Erschienen in:
01.10.2006 | Review Article
Estrogen therapy and urinary incontinence: what is the evidence and what do we tell our patients?
verfasst von:
L. Elaine Waetjen, Peter L. Dwyer
Erschienen in:
International Urogynecology Journal
|
Ausgabe 5/2006
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Excerpt
Loss of estrogen associated with menopause has been considered as a factor responsible for the increasing urinary incontinence prevalence in women as they age. Indeed, incontinence is commonly categorized as a symptom of urogenital atrophy. The presence of alpha and beta estrogen receptors throughout the urogenital tract suggests that estrogen has a role in the continence mechanism, and many observational studies have supported positive physiological effects. Estrogen has been shown to increase urethral closure pressure [
1‐
3], increase urethral blood flow [
4], increase alpha-adrenergic receptor sensitivity [
5,
6], and improve cellular maturation in both the urethra and vagina [
7]. Based on these observational studies and a few clinical trials [
8], medical management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women has included the use of both systemic and vaginal estrogen. …