Background
Methods
Study overview
Study participants
Measures & outcomes
Fish consumption
Meat consumption
Vegetables and fruits (V&F) consumption
The CAGE questionnaire
Socioeconomic and demographic covariates
Depression and Subsyndromal depression
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample description
Variable | Category |
n
| Unweighted % | Weighted % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (in years) | 60–74 | 1494 | 58.3 | 75.0 |
75–84 | 669 | 26.1 | 19.5 | |
85+ | 402 | 15.7 | 5.5 | |
Sex | Male | 1117 | 43.6 | 44.1 |
Female | 1448 | 56.5 | 55.9 | |
Ethnicity | Chinese | 1012 | 39.5 | 83.3 |
Malay | 745 | 29.0 | 9.3 | |
Indian | 772 | 30.1 | 6.0 | |
Others | 36 | 1.4 | 1.4 | |
Marital Status | Married/Cohabiting | 1484 | 57.9 | 64.0 |
Never Married | 136 | 5.3 | 8.0 | |
Widowed | 836 | 32.6 | 22.5 | |
Divorced/Separated | 107 | 4.2 | 5.5 | |
Education | None | 511 | 20.0 | 16.5 |
Some, but did not complete primary | 620 | 24.3 | 23.9 | |
Primary | 640 | 25.1 | 24.8 | |
Secondary | 517 | 20.3 | 22.4 | |
Tertiary | 262 | 10.3 | 12.4 | |
Employment Status | Employed | 688 | 27.2 | 33.9 |
Unemployed | 32 | 1.3 | 1.5 | |
Homemaker | 808 | 31.9 | 26.3 | |
Retired | 1006 | 39.7 | 38.3 | |
Smoking Status | Never Smoked | 1886 | 73.7 | 74.5 |
Smoked Before | 439 | 17.1 | 15.9 | |
Current Smoker | 236 | 9.2 | 9.5 | |
GMS-AGECAT | Depression | 177 | 6.9 | 3.73 |
Subsyndromal Depression | 425 | 16.6 | 13.4 | |
Non-depression | 1963 | 76.5 | 76.5 | |
Seabass (L. calcarifer) | No | 1591 | 65.9 | 66.7 |
Yes | 824 | 34.1 | 33.4 | |
Stingray (H. gerrardi) | No | 1698 | 70.3 | 77.4 |
Yes | 717 | 29.7 | 22.6 | |
Grouper (E. coioides) | No | 1613 | 66.8 | 58.1 |
Yes | 802 | 33.2 | 41.9 | |
Pomfret (P. chinesis) | No | 1248 | 51.7 | 46.9 |
Yes | 1167 | 48.3 | 53.1 | |
Yellow Tail (A. mate) | No | 1408 | 58.3 | 62.4 |
Yes | 1007 | 41.7 | 37.6 | |
Snapper (P. multidens) | No | 1814 | 70.7 | 72.4 |
Yes | 751 | 29.3 | 27.6 | |
Mackerel (S. commerson) | No | 1452 | 56.6 | 59.1 |
Yes | 1113 | 43.4 | 40.9 | |
Vegetables and Fruits | No | 46 | 1.81 | 1.4 |
Yes | 2493 | 98.2 | 98.6 | |
Meat | No | 193 | 7.6 | 3.3 |
Yes | 2345 | 92.4 | 96.7 | |
Problematic Alcohol Use | No | 2464 | 96.1 | 95.8 |
Yes | 101 | 3.9 | 4.2 | |
Physically Active | No | 871 | 33.96 | 24.5 |
Yes | 1694 | 66.04 | 75.5 | |
Variable |
n
| Unweighted (mean) | Weighted (mean) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | 2289 | 25.10 | 24.49 | |
Household Assets | 2547 | 6.28 | 6.38 |
Diet and problematic alcohol use
Depressiona | Subsyndromala | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Category | OR | 95% CI |
p
| OR | 95% CI |
p
| ||
Diet | Seabass (L. calcarifer) | 0.67 | 0.39 | 1.16 | 0.15 | 0.58 | 0.36 | 0.95 | 0.03 |
Stingray (H. gerrardi) | 1.31 | 0.71 | 2.45 | 0.39 | 1.91 | 1.20 | 3.04 | 0.01 | |
Grouper (E. coioides) | 0.72 | 0.38 | 1.35 | 0.31 | 0.83 | 0.53 | 1.30 | 0.41 | |
Pomfret (P. chinesis) | 1.68 | 0.89 | 3.16 | 0.11 | 0.92 | 0.60 | 1.41 | 0.69 | |
Yellow Tail (A. mate) | 1.24 | 0.68 | 2.26 | 0.49 | 1.34 | 0.92 | 1.95 | 0.13 | |
Snapper (P. multidens) | 0.54 | 0.29 | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.80 | 0.53 | 1.21 | 0.30 | |
Mackerel (S. commerson) | 0.88 | 0.51 | 1.52 | 0.66 | 1.30 | 0.89 | 1.90 | 0.18 | |
Vegetables & Fruits | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.00 | |
Meat | 3.21 | 1.02 | 10.14 | 0.05 | 2.61 | 1.20 | 5.67 | 0.02 | |
Problematic Alcohol Use | 2.04 | 0.62 | 6.67 | 0.24 | 2.81 | 1.25 | 6.33 | 0.01 | |
Age (in years) | 60–74 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
75–84 | 1.88 | 0.94 | 3.75 | 0.07 | 0.85 | 0.53 | 1.36 | 0.49 | |
85+ | 1.92 | 0.69 | 5.33 | 0.21 | 1.08 | 0.59 | 2.00 | 0.80 | |
Sex | Male | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Female | 2.33 | 0.79 | 6.84 | 0.13 | 1.41 | 0.82 | 2.42 | 0.22 | |
Ethnicity | Chinese | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Malay | 2.36 | 1.18 | 4.72 | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.59 | 1.34 | 0.57 | |
Indians | 4.99 | 2.71 | 9.18 | 0.00 | 1.71 | 1.18 | 2.47 | 0.01 | |
Others | 2.07 | 0.27 | 15.86 | 0.48 | 1.32 | 0.49 | 3.56 | 0.58 | |
Marital status | Married/Cohabitating | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Never married | 0.47 | 0.08 | 2.62 | 0.39 | 1.23 | 0.59 | 2.57 | 0.58 | |
Widowed | 0.47 | 0.22 | 1.02 | 0.06 | 1.22 | 0.76 | 1.95 | 0.42 | |
Divorced/Separated | 0.78 | 0.32 | 1.88 | 0.58 | 2.17 | 0.97 | 4.87 | 0.06 | |
Education | Tertiary | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
None | 0.85 | 0.22 | 3.22 | 0.81 | 1.83 | 0.81 | 4.15 | 0.15 | |
Some, but did not complete Primary | 0.42 | 0.12 | 1.50 | 0.18 | 1.43 | 0.68 | 3.00 | 0.34 | |
Primary | 0.69 | 0.21 | 2.22 | 0.53 | 0.92 | 0.43 | 1.96 | 0.84 | |
Secondary | 0.49 | 0.16 | 1.55 | 0.23 | 1.22 | 0.58 | 2.54 | 0.60 | |
Employment Status | Employed | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Unemployed | 1.35 | 0.22 | 8.46 | 0.75 | 1.74 | 0.30 | 10.07 | 0.54 | |
Homemaker | 1.00 | 0.39 | 2.56 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.58 | 1.77 | 0.96 | |
Retired | 1.08 | 0.49 | 2.35 | 0.86 | 0.93 | 0.58 | 1.51 | 0.77 | |
Smoking Status | Never Smoked | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Smoked Before | 0.82 | 0.29 | 2.31 | 0.71 | 1.08 | 0.63 | 1.85 | 0.79 | |
Current Smoker | 1.53 | 0.49 | 4.82 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 1.13 | 0.11 | |
Household Assets | 0.90 | 0.74 | 1.10 | 0.31 | 0.91 | 0.79 | 1.04 | 0.17 | |
Physically Active | No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Yes | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.36 | 0.86 | 0.01 | |
Body Mass Index (BMI) (mean) | 1.02 | 0.96 | 1.08 | 0.51 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.05 | 0.51 |