Background
Methods
Study area
Province | District | Village | No. of larvae |
---|---|---|---|
Nangarhar | Behsood | Banaghar, Samarkhel, Saracha | 200 |
Jalalabad | Bagrami | 200 | |
Kama | Banajur, Sabirlalay, Sangarsary | 200 | |
Kunar | Chawkay | Babur | 200 |
Nurgal | Nurgal | 200 | |
Assadabad | Asadabad | 200 |
Mosquito populations
Biochemical assays
Preparation of the mosquito homogenates
Cytochrome P450s assay
General esterase assay
pNPA esterase assay
GST assay
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assay
Protein assay
Data acquisition
Data transformation and analyses
Results
Mosquito samples
Cytochrome P450s contents
N | Mean | Std. deviation | Std. error | 95% confidence interval for mean | Minimum | Maximum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower bound | Upper bound | ||||||||
Descriptives | |||||||||
Alpha | 1.0 | 90 | 0.000606935 | 0.0002243546 | 0.0000236491 | 0.000559945 | 0.000653926 | 0.0000613 | 0.0012599 |
2.0 | 90 | 0.000882944 | 0.0004391187 | 0.0000462872 | 0.000790972 | 0.000974915 | 0.0001749 | 0.0026900 | |
3.0 | 90 | 0.001281330 | 0.0004898449 | 0.0000516342 | 0.001178734 | 0.001383926 | 0.0004359 | 0.0025958 | |
Total | 270 | 0.000923736 | 0.0004865769 | 0.0000296121 | 0.000865435 | 0.000982037 | 0.0000613 | 0.0026900 | |
Beta | 1.0 | 90 | 0.000560930 | 0.0002256270 | 0.0000237832 | 0.000513674 | 0.000608187 | 0.0000217 | 0.0012485 |
2.0 | 90 | 0.000912961 | 0.0005289397 | 0.0000557551 | 0.000802176 | 0.001023745 | 0.0000624 | 0.0027933 | |
3.0 | 90 | 0.001039151 | 0.0003281376 | 0.0000345887 | 0.000970423 | 0.001107878 | 0.0004121 | 0.0018416 | |
Total | 270 | 0.000837681 | 0.0004314334 | 0.0000262562 | 0.000785987 | 0.000889374 | 0.0000217 | 0.0027933 | |
GST | 1.0 | 90 | 0.094644126 | 0.0445931787 | 0.0047005338 | 0.085304266 | 0.103983987 | 0.0057680 | 0.2404168 |
2.0 | 90 | 0.125687826 | 0.0334270256 | 0.0035235179 | 0.118686671 | 0.132688981 | 0.0602100 | 0.1936805 | |
3.0 | 90 | 0.170861991 | 0.0906375391 | 0.0095540355 | 0.151878326 | 0.189845656 | 0.0100789 | 0.4758752 | |
Total | 270 | 0.130397981 | 0.0687645517 | 0.0041848773 | 0.122158703 | 0.138637260 | 0.0057680 | 0.4758752 | |
P450s | 1.0 | 90 | 0.000056364 | 0.0000468496 | 0.0000049384 | 0.000046551 | 0.000066176 | 0.0000001 | 0.0002452 |
2.0 | 90 | 0.000126040 | 0.0000635588 | 0.0000066997 | 0.000112728 | 0.000139352 | 0.0000297 | 0.0003423 | |
3.0 | 90 | 0.000143667 | 0.0000744365 | 0.0000078463 | 0.000128077 | 0.000159257 | 0.0000215 | 0.0004290 | |
Total | 270 | 0.000108690 | 0.0000729523 | 0.0000044397 | 0.000099949 | 0.000117431 | 0.0000001 | 0.0004290 | |
pNPA | 1.0 | 90 | 0.180557226 | 0.1103588829 | 0.0116328477 | 0.157443005 | 0.203671446 | 0.0018530 | 0.5062369 |
2.0 | 90 | 0.292412987 | 0.2596860355 | 0.0273733116 | 0.238022800 | 0.346803174 | 0.0043444 | 1.6858418 | |
3.0 | 90 | 0.316713874 | 0.1764954792 | 0.0186042570 | 0.279747611 | 0.353680136 | 0.0454042 | 0.7121251 | |
Total | 270 | 0.263228029 | 0.2004405133 | 0.0121984212 | 0.239211509 | 0.287244548 | 0.0018530 | 1.6858418 | |
aAChE | 1.0 | 90 | 70.977705297 | 9.5683676804 | 1.0085945120 | 68.973649485 | 72.981761109 | 50.3058104 | 97.2588297 |
2.0 | 90 | 56.690061678 | 12.527164551 | 1.3204792875 | 54.066297460 | 59.313825895 | 9.8746867 | 84.2042755 | |
3.0 | 90 | 51.579518613 | 23.323592773 | 2.4585221776 | 46.694487414 | 56.464549812 | 0.1056745 | 98.8008065 | |
Total | 270 | 59.749095196 | 18.161457650 | 1.1052703914 | 57.573014562 | 61.925175830 | 0.1056745 | 98.8008065 |
Enzyme | Population | Mean | ER ± SE |
---|---|---|---|
Alpha esterase | Beech | 0.000606935 | 1 |
Kunar | 0.000882944 | 1.45 ± 0.04 | |
Nangarhar | 0.001281330 | 2.11 ± 0.005 | |
Beta esterase | Beech | 0.000560930 | 1 |
Kunar | 0.000912961 | 1.62 ± 0.06 | |
Nangarhar | 0.001039151 | 1.85 ± 0.02 | |
GST | Beech | 0.094644126 | 1 |
Kunar | 0.125687826 | 1.33 ± 0.05 | |
Nangarhar | 0.170861991 | 1.8 ± 0.025 | |
Cytochrome P450s | Beech | 0.000056364 | 1 |
Kunar | 0.000126040 | 2.23 ± 0.12 | |
Nangarhar | 0.000143667 | 2.54 ± 0.13 | |
pNPA | Beech | 0.180557226 | 1 |
Kunar | 0.292412987 | 1.61 ± 0.09 | |
Nangarhar | 0.316713874 | 1.75 ± 0.013 | |
% AChE inhibition | Beech | 70.977705297 | 1 |
Kunar | 56.690061678 | 0.79 ± 0.02 | |
Nangarhar | 51.579518613 | 0.72 ± 0.05 |
Tukey HSD | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | (I) Group | (J) Group | Mean difference (I−J) | Std. error | Sig. | 95% confidence interval | |
Lower bound | Upper bound | ||||||
Multiple comparisons | |||||||
Alpha | 1.0 | 2.0 | −0.0002760081* | 0.0000598212 | 0.000 | −0.000416998 | −0.000135018 |
3.0 | −0.0006743949* | 0.0000598212 | 0.000 | −0.000815385 | −0.000533405 | ||
2.0 | 1.0 | 0.0002760081* | 0.0000598212 | 0.000 | 0.000135018 | 0.000416998 | |
3.0 | −0.0003983867* | 0.0000598212 | 0.000 | −0.000539377 | −0.000257396 | ||
3.0 | 1.0 | 0.0006743949* | 0.0000598212 | 0.000 | 0.000533405 | 0.000815385 | |
2.0 | 0.0003983867* | 0.0000598212 | 0.000 | 0.000257396 | 0.000539377 | ||
Beta | 1.0 | 2.0 | −0.0003520302* | 0.0000569834 | 0.000 | −0.000486332 | −0.000217728 |
3.0 | −0.0004782201* | 0.0000569834 | 0.000 | −0.000612522 | −0.000343918 | ||
2.0 | 1.0 | 0.0003520302* | 0.0000569834 | 0.000 | 0.000217728 | 0.000486332 | |
3.0 | −0.0001261898 | 0.0000569834 | 0.071 | −0.000260492 | 0.000008112 | ||
3.0 | 1.0 | 0.0004782201* | 0.0000569834 | 0.000 | 0.000343918 | 0.000612522 | |
2.0 | 0.0001261898 | 0.0000569834 | 0.071 | −0.000008112 | 0.000260492 | ||
GST | 1.0 | 2.0 | −0.0310436995* | 0.0091575029 | 0.002 | −0.052626648 | −0.009460751 |
3.0 | −0.0762178646* | 0.0091575029 | 0.000 | −0.097800813 | −0.054634916 | ||
2.0 | 1.0 | 0.0310436995* | 0.0091575029 | 0.002 | 0.009460751 | 0.052626648 | |
3.0 | −0.0451741651* | 0.0091575029 | 0.000 | −0.066757114 | −0.023591216 | ||
3.0 | 1.0 | 0.0762178646* | 0.0091575029 | 0.000 | 0.054634916 | 0.097800813 | |
2.0 | 0.0451741651* | 0.0091575029 | 0.000 | 0.023591216 | 0.066757114 | ||
P450s | 1.0 | 2.0 | −0.0000696763* | 0.0000093394 | 0.000 | −0.000091688 | −0.000047665 |
3.0 | −0.0000873032* | 0.0000093394 | 0.000 | −0.000109315 | −0.000065291 | ||
2.0 | 1.0 | 0.0000696763* | 0.0000093394 | 0.000 | 0.000047665 | 0.000091688 | |
3.0 | −0.0000176269 | 0.0000093394 | 0.144 | −0.000039639 | 0.000004385 | ||
3.0 | 1.0 | 0.0000873032* | 0.0000093394 | 0.000 | 0.000065291 | 0.000109315 | |
2.0 | 0.0000176269 | 0.0000093394 | 0.144 | −0.000004385 | 0.000039639 | ||
pNPA | 1.0 | 2.0 | −0.1118557613* | 0.0286442515 | 0.000 | −0.179366240 | −0.044345282 |
3.0 | −0.1361566482* | 0.0286442515 | 0.000 | −0.203667127 | −0.068646169 | ||
2.0 | 1.0 | 0.1118557613* | 0.0286442515 | 0.000 | 0.044345282 | 0.179366240 | |
3.0 | −0.0243008869 | 0.0286442515 | 0.673 | −0.091811366 | 0.043209592 | ||
3.0 | 1.0 | 0.1361566482* | 0.0286442515 | 0.000 | 0.068646169 | 0.203667127 | |
2.0 | 0.0243008869 | 0.0286442515 | 0.673 | −0.043209592 | 0.091811366 | ||
aAChE | 1.0 | 2.0 | 14.2876436193* | 2.4228440225 | 0.000 | 8.577340447 | 19.997946792 |
3.0 | 19.3981866838* | 2.4228440225 | 0.000 | 13.687883512 | 25.108489856 | ||
2.0 | 1.0 | −14.287636193* | 2.4228440225 | 0.000 | −19.997946792 | −8.577340447 | |
3.0 | 5.1105430644 | 2.4228440225 | 0.090 | −0.599760108 | 10.820846237 | ||
3.0 | 1.0 | −19.398166838* | 2.4228440225 | 0.000 | −25.108489856 | −13.687883512 | |
2.0 | −5.1105430644 | 2.4228440225 | 0.090 | −10.820846237 | 0.599760108 |