Background
Methods
Group A: Target population [combined by ‘OR’]
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Group B: Geographical location [combined by ‘OR’]
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drug retailer* OR medicine retailer* OR pharmacy OR pharmacies OR drug shop* OR medicine shop* OR drug seller* OR medicine seller* OR drug vendor* OR medicine vendor* OR drug store* OR medicine store* OR pharmacies [MeSH] OR drug dispensing shop* OR medicine dispensing shop* OR medicine outlet* OR drug outlet* OR medicine dealer*
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AND
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Angola OR Benin OR Burkina Faso OR Burundi OR Cape Verde OR Central African Republic OR Chad OR Comoros OR Democratic Republic of Congo OR Djibouti OR Equatorial Guinea OR Eritrea OR Ethiopia OR Gambia OR Guinea OR Guinea-Bissau OR Lesotho OR Liberia OR Madagascar OR Malawi OR Mali OR Mauritania OR Mozambique OR Niger OR Rwanda OR Sao Tome and Principe OR Senegal OR Sierra Leone OR Somalia OR Sudan OR Tanzania OR Togo OR Uganda OR Zambia OR Cameroon OR Congo OR Côte d'Ivoire OR Ivory Coast OR Ghana OR Kenya OR Nigeria OR Zimbabwe OR Namibia OR Swaziland OR Botswana OR Gabon OR Mauritius OR South Africa OR Seychelles OR Africa South of the Sahara [MeSH] OR Sub-Saharan Africa
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Ref No | Author (year), country of study | Number and type of shops (staff) | Study design (SCM) | Areas investigated | Major findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
66
|
Abula et al (2006) Ethiopia, urban
|
20 Pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Drug sources, sources of information, handling of clients requesting for partial doses, and patient referral
|
-Poor access to drug information; 80% get no up-to-date information on medicines (and rely on inserts instead)
|
-All staff reported referring patients when required
| |||||
-40% accept partial dispensing
| |||||
70
|
ACTwatch (2009) Benin, urban and rural
|
35 pharmacies (30 registered and 5 rural outpost pharmacies)
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold
|
-77% stocked the first-line ACT, with 87% stocking non-artemisinin antimalarials. Diagnostic tests
|
Knowledge of providers
|
- Pharmacy charged higher prices compared to other providers, but sold lower volumes overall
| ||||
30
|
ACTwatch (2009) D.R Congo, urban and rural
|
31 pharmacies and 470 drug stores
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold
|
-Both shops rarely stocked first-line (only 20-25%), but most had artemisinin monotherapy in stock
|
-Both shop types did not generally do diagnostic tests
| |||||
Knowledge and perceptions of providers
|
-Pharmacies charged lowest prices for ACTs
| ||||
-Drug stores sold the most, but had least knowledge
| |||||
33
|
ACTwatch (2009) Madagascar, urban and rural
|
80 registered pharmaciesand 162 rural pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold
|
-Only half stocked the first-line; majority had non-artemisinin drugs, and did not do diagnostic tests
|
-Pharmacies charged highest prices for ACTs by far
| |||||
Knowledge and perceptions of providers
|
-They sold the highest volume of medicines, but only 59% knew the recommended first-line treatment
| ||||
29
|
ACTwatch (2009) Nigeria, urban and rural
|
38 pharmacies and 305 patent medicine stores
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold
|
-74% of pharmacies had first-line, compared to 8% for PMVs
|
-Both shop types did not generally do diagnostic tests
| |||||
Knowledge and perceptions of providers
|
-Pharmacies charged highest prices for recommended ACTs
| ||||
-PMVs sold the most, but had least knowledge on treatment
| |||||
32
|
ACTwatch (2009) Uganda, urban and rural
|
65 pharmacies and 188 drug stores
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold
|
-57% of pharmacies had first-line; only 4% of drug shops
|
Knowledge and perceptions of providers
|
-Both shop types rarely carried out diagnostic tests
| ||||
-Pharmacies charged highest prices for recommended ACTs
| |||||
-Drug stores sold the highest volume of medicines, but only 60% knew the recommended first-line treatment
| |||||
31
|
ACTwatch (2009) Zambia, urban and rural
|
49 pharmacies and 130 drug stores
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Availability, price, and volume of antimalarials sold
|
-Most pharmacies sold ACTs, but only 6% of drug shops did –Non-registered ACT also very common in pharmacies
|
-32% of pharmacies did diagnostic tests, but not drug stores
| |||||
Knowledge and perceptions of providers
|
-Pharmacy ACT prices were higher than drug stores
| ||||
-Drug stores had much lower knowledge on first-line drug
| |||||
25
|
Adikwu, M. U (1996) Nigeria, peri-urban
|
46 Patent medicine stores
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Regulatory inspections, characteristics and knowledge of dispensers
|
-All staff aware of the law governing retailers in Nigeria
|
-Main suppliers were pharmaceutical representatives
| |||||
-Sales boys and girls used in patent medicine stores
| |||||
68
|
Adisa et al (2006) Nigeria, urban
|
50 Pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Knowledge on characteristics, ethics and perceived responsibility with regard to phyto-pharmaceuticals
|
-3/4 scored below 53% on knowledge about the drugs
|
-1/3 had training on phyto-pharmaceuticals
| |||||
-3/4 felt such drugs need Regulatory Authority governance
| |||||
-3/4 felt pharmacists qualified to handle such medicines
| |||||
56
|
Adu-Sarkodie et al (2000) Ghana, urban
|
48 pharmacies
|
Baseline survey before intervention (SCM)
|
-Management practices for STI clients
|
-About half of the shops took patient history before selling
|
-Only one-fifth counseled clients on partner notification
| |||||
-Only one-fifth offered the recommended medicines
| |||||
-Only 13% advised STI clients to use condoms
| |||||
34
|
Amin et al, 2005, Kenya, rural
|
20 Pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Drug sales practices
|
-Unregistered drugs found in some pharmacies
|
-Majority of drugs not within the registration period
| |||||
-Regulation and registration policy framework
|
-New first-line AL found in only 11% of pharmacies
| ||||
-Sourced drugs mainly from wholesalers, never from vendors
| |||||
-Adherence, stocking practices
| |||||
60
|
Berih et al (1989) Sudan, urban
|
63 pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey (SCM)
|
Drug dispensing practices
|
-Only 5% recommended ORS despite wide availability, with 2/3 recommending antimicrobials which cost 4 times more
|
-63% took history before treatment; these were more likely to refer child and less likely to recommend antimicrobials
| |||||
-ORS use not related to availability or history taking
| |||||
47
|
Blanchard et al (2005) South Africa, urban
|
28 Pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists towards providing emergency contraception
|
-Nearly all pharmacists sold at least one of the two ECPs
|
-Most were familiar with contraceptive indication and side effects, but felt they should not be given to under 18s
| |||||
-About 80% were willing to display promotional materials
| |||||
62
|
Brieger et al (2004) Nigeria, rural and urban
|
149 patent medicine shops; (820 observations)
|
Cross sectional survey
|
Nature of interaction between patent medicine vendors and clerks and clients
|
-Quarter of clients shared problems with staff
|
-69% sold requested medicines, 30% gave treatment suggestions, 21% gave instructions on medication use, and 19% asked questions about the illness
| |||||
49
|
Brieger et al (2007) Nigeria, rural
|
12 patent medicine sellers
|
Qualitative study
|
-Medicine sellers perceptions of consumer color preferences for medicines
|
-Sellers linked color to effects; yellow associated with malaria because of symptoms of yellow urine and eyes
|
-Sellers had low opinion of white colored medicines
| |||||
73
|
Buabeng et al (2008) Ghana, urban and rural
|
35 pharmacies and 64 licensed chemical shops
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Availability of antimalarials
|
-SPs the most available antimalarial; ACTs less available, especially in chemical shops and rural areas
|
-Policy adherence when choosing drugs to dispense
|
-Poor adherence to policy guidelines when choosing drugs
| ||||
-Unregistered and unrecommended drugs stocked
| |||||
-Types of medicines stocked
| |||||
51
|
Buabeng et al (2010a) Ghana, urban and rural
|
35 pharmacies and 64 licensed chemical shops
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Characteristics of staff
|
-45% of pharmacies had professional staff (pharmaceutical or nursing) compared to 5% for LCSs; 24% of pharmacy staff could treat malaria with ACTs compared to 6% LCSs
|
-Knowledge of staff on malaria
|
-76% of pharmacy staff knew symptoms of complicated malaria compared to 43% in LCS
| ||||
-Practices on malaria prevention
| |||||
65
|
Buabeng, K. O (2010b) Ghana, urban and rural
|
35 pharmacies and 64 licensed chemical shops
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Suitability of premises for malaria services provision
|
-Most pharmacies clean and well lit compared to LCSs
|
-74% pharmacies had counseling area versus 19% of LCS
| |||||
-88% pharmacies had fridge versus 22% of LCSs
| |||||
-All pharmacies kept some records versus 47% of LCSs
| |||||
-More pharmacies than LCSs had reference materials
| |||||
40
|
Cohen et al (2010) Tanzania, rural
|
226 part II drug shops
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Range and patterns of availability of antimalarials vis-à-vis geographical and socio-economic determinants
|
-ACTs stocked more in shops located nearer towns and/or nearer other shops and in more populous areas (p<0.01)
|
-Shops near ACT-stocking facilities more likely to stock the non-recommended SP medicines (p<0.01). Remote shops more likely to sell antipyretics for fever than antimalarial
| |||||
20
|
Fayemi et al (2010) Nigeria, rural
|
97 Patent medicine vendors
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-knowledge, dispensing practices, and referral for emergency contraceptives
|
-One-third not aware of ECPs; only half knew that ECPs could prevent pregnancy
|
-Only half had referral systems for ECP clients
| |||||
58
|
Goel et al (1996) Kenya, rural and urban
|
91 Pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey (SCM used)
|
Influence of geographical location and knowledge on prescribing practices for diarrhea
|
-No clear relationship between knowledge and prescribing
|
-Correct treatment odds higher in high SES urban areas -
| |||||
-Women more likely to receive appropriate treatment for diarrhea in their children
| |||||
28
|
Goodman (2004) Tanzania, rural
|
43 Part II drug shops
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Range and sources of antipyretics, antibiotics and antimalarials
|
-Nearly all drug shops had fever and malaria medicines, and nearly two-thirds had antibiotics
|
-87% got drugs from drug wholesaler or part I pharmacy
| |||||
54
|
Goodman et al (2007) Tanzania, rural
|
30 part II drug stores
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
Compliance with regulations
|
-Majority displayed permits, but some permits belonged to staff not attached to the shop. Majority also stocked and sold prescription medicines against regulatory requirements
|
Likely causes of regulatory infringement
|
-Poor compliance cause by low knowledge, inadequate inspections, and tacit permission from regulatory enforcers
| ||||
22
|
Greer et al (2004) Nigeria, rural
|
245 patent medicine vendors
|
Baseline survey before intervention (SCM)
|
-Characteristics and knowledge of PMV on malaria and other diseases
|
-57, 28% had secondary or tertiary education respectively
|
-Stability in employment; 80% had worked there for over 1 year, 54% more than 4 years, 24% for more than 10 years
| |||||
-21% knew ITNs, but only 5% recommended to clients
| |||||
22
|
Greer et al (2004) Uganda, rural
|
Baseline survey before intervention (SCM)
|
-Management of malaria, ARI and diarrhea
|
-Majority took basic patient history appropriately
| |
-Nearly all recommended wrong medicine and dose
| |||||
-Only 8% explained how drug should be taken
| |||||
42
|
Hera (2006) Tanzania, rural and peri-urban
|
25 ADDOs
|
Post-hoc ADDOs programme evaluation
|
Availability, affordability and quality of drugs, and the quality of dispensing services
|
Better availability but higher prices of drugs compared to public facilities. Rural shops sold at higher prices, but disparities among ADDOs in prices. Amoxicillin, quinine and ORS dispensed inappropriately
|
17
|
Hetzel et al (2006) Tanzania, rural
|
10 drug stores before, 19 after
|
Cross-sectional surveys
|
-Availability and access to drugs before and after policy change from chloroquine as first line to SP
|
-Number of shops stocking drugs almost doubled.
|
-First-line drug (SP) had better availability in 2004 than did CQ (previous first-line) in 2001 (in drug shops)
| |||||
23
|
Hetzel et al (2008) Tanzania, rural
|
29 part II drug stores
|
Cross sectional survey (SCM used)
|
-Knowledge on malaria treatment
|
-Drug shops had better knowledge than general shops
|
-drug prescribing practices
|
-Mystery shoppers likely to get appropriate treatment in drug shops but at higher price.
| ||||
-Adults more likely to have an anti-malarial sold to them
| |||||
52
|
Igun (1994) Nigeria, rural
|
58 pharmacies and 77 patent medicine stores
|
-Cross-sectional survey (SCM used)
|
-Knowledge and prescribing practices for watery and bloody diarrhea
|
-70% of staff said they would give ORT for diarrhea, but only 7% actually gave, the rest giving drugs
|
-57% stated they give ORT only, but 90% of these providers gave drugs only for the diarrhea
| |||||
13
|
Jacobs et al (2004) Uganda, rural and peri-urban
|
141 drug shops
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Management of urethral discharge in men, treatment outcomes, and patients’ perception of quality of care
|
-14% of patients treated according to national guidelines, but 11% managed properly
|
-55% told to use condom or refer partner
| |||||
- 38% cure rate
| |||||
41
|
Karim et al (1996) South Africa, urban
|
10 pharmacies
|
Records review
|
-Generic substitution
|
-45.7% of all prescription had generic equivalents
|
-Cost analysis of prescriptions for branded and generic drugs
|
- The branded price was 10% higher than the generic price
| ||||
-Pharmacists only substituted 14% of drugs for generics
| |||||
-7% of costs can be saved through generic substitution
| |||||
74
|
Kachur et al (2006a) Tanzania, urban
|
29 part I pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Availability, packaging and labeling of artemisinin-containing products
|
- 89% of artemisinin drugs identified were monotherapies
|
-All products sold as prepackaged unit doses
| |||||
-All drugs obtained in manufacturers' original packaging
| |||||
69
|
Kachur et al, (2006b) Tanzania, rural
|
10 specialist drug stores
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Prevalence of malaria parasitemia among clients
|
-17% of febrile visits resulted in buying of an antimalarial
|
-Characteristics of malari
|
-An antipyretic as obtained in 77% visits, with most clients not getting malaria-specific treatment when warranted
| ||||
a and fever medicines buyers
|
-Education linked to better buying of antimalarials
| ||||
43
|
Kagashe et al (2011) Tanzania, urban
|
70 pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Dispensing practices for antibiotics, and other drugs
|
-45% dispensed on client request, 32% on dispenser recommendation, and only 23% on prescription
|
-Antibiotics given inappropriately and in partial doses
| |||||
21
|
Kwena et al (2008) Kenya, urban
|
50 pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey (SCM)
|
-Characteristics of providers managing STI patients
|
-Only 10% of clients were offered appropriate treatment according to the government’s STI management guidelines
|
-Knowledge on management of STIs, compliance to guidelines
|
-74% of pharmacy staff reported that some customers cannot raise all money for medicines prescribed
| ||||
63
|
Liambila et al (2010) Kenya, urban
|
20 pharmacies
|
Survey before intervention (SCM)
|
-Counseling and dispensing practices for clients seeking emergency contraception
|
-About half of staff gave additional information on EC
|
-Only 12.5 gave regular family planning advice
| |||||
-Only 5% talked about STIs/HIV
| |||||
26
|
Maiga et al (2003) Mali, urban
|
11 Pharmacies
|
Records review
|
Drug prescription and selling practices
|
-Most purchases made without prescription were generics
|
-Transactions were more costly in pharmacies than public health facilities (prices higher by 68%)
| |||||
72
|
Maiga et al (2010) Mali, urban
|
30 Private drug stores
|
Survey before intervention
|
Availability and prices for essential medicines
|
- Availability of 49 essential drugs was 66.1% among the retail pharmacies
|
-Retail prices were 25% higher than recommended
| |||||
35
|
Manirakiza et al (2010) Central African Republic, urban
|
15 Private drug stores and 60 non-official drug shops
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Availability of antimalarials
|
-87% of drug stores sold artemisinin monotherapy
|
-Performance of staff in management of malaria
|
-70 and 93% of drug stores and unofficial drug shops sold the unrecommended chloroquine
| ||||
-Chloroquine was not supplied by the official wholesalers
| |||||
-SP, the official treatment, was available in all drug stores, but unavailable in 84% of unofficial drug shops
| |||||
44
|
Massele et al (1993) Tanzania, urban
|
20 drug shops
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Knowledge and treatment practices for malaria
|
-Knowledge of drug sellers on sign and symptoms was adequate, but 45% did not know the correct drug dose
|
-Only 30% of patients knew the correct dose
| |||||
61
|
Mayhew et al (2001) Ghana, urban
|
248 pharmacies
|
Survey before intervention (SCM)
|
-Characteristics of shops, staff and clients
|
-Only 34% of staff had university qualification
|
-STI management of clients
|
-60% of STI clients visit without a prescription
| ||||
-Only 17% used national guidelines to treat STIs
| |||||
27
|
Mazzilli et al, 2009 Somaliland, urban and rural
|
83 pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Characteristics of shops, staff
|
-No pharmacists found. Nurses own most pharmacies
|
-Pharmacies offered injections and diagnostic tests
| |||||
-Knowledge about drugs
|
-Majority knew drugs through self study and experience
| ||||
-Services and drugs offered
|
-Majority sold medicines without prescription
| ||||
7
|
Minzi et al (2008) Tanzania, urban
|
551 pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Types of antimalarials stocked at the pharmacies
|
-None of had been involved in preparation of guidelines
|
-Poor knowledge on pediatric dosages
| |||||
-Awareness on new malaria treatment guidelines
|
-49% of pharmacies still stocked chloroquine
| ||||
-Only 30/7% knew dose regimen of SP/AL respectively
| |||||
18
|
Murray et al (1998) Eritrea (rural)
|
59 rural drug vendors
|
Cross-sectional survey (SCM)
|
-Knowledge and treatment practices for diarrhea and respiratory infection
|
-41% gave correct treatment for respiratory infection
|
-Only 38% of clients knew correct dosing for antibiotics
| |||||
-63% knew how to treat diarrhea, but only 10% did so
| |||||
14
|
Nakyanzi et al (2010) Uganda, urban
|
32 pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Range and characteristics of medicines that expire within pharmacies
|
-75% had gotten low-price/donations of near-expiry drugs; 56% had disposed of expired drugs; 44% had returned drugs to suppliers, and 28% had customers return drugs
|
-Policy change in treatment linked to expiry of medicines
| |||||
36
|
Noor et al (2009) Somalia, rural
|
194 pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Availability of malaria drugs and diagnostic services
|
-Over 30% do diagnosis; CQ found in 53% of shops, with 9% providing SP. Artemisinin monotherapy was found in 14% of shops, with one area having 42% availability
|
-Prescribing for malaria
|
-ACT only found in 9% of shops (2 years after new policy)
| ||||
45
|
Nshakira et al (2002) Uganda, rural
|
2 drug shops
|
Cross –sectional survey
|
-Drugs and instructions given to children under five
|
- 75% of medication was bought in shops in community
|
-Instructions given to caretakers about dosage
|
-All study sites had a range of ant malarial drugs in stock -An average of 3.2 drugs was dispensed per child
| ||||
59
|
Nsimba (2007) Tanzania, rural
|
4 pharmacies and 39 drug stores
|
Cross-sectional survey (SCM used)
|
-Dispensing practices for ORS, antimalarials and antibiotics
|
-Antibiotics overused in both urban and rural settings
|
-Use of branded drugs more common than generics
| |||||
-Training on selectively prescribing
|
-ORS rarely prescribed. Antibiotics inappropriately dispensed for watery diarrhea in almost half of the cases
| ||||
8
|
Ntambwe et al (1994) Zaire (now D.R. Congo), rural
|
44 pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Characteristics of premises, staff, and availability of permit
|
-None run by pharmacist or assistant. 30% run by nurses; 71% run by untrained persons; all shops owned by traders
|
-Compliance with dispensing and recording regulations
|
-None had a permit, and none kept prescription registers
| ||||
-87% sold drugs without prescription
| |||||
64
|
Nyazema et al (2007) Zimbabwe, urban
|
63 pharmacies
|
Cross –sectional survey (SCM used)
|
Sale of antibiotics without prescription, and provision of treatment advice according to acceptable standards
|
-69% said they can’t sell antibiotics without prescription
|
-Actual sale of antibiotics without prescription was low
| |||||
-Few respondents performed well regarding provision of information and advice in relation to treatment guidelines
| |||||
9
|
Ojuawo et al (1993) Nigeria, urban
|
75 Patent medicine sellers
|
Cross –sectional survey (SCM used)
|
-Knowledge, treatment and referral practices for diarrhoea
|
-33% were owners. 30% of employees were primary school children. Majority of staff did not ask questions about diarrhea, and lacked knowledge on ORT
|
-Diarrhea drugs were recommended by all respondents
| |||||
48
|
Okeke et al (2006) Nigeria, rural
|
13 patent medicine sellers
|
Survey before intervention
|
Knowledge, beliefs, treatment practices, and referral for mild and severe malaria
|
-Majority of sellers not health professionals
|
-Poor knowledge, dispensing, and referral for malaria
| |||||
-Advice and information rarely given to care-givers
| |||||
-62% dispensed what clients demand; only 15% took history
| |||||
37
|
Onwujekwe et al (2010) Nigeria, rural
|
11 pharmacies and 137 patent medicine sellers
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Characteristics of providers
|
-14% of PMVs sold medicines without any diagnostic steps compared to 5% for pharmacies. A high proportion of both shops used history to confirm diagnosis for malaria
|
-Knowledge and management of malaria
|
-More pharmacies sold artemisinin monotherapies
| ||||
53
|
Oreagba et al (2010) Nigeria, urban
|
400 pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Knowledge, perceptions and practice around pharmacovigilance
|
-55% had heard of pharmacovigilance; 18% could define it
|
-Only 3% reported adverse drug reactions to the authority
| |||||
-45% did not report because they did not know how
| |||||
46
|
Oshiname et al (1992) Nigeria, rural
|
37 patent medicine vendors
|
Baseline before intervention
|
-Knowledge on symptoms, counseling and management of malaria and other diseases
|
- 70% knew the correct malaria drug, but only one knew the correct dosage for a 3 year old child
|
-39% would sell medicine to a child
| |||||
19
|
RPM Plus (2006), Tanzania urban and rural
|
58 ADDOs
|
Cross –sectional survey (SCM)
|
Knowledge and management of major childhood illnesses, and availability of key drugs
|
-Poor knowledge on treatment choices for diarrhea and ARI
|
-Low adherence to national guidelines for treating ARI, malaria and diarrhea
| |||||
16
|
Russo et al (2010) Mozambique urban
|
34 private pharmacies
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Prices for generic and branded medicines
|
-Huge price variations across pharmacies despite price regulation
|
-Pharmacies adjust prices depending on the market demand
| |||||
38
|
Sabot et al (2009) Tanzania, rural
|
Baseline survey before intervention
|
-Availability and dispensing practices for ACTs
|
-Nearly none of the shops stocked the recommended ACTs before the intervention (subsidy) was introduced
| |
-As a result, most shops did not suggest/offer ACTs to clients, choosing to instead offer SPs
| |||||
11
|
Tumwikirize et al (2004) Uganda, urban
|
28 pharmacies and 169 drug stores
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Characteristics, knowledge and dispensing practices for ARIs
|
-Most staff had training background in nursing
|
-Low knowledge on ARI symptoms and management
| |||||
-Inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics very common
| |||||
39
|
van den Boogaard et al (2010) Tanzania, rural
|
14 pharmacies and 15 drug shops
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Availability and sale of floroquinolones and other antibiotics
|
-All drug shops illegally stocked and sold antibiotics
|
-Floroquinolones widely available in shops, raising concerns over resistance
| |||||
24
|
Viberg et al (2009) Tanzania, rural
|
94 pharmacies, drug stores, and ADDOs
|
Cross –sectional survey (SCM used)
|
-STI management practices
|
-74% of drug sellers stated they had no STI-related drugs in the stock, but 78% and 63% gave male and female simulated clients the medicines, mostly antibiotics
|
-Knowledge on dose, side effects
| |||||
-Drug dispensing practices
|
-Most drugs dispensed were the recommended, though incomplete management, incorrect dosages, lack of advice, and poor history-taking were common
| ||||
-Knowledge on regulation
| |||||
50
|
Viberg et al (2010) Tanzania, rural
|
75 drug sellers
|
Cross-sectional survey
|
-Knowledge and perceptions on antibiotic use and resistance
|
-79% of drug sellers knew antibiotics treat bacterial infections; 24% of these sellers also thought antibiotics could treat viral infections
|
-72% had heard about antibiotic resistance
|