Background
Methods
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | |
---|---|---|
Methods | Systematic review of interventions/exposures including RCTs and cohort studies; equivalent search for RCTs and cohort studies; performing quantitative meta-analysis for at least one BoE. | Umbrella reviews, narrative reviews, systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy, Individual patient data meta-analysis; no quantitative meta-analysis |
BoE-pairs | BoE-pair with a BoE from RCTs and a BoE from cohort studies evaluating the same medical research question (e.g. association of Exenatide with pancreatitis; effect of Vitamin D on hypertension; comparing total- with unicompartimental knee arthroplasty for range of movement of the knee) | Single small study (n < 1.000 participants) for one BoE (RCT or cohort studies); BoE-pair with one BoE using a continuous outcome and the other BoE using a binary outcome (e.g. risk of hypertension vs. mean difference of systolic blood pressure) |
Population | All populations (e.g. primary prevention, secondary prevention, general population, adults, children) | - |
Intervention/Exposure | All types of medical interventions and exposures (e.g. drugs, invasive procedures, nutrients, vaccines) | - |
Comparator | All types of comparators (e.g. placebo, drugs, invasive procedures, nutrients, vaccines) | - |
Outcomes | Patient-relevant outcomes (e.g. mortality, cancer outcomes, cardiovascular outcomes, obstetrical outcomes) and of intermediate disease markers (e.g. LDL-cholesterol) | - |
Study design | Randomized controlled trials (e.g. parallel, cluster, factorial, cross-over); cohort studies (e.g. prospective cohort, retrospective cohort, observational cohort analysis of RCT) | Quasi-RCTs, non-randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, ecological studies |
Literature search
Evaluating similarity between BoE from RCTs and cohort studies
Data extraction
Statistical analysis
Systematic review | Body of evidence-pair | RCTs | Cohort studies | PI/ECO-similarity degreea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention | Outcome | Number of studies | Summary measure; effect estimates (95% CI) | Number of studies | Summary measure; effect estimates (95% CI) | ||
Abou-Setta 2011 [74] | Nerve block | Delirium | 4 | OR: 0.33 (0.16, 0.66) | 2 | OR: 0.24 (0.08, 0.72) | 2 |
Abou-Setta 2011 [74] | Spinal anesthesia | All-cause mortality | 2 | OR: 1.73 (0.53, 5.68) | 5 | OR: 0.87 (0.45, 1.67) | 2 |
Aburto 2013 [75] | Low sodium | All-cause mortality | 4 | RR: 0.7 (0.44, 1.14) | 7 | RR: 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 2 |
Aburto 2013 [75] | Low sodium | Cardiovascular disease | 2 | RR: 0.84 (0.57, 1.23) | 9 | RR: 0.89 (0.75, 1.08) | 2 |
Ahmad 2015 [27] | Intra-aortic balloon pump | All-cause mortality | 12 | OR: 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | 14 | OR: 1.02 (0.57, 1.82) | 1 |
Alexander 2017 [76] | DHA and EPA | Coronary heart disease | 18 | RR: 0.94 (0.85, 1.05) | 17 | RR: 0.82 (0.74, 0.92) | 2 |
Alexander 2017 [76] | DHA and EPA | Coronary heart disease mortality | 14 | RR: 1 (0.89, 1.11) | 14 | RR: 0.77 (0.66, 0.9) | 2 |
Alexander 2017 [76] | DHA and EPA | Coronary heart disease incidence | 9 | RR: 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 4 | RR: 0.81 (0.55, 1.19) | 2 |
Alipanah 2018 [24] | Self-administered therapy | Low treatment success | 4 | RR: 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) | 16 | RR: 1.23 (1.12, 1.37 | 3 |
Alipanah 2018 [24] | Self-administered therapy | Low treatment completion | 5 | RR: 1.27 (0.9, 1.79) | 14 | RR: 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 3 |
Alipanah 2018 [24] | Self-administered therapy | All-cause mortality | 4 | RR: 0.73 (0.45, 1.19) | 23 | RR: 1.35 (1, 1.84) | 3 |
Anglemyer 2013 [77] | Antiretroviral therapy | HIV infection | 1 | RR: 0.11 (0.04, 0.32) | 9 | RR: 0.58 (0.35, 0.96) | 3 |
Azad 2017 [21] | Nonnutritive sweeteners | Body Mass Index | 3 | MD: -0.37 (-1.1, 0.36) | 1 | MD: 0.77 (0.47, 1.07) | 2 |
Barnard 2015 [28] | Surgical abortion by mid-level providers | Failure or incomplete abortion | 2 | RR: 2.97 (0.21, 41.82) | 2 | RR: 2.47 (1.45, 4.22) | 2 |
Barnard 2015 [28] | Surgical abortion by mid-level providers | Complications | 2 | RR: 0.99 (0.17, 5.7) | 2 | RR: 1.3 (0.57, 2.96) | 2 |
Barnard 2015 [28] | Surgical abortion by mid-level providers | Abortion failure and complications | 2 | RR: 3.07 (0.16, 59.08) | 3 | RR: 1.33 (0.78, 2.27) | 2 |
Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [48] | Clopidogrel | All-cause mortality | 7 | OR: 0.8 (0.57, 1.11) | 8 | OR: 0.79 (0.52, 1.2) | 2 |
Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [48] | Clopidogrel | Major bleeding | 7 | OR: 1.18 (0.93, 1.5) | 8 | OR: 1.16 (0.83, 1.61) | 2 |
Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [48] | Clopidogrel | Coronary heart disease | 7 | OR: 0.77 (0.66, 0.89) | 8 | OR: 0.76 (0.6, 0.95) | 2 |
Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [47] | P2Y12 inhibitor | All-cause mortality | 3 | OR: 0.92 (0.43, 1.98) | 4 | OR: 0.69 (0.38, 1.25) | 2 |
Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [47] | P2Y12 inhibitor | Major bleeding | 3 | OR: 1.45 (0.97, 2.15) | 4 | OR: 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) | 2 |
Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [47] | P2Y12 inhibitor | Main composite ischemic endpoint | 3 | OR: 0.85 (0.67, 1.07) | 4 | OR: 0.79 (0.54, 1.15) | 2 |
Bloomfield 2016 [22] | Mediterranean diet | Breast cancer | 1 | RR: 0.53 (0.28, 1.03) | 13 | RR: 0.96 (0.9, 1.03) | 2 |
Bolland 2015 [49] | Calcium | All fractures | 22 | RR: 0.9 (0.83, 0.96) | 5 | RR: 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 2 |
Bolland 2015 [49] | Calcium | Vertebral fracture | 12 | RR: 0.86 (0.74, 1) | 1 | RR: 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) | 2 |
Bolland 2015 [49] | Calcium | Hip fracture | 13 | RR: 0.95 (0.76, 1.18) | 6 | RR: 1.09 (0.91, 1.3) | 2 |
Brenner 2014 [29] | Sigmoidoscopy | Colorectal cancer mortality | 4 | RR: 0.72 (0.65, 0.8) | 1 | RR: 0.59 (0.45, 0.76) | 1 |
Brenner 2014 [29] | Sigmoidoscopy | Colorectal cancer incidence | 4 | RR: 0.82 (0.75, 0.89) | 2 | RR: 0.5 (0.37, 0.69) | 2 |
Chowdhury 2012 [78] | Omega-3 | Cerebrovascular disease | 2 | RR: 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 10 | RR: 0.9 (0.8, 1.01) | 2 |
Chowdhury 2014a [79] | α-linolenic acid | Coronary heart disease | 4 | RR: 0.97 (0.69, 1.36) | 7 | RR: 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 3 |
Chowdhury 2014a [79] | Omega-3 | Coronary heart disease | 17 | RR: 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 16 | RR: 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 3 |
Chowdhury 2014a [79] | Omega-6 | Coronary heart disease | 8 | RR: 0.86 (0.69, 1.07) | 8 | RR: 0.98 (0.9, 1.06) | 3 |
Chowdhury 2014b [80] | Vitamin D | All-cause mortality | 22 | RR: 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 68 | RR: 0.69 (0.65, 0.75) | 3 |
Chung 2011 [58] | Vitamin D | Colorectal cancer | 1 | RR: 1.02 (0.6, 1.74) | 9 | RR: 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 3 |
Chung 2011 [58] | Vitamin D | Breast cancer | 1 | RR: 0.99 (0.25, 4) | 4 | RR: 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 3 |
Chung 2016 [56] | Calcium | Cardiovascular mortality | 2 | RR: 1.05 (0.82, 1.33) | 6 | RR: 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 2 |
Ding 2017 [81] | Dairy | Systolic blood pressure | 8 | MD: -0.21 (-0.98, 0.57) | 27 | MD: -0.11 (-0.2, -0.02) | 2 |
Fenton 2018 [30] | Radiation therapy | Erectile dysfunction | 1 | RR: 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 7 | RR: 1.3 (1.19, 1.43) | 2 |
Fenton 2018 [30] | Radical Prostatectomy | Urinary incontinence | 3 | RR: 2.27 (1.82, 2.84) | 5 | RR: 2.92 (1.8, 4.71) | 2 |
Fenton 2018 [30] | Radical Prostatectomy | Erectile dysfunction | 3 | RR: 1.6 (1.23, 2.07) | 6 | RR: 1.49 (1.33, 1.66) | 2 |
Filippini 2017 [43] | Disease-modifying drugs | Conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis | 7 | HR: 0.52 (0.46, 0.6) | 2 | HR: 0.48 (0.3, 0.78) | 2 |
Fluri 2010 [31] | Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass | All-cause mortality | 2 | OR: 0.81 (0.62, 1.05) | 11 | OR: 1 (0.62, 1.63) | 2 |
Fluri 2010 [31] | Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass | Stroke | 2 | OR: 0.99 (0.79, 1.23) | 15 | OR: 0.8 (0.54, 1.18) | 2 |
Fluri 2010 [31] | Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass | Stroke mortality or dependency | 1 | OR: 0.94 (0.74, 1.21) | 8 | OR: 0.8 (0.5, 1.29) | 2 |
Gargiulo 2016 [32] | Transcatheter aortic valve | Early all-cause mortality | 5 | OR: 0.8 (0.51, 1.25) | 29 | OR: 1.08 (0.84, 1.39) | 2 |
Gargiulo 2016 [32] | Transcatheter aortic valve | Mid-term all-cause mortality | 5 | OR: 0.9 (0.64, 1.26) | 18 | OR: 1 (0.81, 1.24) | 2 |
Gargiulo 2016 [32] | Transcatheter aortic valve | Long-term all-cause mortality | 4 | OR: 1.03 (0.65, 1.62) | 6 | OR: 1.7 (1.23, 2.35) | 2 |
Hartling 2013 [50] | Treating gestational diabetes mellitus | High birth weight | 5 | RR: 0.5 (0.35, 0.71) | 5 | RR: 0.69 (0.31, 1.54) | 2 |
Hartling 2013 [50] | Treating gestational diabetes mellitus | Large-for-gestational age neonate | 3 | RR: 0.56 (0.45, 0.69) | 4 | RR: 0.43 (0.27, 0.7) | 2 |
Hartling 2013 [50] | Treating gestational diabetes mellitus | Shoulder dystocia | 3 | RR: 0.42 (0.23, 0.77) | 4 | RR: 0.38 (0.19, 0.78) | 2 |
Henderson 2019 [51] | Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria | Pyelonephritis | 12 | RR: 0.24 (0.14, 0.4) | 2 | RR: 0.29 (0.15, 0.57) | 3 |
Higgins 2016 [25] | Bacillus Calmette-Guérin | All-cause mortality | 3 | RR: 0.67 (0.4, 1.14) | 8 | RR: 0.46 (0.3, 0.69) | 3 |
Higgins 2016 [25] | Measles containing vaccines | All-cause mortality | 4 | RR: 0.74 (0.51, 1.07) | 13 | RR: 0.53 (0.4, 0.7) | 3 |
Hopley 2010 [33] | Total hip arthroplasty | Reoperation | 4 | RR: 1.09 (0.4, 2.99) | 6 | RR: 0.45 (0.18, 1.09) | 2 |
Hopley 2010 [33] | Total hip arthroplasty | Dislocation | 4 | RR: 2.47 (0.69, 8.76) | 5 | RR: 0.8 (0.27, 2.39) | 2 |
Hopley 2010 [33] | Total hip arthroplasty | Deep infection | 4 | RR: 1.71 (0.66, 4.45) | 4 | RR: 0.91 (0.25, 3.28) | 2 |
Hüpfl 2010 [67] | Chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation | All-cause mortality | 3 | RR: 0.82 (0.68, 0.99) | 7 | RR: 1.04 (0.9, 1.2) | 3 |
Jamal 2013 [82] | Non-calcium-based phosphate binders | All-cause mortality | 8 | RR: 0.78 (0.61, 0.98) | 3 | RR: 0.89 (0.78, 1) | 2 |
Jefferson 2010 [46] | Parenteral influenza vaccine | Influenza-like illness | 4 | RR: 0.59 (0.47, 0.73) | 30 | RR: 0.76 (0.66, 0.87) | 3 |
Jefferson 2010 [46] | Parenteral influenza vaccine | Influenza | 3 | RR: 0.42 (0.27, 0.66) | 10 | RR: 0.5 (0.26, 0.97) | 2 |
Jefferson 2012 [34] | Inactivated influenza vaccines | Influenza | 5 | RR: 0.41 (0.29, 0.59) | 1 | RR: 0.2 (0.1, 0.39) | 2 |
Jefferson 2012 [34] | Inactivated influenza vaccines | Influenza-like illness | 5 | RR: 0.64 (0.54, 0.76) | 2 | RR: 0.29 (0.07, 1.15) | 2 |
Jin 2012 [83] | Total flavonoids | Colorectal neoplasms | 1 | RR: 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | 3 | RR: 1 (0.8, 1.25) | 3 |
Johnston 2019 [23] | Low red meat | All-cause mortality | 1 | RR: 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 24 | RR: 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | 2 |
Johnston 2019 [23] | Low red meat | Cardiovascular mortality | 1 | RR: 1 (0.84, 1.19) | 25 | RR: 0.86 (0.79, 0.94) | 2 |
Johnston 2019 [23] | Low red meat | Cardiovascular disease | 1 | RR: 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 12 | RR: 0.87 (0.75, 1.01) | 2 |
Kansagara 2013 [52] | Transfusion | All-cause mortality | 6 | RR: 0.94 (0.61, 1.42) | 11 | RR: 2.49 (1.4, 4.43) | 3 |
Keag 2018 [84] | Caesarean section | Urinary incontinence | 1 | OR: 0.78 (0.56, 1.08) | 8 | OR: 0.56 (0.47, 0.66) | 3 |
Keag 2018 [84] | Caesarean section | Fecal incontinence | 1 | OR: 3.07 (0.9, 10.49) | 5 | OR: 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) | 3 |
Kredo 2014 [85] | Starting and maintaining antiretroviral therapy | All-cause mortality | 1 | RR: 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 2 | RR: 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) | 3 |
Kredo 2014 [85] | Starting and maintaining antiretroviral therapy | Attrition | 1 | RR: 0.73 (0.55, 0.97) | 2 | RR: 0.3 (0.05, 1.94) | 3 |
Kredo 2014 [85] | Maintaining antiretroviral therapy | All-cause mortality | 2 | RR: 0.89 (0.59, 1.32) | 1 | RR: 0.19 (0.05, 0.78) | 3 |
Li 2014 [54] | Exenatide | Acute pancreatitis | 5 | RR: 0.86 (0.22, 3.37) | 2 | RR: 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 2 |
Li 2016 [53] | DDP-4 inhibitors | Heart failure | 34 | RR: 0.9 (0.61, 1.35) | 4 | RR: 1.1 (1.04, 1.16) | 2 |
Li 2016 [53] | DDP-4 inhibitors | Hospital admission for heart failure | 5 | OR: 1.13 (1, 1.27) | 6 | OR: 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 2 |
Matthews 2018 [86] | Tamoxifen | Heart failure | 1 | RR: 0.52 (0.33, 0.71) | 2 | RR: 0.84 (0.65, 1.07) | 3 |
Menne 2019 [87] | SGLT-2 inhibitors | Acute kidney injury | 41 | OR: 0.75 (0.66, 0.84) | 5 | OR: 0.4 (0.33, 0.48) | 2 |
Mesgarpour 2017 [88] | Erythropoiesis stimulating agents | Venous thromboembolism | 12 | RR: 1.12 (0.9, 1.4) | 5 | RR: 1.87 (0.59, 5.92) | 2 |
Mesgarpour 2017 [88] | Erythropoiesis stimulating agents | All-cause mortality | 17 | RR: 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) | 7 | RR: 1.07 (0.65, 1.77) | 2 |
Moberley 2013 [89] | Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines | Invasive pneumococcal disease | 10 | OR: 0.26 (0.14, 0.45) | 2 | OR: 0.57 (0.36, 0.89) | 2 |
Molnar 2015 [35] | Neoral (Cyclosporin) | Acute rejection of kidney transplant | 2 | OR: 1.23 (0.64, 2.36) | 2 | OR: 0.47 (0.27, 0.83) | 2 |
Navarese 2013 [90] | Early intervention for NSTE-ACS | All-cause mortality | 7 | OR: 0.83 (0.64, 1.09) | 4 | OR: 0.8 (0.63, 1.02) | 2 |
Navarese 2013 [90] | Early intervention for NSTE-ACS | Myocardial infarction | 7 | OR: 1.15 (0.65, 2.01) | 3 | OR: 0.86 (0.69, 1.08) | 2 |
Navarese 2013 [90] | Early intervention for NSTE-ACS | Major bleeding | 7 | OR: 0.76 (0.56, 1.04) | 3 | OR: 1.12 (0.69, 1.82) | 2 |
Nelson 2010 [36] | Caesarean section | Anal incontinence, feces | 1 | OR: 1 (0.49, 2.05) | 11 | OR: 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) | 3 |
Nelson 2010 [36] | Caesarean section | Anal incontinence, flatus | 1 | OR: 0.83 (0.51, 1.36) | 4 | OR: 1.02 (0.87, 1.2) | 3 |
Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [37] | Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for total hip arthroplasty | Harris Hip Score | 7 | MD: -0.23 (-1.09, 0.63) | 3 | MD: -0.5 (-2.09, 1.09) | 2 |
Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [37] | High-flexion total knee arthroplasty | Flexion | 20 | MD: 1.68 (0.28, 3.08) | 26 | MD: 3.78 (1.64, 5.92) | 2 |
Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [37] | Gender-specific total knee arthroplasty | Flexion-extension range | 6 | MD: 1.41 (-0.17, 2.99) | 2 | MD: 3.15 (-0.03, 6.34) | 2 |
Nikooie 2019 [55] | Second generation antipsychotics | Sedation | 6 | RR: 1.26 (0.92, 1.72) | 3 | RR: 1.84 (0.4, 8.54) | 2 |
Nikooie 2019 [55] | Second generation antipsychotics | Neurologic outcomes | 6 | RR: 0.45 (0.2, 1.01) | 5 | RR: 0.76 (0.59, 0.99) | 2 |
Ochen 2019 [91] | Surgery for achilles tendon rupture | Re-rupture | 10 | RR: 0.4 (0.24, 0.69) | 18 | RR: 0.42 (0.28, 0.64) | 2 |
Ochen 2019 [91] | Surgery for achilles tendon rupture | Complications | 9 | RR: 3.26 (1.26, 8.41) | 15 | RR: 2.93 (2.28, 3.75) | 2 |
Pittas 2010 [60] | Vitamin D | Hypertension | 1 | RR: 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 3 | RR: 0.57 (0.41, 0.79) | 3 |
Raman 2013 [38] | Carotid endarterectomy | Ipsilateral stroke | 3 | RR: 0.72 (0.58, 0.9) | 2 | RR: 0.47 (0.05, 4.46) | 2 |
Raman 2013 [38] | Carotid endarterectomy | Stroke | 3 | RR: 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) | 3 | RR: 0.73 (0.43, 1.22) | 2 |
Raman 2013 [38] | Carotid artery stenting | Periprocedural stroke | 2 | RR: 1.75 (0.87, 3.52) | 5 | RR: 1.91 (1.72, 2.11) | 2 |
Schweizer 2013 [39] | Nasal deconolization | Surgical site infection | 5 | RR: 0.63 (0.36, 1.13) | 6 | RR: 0.4 (0.28, 0.57) | 2 |
Schweizer 2013 [39] | Glycopeptide prophylaxis | Surgical site infection | 8 | RR: 1.13 (0.9, 1.42) | 7 | RR: 0.34 (0.11, 1.1) | 2 |
Silvain 2012 [40] | Enoxaparin | All-cause mortality | 6 | RR: 0.88 (0.7, 1.1) | 7 | RR: 0.49 (0.39, 0.62) | 2 |
Silvain 2012 [40] | Enoxaparin | Major bleeding | 9 | RR: 0.88 (0.62, 1.24) | 7 | RR: 0.72 (0.56, 0.93) | 2 |
Silvain 2012 [40] | Enoxaparin | All-cause mortality or myocardial infarction | 13 | RR: 0.86 (0.74, 0.99) | 7 | RR: 0.44 (0.35, 0.55) | 2 |
Suthar 2012 [26] | Antiretroviral therapy | Tuberculosis infection | 2 | HR: 0.5 (0.34, 0.75) | 9 | HR: 0.32 (0.25, 0.41) | 3 |
Te Morenga 2013 [61] | Sugar | Weight gain | 10 | MD: 0.75 (0.3, 1.19) | 4 | MD: 0.31 (-0.07, 0.68) | 2 |
Te Morenga 2013 [61] | Sugar | Body Mass Index | 3 | MD: -0.06 (-0.15, 0.04) | 4 | MD: 0.02 (0.00, 0,05) | 2 |
Thomas 2010 [92] | nfluenza vaccin | Influenza-like illness | 3 | RR: 0.71 (0.55, 0.9) | 1 | RR: 0.31 (0.26, 0.36) | 3 |
Tickell-Painter 2017 [93] | Mefloquine | Discontinuation due to adverse effects | 3 | RR: 2.86 (1.53, 5.31) | 9 | RR: 2.73 (1.83, 4.08) | 2 |
Tickell-Painter 2017 [93] | Mefloquine | Serious adverse events or effects | 3 | RR: 0.7 (0.14, 3.53) | 2 | RR: 3.08 (0.39, 24.11) | 3 |
Tickell-Painter 2017 [93] | Mefloquine | Nausea | 2 | RR: 1.35 (1.05, 1.73) | 3 | RR: 1.85 (1.42, 2.43) | 3 |
Tricco 2018 [45] | Live-attenuated zoster vaccines | Suspected Herpes Zoster | 5 | RR: 0.61 (0.48, 0.93) | 3 | RR: 0.48 (0.27, 0.84) | 2 |
Vinceti 2018 [59] | Selenium | Cancer | 5 | RR: 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 7 | RR: 0.75 (0.59, 0.94) | 3 |
Vinceti 2018 [59] | Selenium | Cancer mortality | 2 | RR: 0.81 (0.49, 1.32) | 7 | RR: 0.77 (0.6, 0.97) | 3 |
Vinceti 2018 [59] | Selenium | Colorectal cancer | 3 | RR: 0.74 (0.41, 1.33) | 6 | RR: 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 3 |
Wilson 2011 [41] | Traditional birth attendants | Perinatal mortality | 5 | RR: 0.76 (0.64, 0.88) | 1 | RR: 0.82 (0.38, 1.78) | 3 |
Wilson 2011 [41] | Traditional birth attendants | Neonatal mortality | 6 | RR: 0.79 (0.69, 0.88) | 2 | RR: 0.8 (0.47, 1.37) | 3 |
Wilson 2019 [42] | Unicompartimental knee arthroplasty | Venous thromboembolism | 2 | RR: 0.24 (0.04, 1.37) | 8 | RR: 0.41 (0.29, 0.57) | 2 |
Wilson 2019 [42] | Unicompartimental knee arthroplasty | Flexion-extension range | 3 | MD: -4.58 (-10.75, 1.59) | 11 | MD: -8.43 (-10.15, -6.71) | 2 |
Wilson 2019 [42] | Unicompartimental knee arthroplasty | Operation duration | 3 | MD: -1.72 (-11.89, 8.45) | 8 | MD: -23.8 (-40.43, -7.17) | 2 |
Yank 2011 [44] | Recombinant factor VII | All-cause mortality | 2 | RR: 1.4 (0.49, 4.02) | 2 | RR: 0.91 (0.39, 2.12) | 2 |
Yank 2011 [44] | Recombinant factor VII | Thromboembolism | 2 | RR: 2.06 (0.48, 8.84) | 2 | RR: 1.81 (0.67, 4.87) | 2 |
Zhang 2016 [94] | Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold | Stent thrombosis | 5 | OR: 2.05 (0.95, 4.43) | 3 | OR: 2.32 (1.06, 5.07) | 2 |
Zhang 2016 [94] | Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold | All-cause mortality | 5 | OR: 0.96 (0.46, 2) | 4 | OR: 0.57 (0.23, 1.44) | 2 |
Zhang 2016 [94] | Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold | Coronary heart disease mortality | 3 | OR: 1.4 (0.45, 4.33) | 4 | OR: 0.81 (0.38, 1.7) | 2 |
Zhang 2017 [95] | Percutaneous coronary intervention | All-cause mortality | 5 | HR: 1 (0.79, 1.26) | 17 | HR: 1.08 (0.92, 1.26) | 2 |
Zhang 2017 [95] | Percutaneous coronary intervention | Cardiovascular mortality | 4 | HR: 1 (0.72, 1.39) | 5 | HR: 1.08 (0.51, 2.29) | 2 |
Zhang 2017 [95] | Percutaneous coronary intervention | Myocardial infarction | 5 | HR: 1.39 (0.85, 2.27) | 5 | HR: 2.01 (1.64, 2.45) | 2 |
Ziff 2015 [96] | Digoxin | All-cause mortality | 7 | RR: 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 8 | RR: 1.61 (1.31, 1.97) | 3 |
Ziff 2015 [96] | Digoxin | Cardiovascular mortality | 5 | RR: 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 3 | RR: 2.53 (1.12, 5.71) | 3 |
Ziff 2015 [96] | Digoxin | Hospital admission | 2 | RR: 0.94 (0.9, 0.99) | 4 | RR: 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 2 |
Subgroup and sensitivity analyses
Patient involvement
Results
Similarity degree
Similarity rating | Population | Intervention/Exposure | Comparator | Outcome | Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
More or less identical | 18/129 14% | 41/129 32% | 61/129 47% | 120/129 93% | 2/129 2% |
Similar but not identical | 94/129 73% | 73/129 56% | 52/129 40% | 8/129 6% | 90/129 70% |
Broadly similar | 17/129 13% | 15/129 12% | 16/129 13% | 1/129 1% | 37/129 28% |
Statistical heterogeneity of included individual comparisons
Meta-epidemiological analysis
Analysis | Number of BoE-pairs | Ratio of ratios; 95% CI | Heterogeneity (I2 (%);τ2) | 95% prediction interval |
---|---|---|---|---|
Main | 120 | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.11) | 69; 0.061 | 0.63 to 1.71 |
Stratified by type of binary effect measure | ||||
Risk ratios | 85 | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 73; 0.072 | 0.60 to 1.75 |
Odds ratios | 30 | 1.11 (0.98 to 1.25) | 48; 0.039 | 0.72 to 1.70 |
Hazard ratios | 5 | 1.01 (0.78 to 1.30) | 31; 0.026 | 0.52 to 1.95 |
Stratified by degree of overall PI/ECO-similarity | ||||
More or less identical | 2 | 1.17 (0.90 to 1.51) | 0; 0.00 | - |
Similar but not identical | 81 | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.14) | 54; 0.034 | 0.73 to 1.54 |
Broadly similar | 37 | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.16) | 82; 0.149 | 0.45 to 2.21 |
Stratified by type of interventiona | ||||
Drugs | 40 | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.21) | 76; 0.139 | 0.48 to 2.24 |
Invasive procedures | 39 | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) | 25; 0.011 | 0.79 to 1.26 |
Nutrition | 28 | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.16) | 71; 0.023 | 0.77 to 1.48 |
Stratified by outcome-categorya | ||||
All-cause mortality | 28 | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.09) | 80; 0.075 | 0.53 to 1.69 |
Cardiovascular disease outcomes | 26 | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.23) | 43; 0.022 | 0.81 to 1.55 |
Drug safety outcomes | 20 | 1.06 (0.89 to 1.26) | 67; 0.068 | 0.60 to 1.90 |
Subgroup analyses
PI/ECO | Estimate | 95 % CI | P − value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.98 | (0.74, 1.29) | 0.8610 |
Populationa | 1.14 | (0.88, 1.49) | 0.3177 |
Intervention/Exposurea | 0.89 | (0.72, 1.11) | 0.3060 |
Comparatora | 1.12 | (0.91, 1.37) | 0.2749 |
Outcomea | 1.02 | (0.61, 1.72) | 0.9361 |
Heterogeneity: τ2 = 0.00, Q = 34.35, p − value = 1 |