nach oben

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

Erschienen in:

09.07.2016 | Original Article

Evaluation of biomarkers assessing regular alcohol consumption in an occupational setting

verfasst von: Sonja Kilo, Birgit Hofmann, Elisabeth Eckert, Thomas Göen, Hans Drexler

Erschienen in: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health | Ausgabe 8/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

An estimation of ethanol intake is frequently of importance in the frame work of studies, but not trivial to achieve. Problems are “underreporting”, a very short time frame for the detection of ethanol as direct marker and interference of many in- and outside body factors with strain parameters. The aim of this study was to explore the suitability of the direct urinary biomarkers ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) to assess moderate but regular alcohol consumption.

Materials and methods

A total of 175 male workers without any known occupational contact to substances influencing liver functions or metabolism of ethanol were examined. Strain parameters of alcohol consumption, i.e. the liver function tests (LFTs: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) and the markers of alcohol consumption (EtG and EtS) have been analysed and compared.

Results

Up to 14 % of workers had been outside reference range for strain parameters. 62.3 % of the workers had at least traceable amounts of EtG and 84.6 % of EtS. Values above cut-off (indicating voluntary ethanol intake) were found in 34.9 and 51.4 % of the workers for EtG and EtS, respectively. In multiple linear regression analyses, CDT and MCV but not the LFTs showed a dependency from the non-oxidative ethanol metabolites. The LFTs were influenced by BMI.

Conclusion

Determination of EtG and EtS in urine is an adequate tool to assess moderate but regular alcohol consumption.

Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Doberentz E, Heese P, Banger M, Madea B (2012) Preliminary investigations on ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate cutoffs for detecting alcohol consumption on the basis of an ingestion experiment and on data from withdrawal treatment. Int J Legal Med 126(5):757–764. doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0725-3 CrossRef

Alexander DD, Kelsh MA, Mink PJ, Mandel JH, Basu R, Weingart M (2007) A meta-analysis of occupational trichloroethylene exposure and liver cancer. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 81(2):127–143CrossRef

Arndt T, Grüner J, Schröfel S, Stemmerich K (2012) False-positive ethyl glucuronide immunoassay screening caused by a propyl alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Forensic Sci Int 223(1–3):359–363. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.024 CrossRef

Bernardin F, Maheut-Bosser A, Paille F (2014) Cognitive impairments in alcohol-dependent subjects. Front Psychiatry 5:78. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00078 CrossRef

Bessonneau V, Clément M, Thomas O (2010) Can intensive use of alcohol-based hand rubs lead to passive alcoholization? Int J Environ Res Public Health 7(8):3038–3050. doi:10.3390/ijerph7083038 CrossRef

Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Tagliaro F (2006) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of alcohol abuse: a critical review of the literature 2001–2005. J Chromatogr, B: Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 841(1–2):96–109CrossRef

Brancaccio P, Lippi G, Maffulli N (2010) Biochemical markers of muscular damage. Clin Chem Lab Med 48(6):757–767. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2010.179 CrossRef

Carson CG, Halkjaer LB, Jensen SM, Bisgaard H (2012) Alcohol intake in pregnancy increases the child’s risk of atopic dermatitis. The COPSAC prospective birth cohort study of a high risk population. PLoS ONE 7(8):e42710. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042710 CrossRef

Casale T, Rosati MV, Ciarrocca M, Samperi I, Andreozzi G, Schifano MP, Capozzella A, Pimpinella B, Tomei G, Caciari T, Tomei F (2014) Assessment of liver function in two groups of outdoor workers exposed to arsenic. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 87(7):745–752. doi:10.1007/s00420-013-0914-5 CrossRef

Chrostek L, Cylwik B, Gruszewska E, Panasiuk A, Szmitkowski M (2012) N-Latex CDT results in liver diseases. Alcohol Alcohol 47(4):428–432. doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags053 CrossRef

Conigrave KM, Davies P, Haber P, Whitfield JB (2003) Traditional markers of excessive alcohol use. Addiction 98(Suppl 2):31–43CrossRef

Costantino A, Digregorio EJ, Korn W, Spayd S, Rieders F (2006) The effect of the use of mouthwash on ethylglucuronide concentrations in urine. J Anal Toxicol 30(9):659–662CrossRef

Dean JC, Poremba GA (1983) The alcoholic stigma and the disease concept. Int J Addict 18(5):739–751CrossRef

Ellingsen DG, Kusraeva Z, Bast-Pettersen R, Zibarev E, Chashchin M, Thomassen Y, Chashchin V (2014) The interaction between manganese exposure and alcohol on neurobehavioral outcomes in welders. Neurotoxicol Teratol 41:8–15. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2013.11.004 CrossRef

European Association for the Study of Liver (2012) EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 57(2):399–420. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.004 CrossRef

Finkelstein MM, Verma DK (2001) Exposure estimation in the presence of nondetectable values: another look. AIHAJ 62(2):195–198

Fornaciari I, Fierabracci V, Corti A, Aziz Elawadi H, Lorenzini E, Emdin M, Paolicchi A, Franzini M (2014) Gamma-glutamyltransferase fractions in human plasma and bile: characteristic and biogenesis. PLoS ONE 9(2):e88532. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088532 CrossRef

Golka K, Wiese A (2004) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT)—a biomarker for long-term alcohol consumption. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 7(4):319–337CrossRef

Gravetter FJ, Wallnau LB (2014) Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences, 8th edn. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Belmont

Halter CC, Dresen S, Auwaerter V, Wurst FM, Weinmann W (2008) Kinetics in serum and urinary excretion of ethyl sulfate and ethyl glucuronide after medium dose ethanol intake. Int J Legal Med 122(2):123–128CrossRef

Helander A (2003) Biological markers in alcoholism. J Neural Transm Suppl 66:15–32

Helander A, Beck O (2005) Ethyl sulfate: a metabolite of ethanol in humans and a potential biomarker of acute alcohol intake. J Anal Toxicol 29(5):270–274CrossRef

Helander A, Böttcher M, Fehr C, Dahmen N, Beck O (2009) Detection times for urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification. Alcohol Alcohol 44(1):55–61. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn084 CrossRef

Helander A, Péter O, Zheng Y (2012) Monitoring of the alcohol biomarkers PEth, CDT and EtG/EtS in an outpatient treatment setting. Alcohol Alcohol 47(5):552–557. doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags065 CrossRef

Hermansson U, Helander A, Huss A, Brandt L, Rönnberg S (2000) The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in a routine workplace health examination. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24(2):180–187CrossRef

Høiseth G, Bernard JP, Stephanson N, Normann PT, Christophersen AS, Mørland J, Helander A (2008) Comparison between the urinary alcohol markers EtG, EtS, and GTOL/5-HIAA in a controlled drinking experiment. Alcohol Alcohol 43(2):187–191. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm175 CrossRef

Høiseth G, Morini L, Polettini A, Christophersen A, Mørland J (2009) Blood kinetics of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification. Forensic Sci Int 188(1–3):52–56. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.03.017 CrossRef

Hornung RW, Reed LD (1990) Estimation of average concentration in the presence of non-detectable values. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 5:46–51CrossRef

Kamil IA, Smith JN, Williams RT (1951) The metabolism of aliphatic alcohols. Glucuronide formation. Proc Biochem Soc Biochem J 49(3):xxxviii

Kamil IA, Smith JN, Williams RT (1952) A new aspect of ethanol metabolism: isolation of ethyl-glucuronide. Proc of the Biochem Soc Biochem J 51(4):xxxii–xxxiii

Kamil IA, Smith JN, Williams RT (1953) The isolation of methyl and ethyl glucuronides from the urine of rabbits receiving methanol and ethanol. Biochem J 54(3):390–392CrossRef

Kilo S, Zonnur N, Uter W, Göen T, Drexler H (2015) Effect of skin protection and skin irritation on the internal exposure to carbon disulfide in employees of the viscose industry. Ann Occup Hyg 59(8):972–981. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mev032 CrossRef

Kronstrand R, Brinkhagen L, Nyström FH (2012) Ethyl glucuronide in human hair after daily consumption of 16 or 32 g of ethanol for 3 months. Forensic Sci Int 215(1–3):51–55. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.01.044 CrossRef

Lange RT, Shewchuk JR, Rauscher A, Jarrett M, Heran MK, Brubacher JR, Iverson GL (2014) A prospective study of the influence of acute alcohol intoxication versus chronic alcohol consumption on outcome following traumatic brain injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 29(5):478–495. doi:10.1093/arclin/acu027 CrossRef

Lifestyle Statistics (2013) Health and Social Care Information Centre. Statistics on alcohol: England, The Health and Social Care Information Centre. ISBN 978-1-84-636881-3

Malaguarnera G, Cataudella E, Giordano M, Nunnari G, Chisari G, Malaguarnera M (2012) Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents. World J Gastroenterol 18(22):2756–2766. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2756 CrossRef

Marshall WJ, Bangert SK (2008) Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects. Churchill Livingston Elsevier, Philadelphia

Meier PJ (1985) Alcohol, alcoholism and drugs. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 115(50):1792–1803

Midanik L (1982) The validity of self-reported alcohol consumption and alcohol problems: a literature review. Br J Addict 77(4):357–382CrossRef

Musshoff F, Albermann E, Madea B (2010) Ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine after consumption of various beverages and foods—misleading results? Int J Legal Med 124(6):623–630. doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0511-z CrossRef

Neubauer O (1901) Ueber Glykuronsäurepaarung bei Stoffen der Fettreihe. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 46(1–2):133–154CrossRef

Niemelä O (2007) Biomarkers in alcoholism. Clin Chim Acta 377(1–2):39–49CrossRef

Niemelä O, Alatalo P (2010) Biomarkers of alcohol consumption and related liver disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 70(5):305–312. doi:10.3109/00365513.2010.486442 CrossRef

Niemelä O, Parkkila S (2004) Alcoholic macrocytosis—is there a role for acetaldehyde and adducts? Addict Biol 9(1):3–10CrossRef

Park EY, Lim MK, Oh JK, Cho H, Bae MJ, Yun EH, Kim DI, Shin HR (2013) Independent and supra-additive effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and metabolic syndrome on the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels. PLoS ONE 8(5):e63439. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063439 CrossRef

Popham RE, Schmidt W (1981) Words and deeds: the validity of self-report data on alcohol consumption. J Stud Alcohol 42(3):355–368CrossRef

Prasad R, Stout RL, Coffin D, Smith J (1997) Analysis of carbohydrate deficient transferrin by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 18(10):1814–1818CrossRef

Pratt WM, Davidson D (2005) Does participation in an alcohol administration study increase risk for excessive drinking? Alcohol 37(3):135–141CrossRef

Pratt DS, Kaplan MM (2000) Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients. N Engl J Med 342(17):1266–1271CrossRef

Randell E, Diamandis EP, Goldberg DM (1998) Changes in serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gammaglutamyl transferase after moderate wine consumption in healthy males. J Clin Lab Anal 12(2):92–97CrossRef

Salmela KS, Laitinen K, Nyström M, Salaspuro M (1994) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin during 3 weeks’ heavy alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18(2):228–230CrossRef

Schellenberg F, Martin M, Cacès E, Bénard JY, Weill J (1996) Nephelometric determination of carbohydrate deficient transferrin. Clin Chem 42(4):551–557

Schomerus G, Lucht M, Holzinger A, Matschinger H, Carta MG, Angermeyer MC (2011) The stigma of alcohol dependence compared with other mental disorders: a review of population studies. Alcohol Alcohol 46(2):105–112. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agq089 CrossRef

Stockwell T, Donath S, Cooper-Stanbury M, Chikritzhs T, Catalano P, Mateo C (2004) Under-reporting of alcohol consumption in household surveys: a comparison of quantity-frequency, graduated-frequency and recent recall. Addiction 99(8):1024–1033CrossRef

WHO (2014) Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 edn. ISBN 978 92 4 069276 3

Wurst FM, Kempter C, Metzger J, Seidl S, Alt A (2000) Ethyl glucuronide: a marker of recent alcohol consumption with clinical and forensic implications. Alcohol 20(2):111–116CrossRef

Wurst FM, Wiesbeck GA, Metzger JW, Weinmann W (2004) On sensitivity, specificity, and the influence of various parameters on ethyl glucuronide levels in urine—results from the WHO/ISBRA study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28(8):1220–1228CrossRef

Wurst FM, Dresen S, Allen JP, Wiesbeck G, Graf M, Weinmann W (2006) Ethyl sulphate: a direct ethanol metabolite reflecting recent alcohol consumption. Addiction 101(2):204–211CrossRef

Titel: Evaluation of biomarkers assessing regular alcohol consumption in an occupational setting
verfasst von: Sonja Kilo
Birgit Hofmann
Elisabeth Eckert
Thomas Göen
Hans Drexler
Publikationsdatum: 09.07.2016
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health / Ausgabe 8/2016
Print ISSN: 0340-0131
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1246
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-016-1155-1

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusion

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2016

Absenteeism due to mental health problems and systems for return to work: an internet-based unmatched case–control study

Do psychosocial job resources buffer the relation between physical work demands and coronary heart disease? A prospective study among men

Higher risks when working unusual times? A cross-validation of the effects on safety, health, and work–life balance

Metabolites of the PAH diol epoxide pathway and other urinary biomarkers of phenanthrene and pyrene in workers with and without exposure to bitumen fumes

Mortality and cancer morbidity among cement production workers: a meta-analysis

External radiation dose and cancer mortality among French nuclear workers: considering potential confounding by internal radiation exposure