Introduction
Methods
Design and Study Population
Measurements
Risk of Future Sickness Absence
Depressive Complaints
Experience of Health Complaints and Help Seeking Behavior
Demographic, Health-Related and Work-Related Factors
In- and Exclusion Criteria of the Total Study Population
Definition of Three Study Populations
Statistical Analysis
Results
Results for All Respondents on the Screening Questionnaire
Health complaints NO (n = 6,187)a
| Health complaints YES (n = 2,311) Already sought help YES (n = 1,848)a
| P-value | Health complaints YES (n = 2,311) Already sought help NO (n = 463) Intention to seek help YES (n = 164)b
| Health complaints YES (n = 2,311) Already sought help NO (n = 463) Intention to seek help NO (n = 213)b
| P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||
Male (%) | 52.1 | 44.9 | <0.001 | 50.0 | 49.8 | 0.964 |
Age, mean (SD) | 42.1 (9.8) | 45.0 (9.2) | <0.001 | 42.3 (9.7) | 43.3 (11.1) | 0.165 |
Educational level | <0.001 | 0.782 | ||||
Low and medium (%) | 56.4 | 70.0 | 61.9 | 63.4 | ||
High (%) | 43.6 | 30.0 | 38.1 | 36.6 | ||
Health | ||||||
Long-term illness (% yes) | 15.0 | 62.6 | <0.001 | 36.2 | 37.7 | 0.760 |
Absent from work (% yes) | 1.2 | 19.5 | <0.001 | 2.5 | 7.5 | 0.030 |
Private situation | ||||||
Experience of life-event (% yes) | 32.3 | 44.2 | <0.001 | 40.5 | 40.6 | 0.988 |
Work characteristics | ||||||
Coworker social support [4–16]b, mean (SD) | 12.66 (1.57) | 12.37 (1.75) | <0.001 | 12.36 (1.66) | 12.23 (1.60) | 0.342 |
Skill discretion [12–48]b, mean (SD) | 37.16 (5.13) | 36.03 (5.51) | 0.152 | 36.65 (5.56) | 36.05 (5.41) | 0.669 |
Job insecurity (% yes) | 12.5 | 23.4 | <0.001 | 16.0 | 23.0 | 0.098 |
Executive position (% yes) | 21.6 | 15.8 | <0.001 | 23.2 | 14.6 | 0.032 |
Association Between Risk of Sickness Absence, Depressive Complaints, Both Concepts and Experience of Health Complaints
Experience of health complaints yes | Experience of health complaints no | Total | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
At high risk of future SA | 484 (48%) | 517 (52%) | 1,001 | <0.001 |
Not at risk of future SA | 1,293 (20%) | 5,216 (80%) | 6,509 | |
Total | 1,777 | 5,733 | 7,510 | |
Mild to severe depressive complaints | 370 (57%) | 283 (43%) | 653 | <0.001 |
No to mild depressive complaints | 1,508 (21%) | 5,716 (79%) | 7,224 | |
Total | 1,878 | 5,999 | 7,877 | |
At risk of future SA and mild to severe depressive complaints | 140 (69%) | 64 (31%) | 204 | <0.001 |
1-At risk of future SA and/or mild to severe depressive complaints | 1,609 (22%) | 5,593 (78%) | 7,202 | |
Total | 1,749 | 5,657 | 7,406 |
Characteristics of the Three Study Populations
Experience of health complaints | Already sought help | Intention to seek help | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | P-value | Yes | No | P-value | Yes | No | P-value | |
Risk of SA (BM ≥ 13,3) | 517 | 484 | <0.001 | 404 | 80 | <0.001 | 31 | 37 | 0.875 |
Severity (BM ≥ 6,6) (% yes) | 42.0 | 62.6 | <0.001 | 63.1 | 60.0 | 0.598 | 61.3 | 56.8 | 0.705 |
Male (% yes) | 73.9 | 66.1 | 0.007 | 67.1 | 61.3 | 0.314 | 58.1 | 62.2 | 0.731 |
Long-term illness (% yes) | 29.0 | 66.8 | <0.001 | 70.0 | 51.3 | 0.001 | 38.7 | 55.6 | 0.169 |
Educational level high (% yes) | 19.0 | 19.0 | 0.986 | 18.2 | 23.1 | 0.313 | 26.7 | 19.4 | 0.486 |
Depressive complaints (HAD-D ≥ 8) | 283 | 370 | <0.001 | 259 | 111 | <0.001 | 41 | 53 | 0.782 |
Severity (HAD ≥ 11) (% yes) | 21.2 | 34.3 | <0.001 | 35.9 | 30.6 | 0.327 | 29.3 | 28.3 | 0.918 |
Male (% yes) | 51.2 | 53.0 | 0.660 | 50.6 | 58.6 | 0.159 | 53.7 | 58.5 | 0.639 |
Long-term illness (% yes) | 19.4 | 54.9 | <0.001 | 64.7 | 44.3 | <0.001 | 46.3 | 38.0 | 0.422 |
Educational level high (% yes) | 35.4 | 26.9 | 0.024 | 25.7 | 29.5 | 0.461 | 40.0 | 24.5 | 0.117 |
At risk of SA & depressive complaints (BM ≥ 13,3, HAD-D ≥ 8) | 64 | 140 | <0.001 | 105 | 35 | 0.484 | 16 | 14 | 0.321 |
Severity (BM ≥ 6,6 & HAD-D ≥ 8) (% yes) | 53.1 | 72.9 | 0.006 | 75.2 | 65.7 | 0.273 | 62.5 | 64.3 | 0.919 |
Male (% yes) | 57.8 | 63.6 | 0.432 | 64.8 | 60.0 | 0.612 | 50.0 | 57.1 | 0.696 |
Long-term illness (% yes) | 25.4 | 63.8 | <0.001 | 67.0 | 54.5 | 0.198 | 56.3 | 46.2 | 0.588 |
Educational level high (% yes) | 21.0 | 16.2 | 0.414 | 16.5 | 15.2 | 0.856 | 26.7 | 7.7 | 0.191 |