2990 (2080–3740) | 2945 (1425) | 2700 (1820–4000) |
50–94 | 2633 (1335) | 2390 (1695–3325) | 2966 (1612) | 2530 (1735–3855) | 2427 (1089) | 2325 (1647–2985) |
0.026a | 0.007b | 0.966a | 0.578b | 0.002a | 0.009b | |
Education, y | ||||||
Never been in school | 2882 (1383) | 2696 (1837–3685) | 3071 (1451) | 2994 (2106–3737) | 2790 (1345) | 2615 (1740–3654) |
9 y | 2509 (1273) | 2217 (1506–3311) | 2544 (1377) | 2212 (1423–3579) | 2492 (1229) | 2222 (1553–3165) |
> 9 y | 2884 (1394) | 2611 (1768–3966) | 3116 (1471) | 2683 (1907–3958) | 2661 (1304) | 2417 (1571–3996) |
0.052c | 0.028d | 0.159c | 0.104d | 0.283c | 0.230d | |
Geographic area | ||||||
Rural | 2905 (1538) | 2616 (1694–3825) | 3054 (1648) | 2767 (1688–4092) | 2798 (1459) | 2587 (1696–3687) |
Urban | 2735 (1300) | 2508 (1763–3558) | 2849 (1267) | 2571 (1867–3597) | 2681 (1306) | 2549 (1702–3520) |
0.275a | 0.556b | 0.432a | 0.602b | 0.548a | 0.842b | |
BMI | ||||||
< 18.5e | - | - | - | - | - | - |
18.5–24.9 | 2977 (1566) | 2695 (1731–3922) | 3036 (1608) | 2767 (1780–4015) | 2905 (1529) | 2632 (1611–3877) |
25.0–29.9 | 2787 (1355) | 2599 (1727–3682) | 2949 (1422) | 2695 (1831–3830) | 2706 (1321) | 2477 (1678–3483) |
≥ 30.0 | 2742 (1205) | 2513 (1980–2573) | 2819 (834) | 2524 (2205–3360) | 2726 (1274) | 2513 (1842–3640) |
0.310c | 0.206d | 0.415c | 0.367d | 0.337c | 0.214d | |
Mean potassium excretion | ||||||
(mg/day) | ||||||
Overall | 1898 (1046) | 1640 (1170–2410) | 1966 (1118) | 1775 (1092–2525) | 1861 (1004) | 1610 (1200–2290) |
Creatinine range¥ | 1946 (1065) | 1669 (1224–2452) | 1995 (1050) | 1871 (1336–2441) | 1922 (1074) | 1610 (1189–2479) |
Age, y | ||||||
18–49 | 1931 (1052) | 1660 (1190–2470) | 1902 (1066) | 1640 (1080–2380) | 1945 (1048) | 1700 (1280–2500) |
50–94 | 1864 (1042) | 1610 (1110–2315) | 2024 (1168) | 1870 (1095–2575) | 1766 (948) | 1580 (1132–2077) |
0.537a | 0.457b | 0.536a | 0.259b | 0.167a | 0.078b | |
Education | ||||||
Never been in school | 1952 (1069) | 1750 (1282–2458) | 1892 (981) | 1847 (1318–2246) | 1981 (1111) | 1643 (1263–2572) |
9 y | 1745 (964) | 1517 (1031–2345) | 1776 (1153) | 1458 (856–2336) | 1729 (867) | 1544 (1095–2351) |
> 9 y | 1801 (935) | 1542 (1115–2257) | 1993 (1041) | 1919 (1295–2739) | 1617 (796) | 1391 (1046–1976) |
0.201c | 0.201d | 0.715c | 0.450d | 0.094c | 0.174d | |
Geographic area | ||||||
Rural | 2072 (1157) | 1788 (1366–2498) | 1982 (1112) | 1841 (1341–2292) | 2136 (1192) | 1788 (1368–2696) |
Urban | 1831 (1013) | 1598 (1103–2367) | 1842 (1024) | 1659 (1056–2341) | 1825 (1011) | 1533 (1115–2381) |
0.044a | 0.063b | 0.469a | 0.559b | 0.044a | 0.057b | |
BMI | ||||||
< 18.5e | - | - | - | - | - | - |
18.5–24.9 | 1933 (1141) | 1633 (1067–2269) | 1849 (1052) | 1649 (1055–2220) | 2032 (1242) | 1595 (1122–2750) |
25.0–29.9 | 1883 (1094) | 1634 (1176–2525) | 1942 (1092) | 1696 (1214–2597) | 1854 (1099) | 1477 (1157–2479) |
≥ 30.0 | 1973 (970) | 1729 (1318–2498) | 2083 (1039) | 1906 (1370–2645) | 1950 (959) | 1696 (1280–2421) |
0.387c | 0.277d | 0.465c | 0.509d | 0.470c | 0.342d |
24-h urinary potassium excretion and sodium-to-potassium molar ratio in adults in the Northwest region of Morocco, urinary validation study, SSM 2017
Sensitivity analysis
Adherence to recommendations for sodium intake, potassium intake and sodium–potassium ratio in adults in the Northwest region of Morocco, urinary validation study, SSM 2017
Association of 24-h urinary sodium excretion and potassium excretion with blood pressure
SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | ||||
Urinary sodium (mg/day) | -0.001 (-0.03, 0.0003) | P = 0.112 | -0.001 (-0.002, 0.0004) | P = 0.193 |
Urinary potassium (mg/day) | 0.002 (-0.0002, 0.004) | P = 0.069 | 0.001(-0.0001, 0.003) | P = 0.072 |