Introduction
Methods
Study design
Samples
SHARE (2004–2019) | CHARLS (2011–2018) | |
---|---|---|
Men (%) | 44.31 | 48.25 |
Mean age (in years) | 66.9 (SD = 9.5) | 61.3 (SD = 9.4) |
Urban residence (%) | 69.25 | 33.57 |
Currently married (%) | 73.14 | 87.35 |
Currently not working (%) | 64.65 | 33.50 |
Mean household size (in persons) | 2.3 (SD = 1.0) | 3.5 (SD = 1.7) |
Mean equivalized income (in 2010 USD) | 38,405 (SD = 65,133) | 2,094 (SD = 7,241) |
Mean household wealth (in 2010 USD) | 35,947 (SD = 140,283) | 312 (SD = 65,022) |
Educational level (%) | ||
Less than upper secondary education | 42.48 | 90.86 |
Upper secondary or vocational education | 36.61 | 8.12 |
Tertiary education | 20.91 | 1.02 |
Multimorbidity (%) | 45.43 | 43.78 |
Mean number of chronic diseases | 1.9 (SD = 1.5) | 1.8 (SD = 1.5) |
Mean number of functional disabilities | 0.1 (SD = 0.3) | 0.5 (SD = 0.4) |
Mean number of mobility disabilities | 1.3 (SD = 1.5) | 1.5 (SD = 1.4) |
Mean number of immediate word recall | 5.2 (SD = 1.5) | 3.8 (SD = 1.3) |
Measures
Equivalized income decile (time-constant)
Multimorbidity (time-varying)
Covariates
Alternative measures of health outcomes for supplementary analyses
Analytic strategy
Poisson growth curve models
Centering strategy to disentangle the between-participant from the within-participant effect
Focal model equation
Results
Main analyses
Results from Europe
Europe | China | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
IRRs | 95% CI | IRRs | 95% CI | |
Grand-mean centered mean age | 1.30*** | 1.29–1.31 | 1.12*** | 1.10–1.14 |
Person-mean centered age | 2.15*** | 2.03–2.27 | 2.86*** | 2.77–2.96 |
Equivalized income decile (1 = bottom 10%, 10 = top 10%) | 0.91*** | 0.89–0.93 | 0.97 | 0.90–1.03 |
Grand-mean centered mean age × equivalized income decile | 1.12*** | 1.10–1.14 | 1.19*** | 1.12–1.27 |
Middle-aged adults (-2 SD) | 0.74*** | 0.71–0.78 | 0.70*** | 0.62–0.80 |
Older middle-aged adults (-1 SD) | 0.82*** | 0.80–0.85 | 0.82*** | 0.75–0.90 |
Older adults (+ 1 SD) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.04 | 1.13** | 1.03–1.24 |
Oldest old adults (+ 2 SD) | 1.12*** | 1.07–1.17 | 1.33*** | 1.16–1.52 |
Person-mean centered age × equivalized income decile | 0.99 | 0.96–1.02 | 0.99 | 0.88–1.11 |
Wealth decile (1 = bottom 10%, 10 = top 10%) | 0.83*** | 0.81–0.84 | 0.82*** | 0.77–0.87 |
Upper secondary or vocational education | 0.91*** | 0.90–0.93 | 1.03 | 0.97–1.10 |
Tertiary education | 0.84*** | 0.83–0.85 | 1.07 | 0.90–1.27 |
Gender (-0.5 = men, + 0.5 = women) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 1.14*** | 1.10–1.18 |
Region of residence (0 = urban, 1 = rural) | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.95** | 0.91–0.99 |
Current marital status (0 = not married, 1 = married) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.08 |
Current working status (0 = not working, 1 = working) | 0.82*** | 0.81–0.83 | 0.90*** | 0.88–0.92 |
Household size | 0.98*** | 0.98–0.99 | 0.99** | 0.98–0.99 |
Ncountries | 19 | |||
Nparticipants | 73,407 | 10,067 | ||
Observations | 243,207 | 36,487 |
Results from China
Supplementary analyses
Physical health | Cognitive health | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multimorbidity | Functional disability | Mobility disability | Memory | |||||
IRRs | 95% CI | IRRs | 95% CI | IRRs | 95% CI | IRRs | 95% CI | |
Europe | ||||||||
Between-participant age × income | 1.12*** | 1.10–1.14 | 1.15* | 1.03–1.28 | 1.14*** | 1.10–1.18 | 1.04*** | 1.03–1.05 |
(Age-as-leveller) | (Age-as-leveller) | (Age-as-leveller) | (Cumulative dis/advantage) | |||||
Within-participant age × income | 0.99 | 0.96–1.02 | 1.23 | 0.97–1.55 | 1.10*** | 1.05–1.15 | 1.04*** | 1.02–1.06 |
(Inconclusive) | (Inconclusive) | (Age-as-leveller) | (Cumulative dis/advantage) | |||||
China | ||||||||
Between-participant age × income | 1.19*** | 1.12–1.27 | 1.32*** | 1.17–1.49 | 1.08* | 1.01–1.16 | 1.11*** | 1.08–1.14 |
(Age-as-leveller) | (Age-as-leveller) | (Age-as-leveller) | (Cumulative dis/advantage) | |||||
Within-participant age × income | 0.99 | 0.88–1.11 | 1.41 | 0.80–2.47 | 1.17* | 1.03–1.32 | 1.38*** | 1.27–1.51 |
(Inconclusive) | (Inconclusive) | (Age-as-leveller) | (Cumulative dis/advantage) |