Introduction
Methods
Study design
Sample
Characteristics | IGmult | IGTTT | IGcomp | IGcogn | IGstress | CG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size, n | 247 | 54 | 49 | 43 | 41 | 199 |
Sex, females, n (%) | 168 (68.02) | 43 (79.63)* | 41 (83.67)* | 29 (67.44) | 32 (78.05) | 120 (60.30)* |
Age (years), M (SD) | 55.01 (3.37) | 53.87 (3.46)* | 54.71 (3.85) | 56.26 (4.26)* | 54.95 (3.21) | 55.23 (4.02) |
Educational level, (Fach-) Abitura, n (%) | 162 (65.59) | 39 (72.22) | 39 (79.59)* | 32 (74.42) | 36 (87.80)* | 130 (65.33) |
Intervention
Training versions
Modules
Outcome measures
Scale | Questionnaire/psychometric test | No. of items | Reliability (Cronbach's Alpha) | Test score |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-efficacy | ||||
Self-efficacy | Allgemeine Selbstwirksamkeit Kurzskala (ASKU; Beierlein et al. 2012) | 3 | .809 | Arithmetic mean (1 to 5) |
Self-concept of professional competence | ||||
Expertise | Scale for measuring professional expertise (Goossens 2013) | 5 | .703 | Arithmetic mean (1 to 5) |
Vocational competencies | Fragebogen zur Selbsteinschätzung beruflicher Kompetenz (SBK; Sonntag and Schäfer-Rauser 1993) | 5 | .746 | Arithmetic mean (1 to 5) |
Methodological competencies | ̎ | 5 | .834 | ̎ |
Social competencies | ̎ | 6 | .716 | ̎ |
Motivation on the job | Bochumer Inventar zur berufsbezogenen Persönlich-keitsbeschreibung (BIP; Hossiep and Paschen 2003) | 11 | .825 | ̎ |
Flexibility on the job | ̎ | 14 | .863 | ̎ |
Affective commitment to the organization | Commitment-Skalen (COMMIT; Felfe and Franke 2012) | 5 | .874 | ̎ |
Coping with stress | ||||
Subjective importance of work | Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster (AVEM; Schaarschmidt and Fischer 2008) | 4 | .800 | stanine values |
Professional ambition | ̎ | 4 | .778 | ̎ |
Willingness to work to exhaustion | ̎ | 4 | .838 | ̎ |
Striving for perfection | ̎ | 4 | .715 | ̎ |
Distancing ability | ̎ | 4 | .862 | ̎ |
Resignation tendency when facing failure | ̎ | 4 | .755 | ̎ |
Proactive problem solving | ̎ | 4 | .811 | ̎ |
Inner calm | ̎ | 4 | .826 | ̎ |
Successful experiences at work | ̎ | 4 | .811 | ̎ |
Satisfaction with life | ̎ | 4 | .842 | ̎ |
Experience of social support | ̎ | 4 | .796 | ̎ |
Cognitive abilities | ||||
Mental speed | Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test (ZVT; Oswald and Roth 1987) | 4 | .914 | Arithmetic mean (All sets) |
Concentration | Alters-Konzentrations-Test (AKT; Gatterer 1990) | 3 | .816 | ̎ |
Statistical analysis
Results
Acceptance of training
Training effects
Scale | t1 M (SD) | t2 M (SD) | d (CI-95%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective health | ||||
IGmult | 2.21 (0.68) | 2.12 (0.71) | 0.277 (0.09–0.47) | ** |
CG | 2.00 (0.64) | 2.06 (0.64) | ||
Self-efficacy | ||||
IGmult | 4.01 (0.50) | 4.15 (0.54) | 0.223 | * |
CG | 4.10 (0.52) | 4.13 (0.51) | (0.04–0.41) | |
Self-concept of professional competence | ||||
Expertise | ||||
IGmult | 4.02 (0.54) | 4.16 (0.53) | 0.353 | *** |
CG | 4.16 (0.50) | 4.15 (0.46) | (0.16–0.54) | |
Vocational competencies | ||||
IGmult | 4.17 (0.51) | 4.24 (0.46) | 0.124 | |
CG | 4.13 (0.44) | 4.15 (0.45) | (−0.06–0.31) | |
Methodological competencies | ||||
IGmult | 3.96 (0.63) | 4.03 (0.59) | 0.254 | ** |
CG | 3.91 (0.63) | 3.87 (0.62) | (0.07–0.44) | |
Social competencies | ||||
IGmult | 4.27 (0.47) | 4.27 (0.46) | 0.049 | |
CG | 4.23 (0.44) | 4.21 (0.46) | (−0.14–0.24) | |
Motivation on the job | ||||
IGmult | 2.88 (0.60) | 2.87 (0.57) | 0.017 | |
CG | 2.90 (0.62) | 2.89 (0.67) | (−0.17–0.20) | |
Flexibility on the job | ||||
IGmult | 3.29 (0.55) | 3.34 (0.54) | 0.176 | |
CG | 3.27 (0.64) | 3.25 (0.62) | (−0.01–0.36) | |
Affective commitment | ||||
IGmult | 3.77 (0.86) | 3.82 (0.82) | 0.264 | ** |
CG | 3.87 (0.81) | 3.79 (0.85) | (0.08–0.45) | |
Coping with stress | ||||
Subjective importance of work | ||||
IGmult | 3.58 (1.77) | 3.45 (1.61) | −0.087 | |
CG | 3.84 (1.65) | 3.83 (1.88) | (−0.27–0.10) | |
Professional ambition | ||||
IGmult | 4.20 (1.73) | 4.38 (1.61) | 0.116 | |
CG | 4.48 (1.71) | 4.53 (1.83) | (−0.07–0.30) | |
Willingness to work to exhaustion | ||||
IGmult | 3.93 (2.00) | 3.68 (2.06) | 0.208 | * |
CG | 3.64 (2.13) | 3.68 (2.13) | (0.02–0.40) | |
Striving for perfection | ||||
IGmult | 4.36 (1.69) | 4.25 (1.84) | 0.073 | |
CG | 4.01 (1.76) | 4.01 (1.86) | (−0.11–0.26) | |
Distancing ability | ||||
IGmult | 5.77 (1.81) | 6.23 (1.82) | 0.279 | ** |
CG | 5.93 (1.90) | 6.07 (1.88) | (0.09–0.46) | |
Resignation tendency | ||||
IGmult | 5.09 (1.91) | 4.79 (1.76) | 0.165 | |
CG | 4.62 (1.75) | 4.55 (1.69) | (−0.02–0.35) | |
Proactive problem solving | ||||
IGmult | 4.36 (1.83) | 4.66 (1.83) | 0.072 | |
CG | 4.62 (1.83) | 4.83 (1.68) | (−0.12–0.26) | |
Inner calm | ||||
IGmult | 4.65 (1.95) | 5.19 (1.95) | 0.313 | ** |
CG | 5.23 (1.93) | 5.37 (1.89) | (0.13–0.50) | |
Successful experiences at work | ||||
IGmult | 5.09 (1.97) | 5.38 (1.92) | 0.133 | |
CG | 5.06 (1.86) | 5.17 (1.96) | (−0.06–0.32) | |
Satisfaction with life | ||||
IGmult | 5.47 (2.07) | 5.71 (2.01) | 0.066 | |
CG | 5.37 (1.89) | 5.51 (1.98) | (−0.12–0.25) | |
Experience of social support | ||||
IGmult | 4.74 (1.80) | 4.72 (1.77) | 0.043 | |
CG | 4.85 (1.74) | 4.78 (1.66) | (−0.15–0.23) | |
Cognitive abilities | ||||
Mental speed | ||||
IGmult | 2.38 (0.46) | 2.56 (0.47) | 0.501 | *** |
CG | 2.39 (0.45) | 2.43 (0.47) | (0.30–0.68) | |
Concentration | ||||
IGmult | 60.54 (14.29) | 68.02 (15.36) | 0.242 | * |
CG | 62.16 (12.32) | 66.82 (12.66) | (0.05–0.43) |
Scale | t1 M (SD) | t2 M (SD) | p | Cohen’s d (CI-95%) | Cohen’s q | t1 M (SD) | t3 M (SD) | p | Cohen’s d (CI-95%) | Cohen’s q |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjective health | ||||||||||
IGmult | 2.21 (0.68) | 2.12 (0.71) | ** | 0.142 (0.04–0.24) | 2.23 (0.67) | 2.19 (0.74) | 0.066 (−0.08–0.21) | |||
IGTTT | 2.14 (0.75) | 1.92 (0.55) | * | 0.323 (0.04–0.60) | 0.090 | 2.16 (0.78) | 1.90 (0.47) | 0.391 (−0.05–0.82) | 0.161 | |
IGcomp | 1.77 (0.63) | 1.79 (0.54) | −0.035 (−0.25–0.18) | 0.088 | 1.77 (0.57) | 1.83 (0.59) | 0.115 (−0.22–0.45) | 0.090 | ||
IGcogn | 2.03 (0.54) | 1.97 (0.54) | 0.095 (−0.14–0.33) | 0.023 | 2.03 (0.59) | 2.19 (0.74) | 0.233 (−0.27–0.73) | 0.149 | ||
IGstress | 2.24 (0.71) | 2.21 (0.66) | 0.038 (−0.27–0.34) | 0.052 | 2.12 (0.71) | 2.04 (0.60) | 0.115 (−0.23–0.46) | 0.024 | ||
CG | 2.00 (0.64) | 2.06 (0.64) | 0.094 (−0.04–0.22) | |||||||
Self-efficacy | ||||||||||
IGmult | 4.01 (0.50) | 4.15 (0.54) | *** | 0.276 (0.15–0.41) | 4.01 (0.47) | 4.09 (0.55) | * | 0.162 (0.02–0.30) | ||
IGTTT | 3.98 (0.55) | 4.11 (0.56) | * | 0.245 (0.02–0.47) | 0.015 | 3.89 (0.52) | 4.23 (0.57) | ** | 0.618 (0.23–1.00) | 0.223 |
IGcomp | 3.95 (0.74) | 4.04 (0.66) | 0.127 (−0.09–0.34) | 0.074 | 3.97 (0.61) | 4.08 (0.66) | 0.175 (−0.20–0.55) | 0.007 | ||
IGcogn | 3.85 (0.49) | 3.97 (0.45) | 0.245 (−0.02–0.51) | 0.015 | 3.82 (0.47) | 3.85 (0.42) | 0.069 (−0.20–0.34) | 0.046 | ||
IGstress | 3.95 (0.69) | 4.03 (0.63) | 0.113 (−0.19–0.41) | 0.081 | 3.99 (0.75) | 4.02 (0.51) | 0.055 (−0.32–0.43) | 0.053 | ||
CG | 4.10 (0.52) | 4.13 (0.51) | 0.065 (−0.06–0.19) | |||||||
Self-concept of professional competence | ||||||||||
Expertise | ||||||||||
IGmult | 4.02 (0.54) | 4.16 (0.53) | *** | 0.249 (0.14–0.35) | 4.03 (0.51) | 4.13 (0.49) | ** | 0.206 (0.07–0.35) | ||
IGTTT | 4.01 (0.50) | 4.10 (0.45) | * | 0.201 (0.00–0.40) | 0.024 | 3.97 (0.43) | 4.12 (0.46) | 0.331 (−0.04–0.70) | 0.062 | |
IGcomp | 4.03 (0.63) | 4.20 (0.55) | ** | 0.285 (0.11–0.46) | 0.018 | 3.95 (0.67) | 4.14 (0.62) | * | 0.288 (0.01–0.56) | 0.041 |
IGcogn | 4.04 (0.58) | 4.04 (0.52) | 0.000 (−0.20–0.20) | 0.124 | 4.01 (0.55) | 4.01 (0.45) | 0.012 (−0.23–0.25) | 0.097 | ||
IGstress | 3.83 (0.54) | 3.95 (0.54) | 0.222 (−0.06–0.50) | 0.013 | 3.87 (0.56) | 3.96 (0.45) | 0.169 (−0.13–0.47) | 0.018 | ||
CG | 4.16 (0.50) | 4.15 (0.46) | 0.022 (−0.09–0.13) | |||||||
Methodological competencies | ||||||||||
IGmult | 3.96 (0.63) | 4.03 (0.59) | * | 0.112 (0.03–0.20) | 3.94 (0.62) | 3.95 (0.56) | 0.022 (−0.10–0.14) | |||
IGTTT | 3.89 (0.69) | 3.98 (0.62) | 0.145 (−0.03–0.32) | 0.016 | 3.84 (0.73) | 3.90 (0.63) | 0.087 (−0.18–0.35) | 0.033 | ||
IGcomp | 3.73 (0.85) | 3.96 (0.76) | ** | 0.290 (0.09–0.49) | 0.089 | 3.79 (0.84) | 3.95 (0.79) | * | 0.204 (0.00–0.41) | 0.091 |
IGcogn | 3.80 (0.62) | 3.87 (0.67) | 0.097 (−0.09–0.28) | 0.008 | 3.78 (0.66) | 3.79 (0.59) | 0.020 (−0.19–0.24) | 0.001 | ||
IGstress | 3.79 (0.74) | 3.82 (0.69) | 0.042 (−0.14–0.23) | 0.035 | 3.78 (0.79) | 3.88 (0.74) | 0.135 (−0.14–0.41) | 0.056 | ||
CG | 3.91 (0.63) | 3.87 (0.62) | 0.055 (−0.03–0.14) | |||||||
Flexibility on the job | ||||||||||
IGmult | 3.29 (0.55) | 3.34 (0.54) | 0.089 (0.00–0.18) | 3.29 (0.54) | 3.35 (0.55) | * | 0.115 (0.02–0.21) | |||
IGTTT | 3.16 (0.56) | 3.29 (0.54) | * | 0.231 (0.05–0.42) | 0.071 | 3.14 (0.54) | 3.10 (0.49) | 0.069 (−0.23–0.37) | 0.092 | |
IGcomp | 3.35 (0.69) | 3.48 (0.65) | * | 0.192 (0.04–0.34) | 0.051 | 3.27 (0.64) | 3.40 (0.61) | 0.212 (−0.03–0.46) | 0.048 | |
IGcogn | 3.32 (0.53) | 3.37 (0.49) | 0.097 (−0.07–0.27) | 0.004 | 3.28 (0.56) | 3.34 (0.54) | 0.109 (−0.10–0.32) | 0.003 | ||
IGstress | 3.02 (0.60) | 3.12 (0.62) | 0.154 (−0.03–0.34) | 0.032 | 3.06 (0.60) | 3.14 (0.74) | 0.117 (−0.14–0.37) | 0.001 | ||
CG | 3.27 (0.64) | 3.25 (0.62) | 0.029 (−0.05–0.11) | |||||||
Affective commitment | ||||||||||
IGmult | 3.77 (0.86) | 3.82 (0.82) | 0.068 (−0.01–0.14) | 3.73 (0.85) | 3.77 (0.84) | 0.038 (−0.06–0.14) | ||||
IGTTT | 3.67 (1.00) | 3.72 (0.86) | 0.054 (−0.11–0.22) | 0.007 | 3.73 (1.01) | 3.79 (0.91) | 0.061 (−0.12–0.24) | 0.012 | ||
IGcomp | 3.39 (0.98) | 3.42 (1.01) | 0.024 (−0.21–0.26) | 0.022 | 3.46 (1.00) | 3.56 (0.94) | 0.107 (−0.25–0.47) | 0.034 | ||
IGcogn | 3.75 (0.82) | 3.73 (0.78) | −0.032 (−0.21–0.15) | 0.050 | 3.66 (0.85) | 3.68 (0.82) | 0.015 (−0.27–0.30) | 0.012 | ||
IGstress | 3.67 (0.94) | 3.50 (0.88) | 0.183 (−0.04–0.41) | 0.125 | 3.73 (0.86) | 3.58 (0.74) | 0.183 (−0.17–0.53) | 0.110 | ||
CG | 3.87 (0.81) | 3.79 (0.85) | * | 0.098 (0.00–0.19) | ||||||
Coping with stress | ||||||||||
Willingness to work to exhaustion | ||||||||||
IGmult | 3.93 (2.00) | 3.68 (2.06) | ** | 0.123 (0.03–0.21) | 3.84 (2.00) | 3.35 (1.92) | *** | 0.249 (0.13–0.36) | ||
IGTTT | 3.57 (1.80) | 3.13 (1.84) | * | 0.244 (0.02–0.47) | 0.060 | 3.47 (1.81) | 3.07 (1.64) | 0.230 (−0.04–0.50) | 0.009 | |
IGcomp | 4.02 (2.18) | 4.17 (1.87) | −0.070 (−0.27–0.13) | 0.096 | 4.30 (2.02) | 3.97 (1.94) | 0.168 (−0.10–0.43) | 0.040 | ||
IGcogn | 3.17 (1.91) | 3.17 (2.04) | 0.000 (−0.17–0.17) | 0.061 | 3.06 (1.79) | 3.00 (1.78) | 0.035 (−0.19–0.26) | 0.107 | ||
IGstress | 5.10 (2.43) | 4.63 (2.31) | 0.200 (−0.05–0.45) | 0.038 | 4.93 (2.48) | 4.07 (2.48) | * | 0.344 (0.03–0.66) | 0.047 | |
CG | 3.64 (2.13) | 3.68 (2.13) | −0.019 (−0.11–0.07) | |||||||
Distancing ability | ||||||||||
IGmult | 5.77 (1.81) | 6.23 (1.82) | *** | 0.255 (0.16–0.35) | 5.87 (1.72) | 6.35 (1.84) | *** | 0.273 (0.16–0.38) | ||
IGTTT | 6.33 (1.66) | 6.91 (1.58) | ** | 0.354 (0.15–0.56) | 0.049 | 6.30 (1.74) | 7.00 (1.62) | ** | 0.414 (0.13–0.70) | 0.070 |
IGcomp | 5.42 (1.89) | 5.35 (1.73) | 0.034 (−0.17–0.24) | 0.144 | 5.33 (1.47) | 5.47 (1.63) | 0.085 (−0.21–0.38) | 0.094 | ||
IGcogn | 5.90 (1.76) | 6.02 (1.81) | 0.068 (−0.09–0.22) | 0.093 | 5.91 (1.86) | 6.09 (1.94) | 0.099 (−0.16–0.36) | 0.087 | ||
IGstress | 4.80 (2.05) | 5.50 (1.96) | ** | 0.348 (0.12–0.57) | 0.046 | 5.26 (2.16) | 5.48 (1.65) | 0.112 (−0.23–0.46) | 0.080 | |
CG | 5.93 (1.90) | 6.07 (1.88) | 0.072 (−0.01–0.15) | |||||||
Resignation tendency | ||||||||||
IGmult | 5.09 (1.91) | 4.79 (1.76) | ** | 0.163 (0.07–0.26) | 5.12 (1.85) | 4.53 (1.85) | *** | 0.318 (0.19–0.44) | ||
IGTTT | 4.80 (1.76) | 4.33 (1.84) | * | 0.257 (0.00–0.51) | 0.047 | 4.80 (1.95) | 3.73 (1.76) | ** | 0.572 (0.18–0.96) | 0.124 |
IGcomp | 5.44 (2.13) | 4.83 (1.74) | * | 0.304 (0.06–0.55) | 0.070 | 5.57 (1.70) | 5.20 (1.79) | 0.210 (−0.15–0.57) | 0.054 | |
IGcogn | 4.88 (1.99) | 4.85 (1.78) | 0.013 (−0.19–0.22) | 0.075 | 4.88 (2.11) | 4.91 (1.87) | 0.015 (−0.18–0.21) | 0.166 | ||
IGstress | 6.00 (1.65) | 5.25 (1.71) | ** | 0.447 (0.14–0.76) | 0.140 | 5.85 (1.83) | 5.07 (1.73) | * | 0.436 (0.02–0.84) | 0.058 |
CG | 4.62 (1.75) | 4.55 (1.69) | 0.041 (−0.07–0.15) | |||||||
Inner calm | ||||||||||
IGmult | 4.65 (1.95) | 5.19 (1.95) | *** | 0.275 (0.19–0.36) | 4.75 (2.01) | 5.28 (2.14) | *** | 0.254 (0.15–0.36) | ||
IGTTT | 4.43 (2.02) | 5.09 (1.92) | ** | 0.338 (0.14–0.54) | 0.031 | 4.27 (2.00) | 5.07 (1.96) | ** | 0.404 (0.11–0.70) | 0.074 |
IGcomp | 4.52 (2.01) | 5.02 (1.95) | ** | 0.252 (0.09–0.42) | 0.011 | 4.23 (1.96) | 4.47 (2.10) | 0.114 (−0.07–0.30) | 0.070 | |
IGcogn | 4.49 (1.99) | 4.80 (1.99) | 0.159 (−0.04–0.36) | 0.058 | 4.50 (2.00) | 4.66 (2.01) | 0.078 (−0.10–0.26) | 0.088 | ||
IGstress | 3.60 (1.88) | 4.03 (2.03) | * | 0.230 (0.01–0.42) | 0.022 | 3.89 (2.01) | 4.67 (1.88) | * | 0.399 (0.06–0.73) | 0.071 |
CG | 5.23 (1.93) | 5.37 (1.89) | 0.074 (−0.01–0.16) | |||||||
Cognitive abilities | ||||||||||
Mental speed | ||||||||||
IGmult | 2.38 (0.46) | 2.56 (0.47) | *** | 0.386 (0.31–0.46) | 2.42 (0.45) | 2.65 (0.44) | *** | 0.508 (0.41–0.61) | ||
IGTTT | 2.27 (0.49) | 2.51 (0.49) | *** | 0.500 (0.34–0.66) | 0.056 | 2.25 (0.54) | 2.54 (0.49) | *** | 0.546 (0.28–0.81) | 0.018 |
IGcomp | 2.40 (0.40) | 2.62 (0.36) | *** | 0.551 (0.37–0.73) | 0.080 | 2.35 (0.39) | 2.57 (0.36) | *** | 0.576 (0.31–0.85) | 0.033 |
IGcogn | 2.39 (0.45) | 2.56 (0.47) | *** | 0.388 (0.24–0.54) | 0.001 | 2.43 (0.45) | 2.64 (0.41) | *** | 0.492 (0.29–0.70) | 0.008 |
IGstress | 2.20 (0.47) | 2.43 (0.42) | *** | 0.502 (0.29–0.72) | 0.057 | 2.20 (0.38) | 2.49 (0.36) | *** | 0.775 (0.44–1.11) | 0.127 |
CG | 2.39 (0.45) | 2.43 (0.47) | * | 0.096 (0.01–0.19) | ||||||
Concentration | ||||||||||
IGmult | 60.54 (14.29) | 68.02 (15.36) | *** | 0.503 (0.38–0.62) | 61.42 (14.31) | 72.33 (14.26) | *** | 0.764 (0.60–0.93) | ||
IGTTT | 58.11 (13.96) | 67.60 (14.95) | *** | 0.654 (0.40–0.91) | 0.073 | 57.85 (13.49) | 69.62 (12.34) | *** | 0.906 (0.54–1.27) | 0.066 |
IGcomp | 66.78 (11.24) | 70.72 (11.39) | ** | 0.349 (0.12–0.58) | 0.075 | 64.09 (11.30) | 67.74 (11.39) | * | 0.322 (0.04–0.61) | 0.091 |
IGcogn | 59.70 (13.01) | 64.83 (12.28) | ** | 0.405 (0.15–0.66) | 0.048 | 60.98 (14.00) | 66.65 (13.75) | *** | 0.408 (0.18–0.64) | 0.171 |
IGstress | 58.57 (14.10) | 63.06 (14.21) | ** | 0.317 (0.11–0.52) | 0.091 | 59.32 (15.46) | 66.46 (15.71) | * | 0.457 (0.14–0.78) | 0.147 |
CG | 60.54 (14.29) | 68.02 (15.36) | *** | 0.373 (0.24–0.50) |