Background
Methods
Study area
Geography
Climate and topography
Ethnographic background
Socio-economic profile
Ethnobotanical data collection
Categories | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Men | 27 | 39.13 |
Women | 42 | 60.87 |
Total | 69 | |
Age group | ||
Below 50 years | 20 | 28.99 |
Above 50 years | 49 | 71.01 |
Education level | ||
Illiterate | 46 | 66.67 |
Primary | 5 | 7.25 |
Middle | 5 | 7.25 |
High school | 9 | 13.04 |
Graduate | 2 | 2.90 |
Masters | 2 | 2.90 |
Socioeconomics | ||
Farmers | 19 | 27.53 |
Shepherds | 5 | 7.25 |
Hunters | 5 | 7.25 |
Wood cutters | 8 | 11.59 |
Teachers | 5 | 7.25 |
House wives | 27 | 39.13 |
Age group | No of interviewees | Male | Female | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|
11–20 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4.35 |
21–30 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 8.70 |
31–40 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5.80 |
41–50 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 10.14 |
51–60 | 20 | 9 | 11 | 28.98 |
61–70 | 23 | 3 | 20 | 33.34 |
Above 70 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 8.70 |
Data analysis
Results and discussion
Informant demographics
Taxonomic diversity
Latin name/family/voucher number | Local name | Parts used | Drug description | Diseases treated | RFCi (n = 69) | PRi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allium carolinianum Redoute. Alliaceae QAU 127126 | Chong | Bulb | A fresh bulb decoction is taken three times a day while a bulb paste is applied topically on painful joints and bones | Gastrointestinal disorders, bone or joint pain | 0.17 | 1 |
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. Asteraceae QAU 127156 | Khobustae | Flower & leaves | The flowers and leaves are boiled and the decoction is taken twice a day | Abdominal worms, urethritis | 0.20 | 2 |
Berberis pseudumbellata R. Parker Berberidaceae QAU 127186 | Skiorbu | Flower, fruit, seed | Seeds and fresh fruits are eaten while a flower decoction is recommended three times a day | Jaundice | 0.39 | 3 |
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Saxifragaceae QAU 127281 | Schapur | Rhizome | A decoction of rhizome is taken twice a day while a paste is applied topically on eyelids | Stomach ulcer, eye ache | 0.30 | 3 |
Cicer microphyllum Royle. Fabaceae QAU 127253 | Stranjungstwa | Whole plant | Fresh plants are collected and cooked in water as a vegetable. It is suggested the plant is eaten raw once a day | Kidney stones, urinary problems | 0.32 | 3 |
Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae QAU 127220 | Thringthringmo | Whole plant | Fresh plants are boiled in water as a vegetable and eaten with wheat bread twice a day | Constipation | 0.48 | 4 |
Cousinia thomsonii C.B.Clarke. Asteraceae QAU 127162 | Charchu | Flower | The flower is boiled in water and applied topically on infected areas as needed | Dermatitis | 0.14 | 1 |
Delphinium brunonianum Royle Ranunculaceae QAU 127278 | Makhoting | Whole plant | The whole plant is dried and ground with water and the paste is then applied on the head as hair tonic | Hair tonic | 0.36 | 3 |
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Brassicaceae QAU 127197 | Khashir | Whole plant | A decoction of the whole plant is made and recommended thrice daily | Asthma, constipation | 0.16 | 1 |
Equisetum arvense L. Equisetaceae QAU 127121 | Thangshing stwa | Whole plant | A decoction of the whole plants is taken twice daily | Urinary tract disorders | 0.28 | 1 |
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Polygonaceae QAU 127266 | Bro | Seed | The seeds are ground and the powder is taken with water three times a day as needed | Stomach ulcer, tumour, jaundice | 0.45 | 4 |
Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica L. Eleagnaceae QAU 127225 | Karsoq | Fruit & leaves | A fresh fruit paste is taken twice daily while a decoction of leaves is taken twice a day/a leaf paste is rubbed on infected parts | Gastrointestinal disorders,dermatitis | 0.51 | 5 |
Hyoscyamus niger L. Solanaceae QAU 127297 | Landungstwa | Seed | The seeds are ground with water and the paste is applied on aching teeth and gums twice a day | Toothache | 0.12 | 1 |
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. Cupressaceae QAU 127123 | Shukpa | Fruit | The fresh fruits are boiled and the decoction is taken twice a day as needed | Stomach ulcer, fever | 0.13 | 1 |
Mentha royleana Wall. Lamiaceae QAU 127139 | Foling | Leaves | A decoction of leaves is made and taken three times a day | Abdominal pain & gastric problems | 0.42 | 4 |
Onosma hispida Wall. & G.Don. Boraginaceae QAU 127193 | Kangmar | Whole plant | The whole plant is cooked in water as a vegetable and taken twice a day as needed | Jaundice, constipation | 0.25 | 2 |
Pimpinella diversifolia DC. Apiaceae QAU 127140 | Kohniod | Whole plant | The whole plant is boiled in water and the soup is taken three times a day | Fever, stomach ulcer, as a blood purifier | 0.26 | 2 |
Pleurospermum candollei (DC.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke Apiaceae QAU 127141 | Braqshundun | Whole plant | A decoction of the whole plant is made and taken twice a day | Jaundice | 0.32 | 3 |
Pulsatilla wallichiana Ulbr. Ranunculaceae QAU 127280 | Zgiongmonana Loqparimandoq | Flower | Dried flowers are ground and the powder is applied topically on infected skin twice a day | Dermatitis | 0.13 | 1 |
Rheum australe D.Don. Polygonaceae QAU 127272 | Shoot | Root | The fresh and clean root is boiled in water and the decoction is given three times a day | Asthma, fever, pneumonia | 0.38 | 3 |
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Polygonaceae QAU 127271 | Rashona | Leaves | The leaves are first boiled and chopped; then the paste is applied on infected skin two times in a day | Dermatitis | 0.19 | 1 |
Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae QAU 127295 | Drumbashokhlo | Fruit | The fruits are toasted and applied to aching teeth three times in a day | Toothache | 0.23 | 2 |
Tanacetum falconeri Hook.f. Asteraceae QAU 127180 | Tyalo | Whole plant | A decoction of the whole plant is recommended once a day | Body ache, fever | 0.36 | 3 |
Thymus linearis Benth. Lamiaceae QAU 127243 | Tumbruk | Flower | Flowers are boiled in water and the decoction is taken twice daily | Abdominal pain, vomiting | 0.54 | 5 |
Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae QAU 127310 | Kokoring | Whole plant | A decoction of the whole plant is taken orally twice a day, whereas for body itching the decoction is used as a bath | Urinary disorders,body itching | 0.33 | 3 |
Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae QAU 127308 | Khaeshing | Whole plant | The whole plant is boiled in water and the decoction is taken orally thrice daily, whereas boiled and chopped leaves are applied on pimples and pustules | Joint pain, blood tonic, pimples | 0.28 | 2 |
Vernacular nomenclature
Ethnomedicinal uses
Comparative analysis of our findings with previous works
Relative frequency of citation and preference ranking
Wild food species
Cultural aspects of botanical taxa
Plant species/family/voucher number | Local name | Cultural uses | No. of uses | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V | F | FF | HF | DW | WW | FA | B | AT | T | PS | BR | ER | |||
Artemisia brevifolia Wall. Asteraceae QAU127152 | Bustae | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Aster himalaicus C.B. Clarke Asteraceae QAU127157 | Ghzima | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Astragalus frigidus A.Gray Fabaceae QAU127249 | Shashal | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Astragalus psilocentros Fisch. Fabaceae QAU127251 | BiowaCharchu | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | 1 |
Berberis pseudumbellata R. Parker Berberidaceae QAU127186 | Skiorbu | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | 1 |
Betula utilis D.Don. Betulaceae QAU127187 | Staqpa | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | 7 | |
Bromus pectinatus Thunb. Poaceae QAU127133 | Troyuk | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. Caryophyllaceae QAU27207 | Bloghar | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae QAU127212 | Snio | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Chenopodium foliosum Asch. Amaranthaceae QAU127215 | SpangOsae | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Cicer microphyllum Royle. Fabaceae QAU127253 | Stranjung Stwa | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Codonopsis clematidea C.B. Clark Campanulaceae QAU127203 | Loo sunma | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Colutea paulsenii Freyn.
Fabaceae QAU127257 | Rbana | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | 1 |
Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae QAU127220 | Thringthring-mo | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Cousinia thomsonii C. B. Clarke. Asteraceae QAU127162 | Charchu | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Datura fastuosa L. Solanaceae QAU127296 | Datura | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | 1 |
Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita Rosaceae QAU127282 | KarochaeMarochae | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Geranium pratense L. Geraniaceae QAU127234 | PorStwa | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica L. Eleagnaceae QUA127225 | Karsoq | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Hylotelephium ewarsii (Ledeb.) H.Ohba Crassulaceae QAU127221 | Gongchu | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae QAU127311 | Starga | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Juniperus communis L. Cupressaceae QAU127122 | Oshuk | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. Cupressaceae QAU127223 | Shukpa | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | 2 |
Lonicera heterophylla Decne. Caprifoliaceae QAU127205 | Said | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | 3 |
Lotus corniculatus L. Fabaceae QAU127254 | Spangol | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Mentha royleana Wall. Lamiaceae QAU127239 | Foling | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Onosma hispida Wall. & G. Don. Boraginaceae QAU127193 | Kangmar | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Papaver nudicaule L. Papaveraceae QAU127248 | Nilo | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Pimpinella diversifolia DC. Apiaceae QAU127140 | Kohniod | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Pleurospermum candollei (DC.) Benth. ex C. B. Clark. Apiaceae QAU127141 | Braq Shandun | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Poa pratensis L. Poaceae QAU127137 | Rastwa | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Potentilla salesoviana Steph. Rosaceae QAU127284 | SniarmaStwa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | 1 |
Prunus armeniaca L. Rosaceae QAU127312 | Chuli | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | 1 |
Rhododendron hypenanthum Balf.f. Ericaceae QAU127226 | Sursur | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Ribes alpestre wall. ex Decne. Grossulariaceae QAU127236 | Skioruru | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Rosa brunonii Lindl. Rosaceae QAU127286 | SiaMarpho | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | 3 |
Rosa webbiana Wall. Rosaceae QAU127287 | SiaSarfo | - | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Rumax nepalensis Spreng. Polygonaceae QAU127271 | Rashona | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Scorzonera hondae Kitam. Asteraceae QAU127177 | SkiniSmaghra | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke. Caryophylaceae QAU127209 | Bostwa | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae QAU127298 | Drumba shokhlo | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Spiraea canescens D.Don Rosaceae QAU127289 | Skhsi | - | - | - | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | - | + | 6 |
Tamaricaria elegans (Royle) Qaiser & Ali Tamaricaceae QAU127305 | Ongbu | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg Asteraceae QAU127181 | Khosmas | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Trifolium pratense L. Fabaceae QAU127259 | Ol | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Trifolium repens L. Fabaceae QAU127258 | Hltabuksuk | - | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae QAU127308 | Khaeshing | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |