Background
Methods
Study design
Data source
Sampling procedure
Dependent variables in the logistic regression analysis
Independent variable in the logistic regression analysis
Factors | Variable name | Subcategory |
---|---|---|
Predisposing factors
| Gender | male/female |
Age | ≤ 30’s/40’s/50’s/60’s/≥ 70’s | |
Education completed | elementary (≤ 6y)/middle-high (7-12y)/university (≥ 12y) | |
Occupation | office workers/self-employed, employer/housewives/students/unemployed/others | |
Enabling factors
| Household income (monthly) | Quartile 1; lowest (KRW < 1,500,000)/ Quartile 2 (KRW 1,500,000 ≤ - < 3,500,000)/ Quartile 3 (KRW 3,500,000 ≤ - < 5,500,000)/ Quartile 4; highest (KRW ≥ 5,500,000) |
Area of residence | urban/rural | |
Health insurance type | national health insurance/medical aid | |
Need factors
| No. of chronic diseases a | 0/1/2/≥ 3 |
General health status | very good/good/acceptable/poor/very poor |
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics
Characteristics | n (%) | p-valuea | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total
(
n
= 7,116)
|
Hospital
(
n
= 2,034)
|
Clinic
(
n
= 4,475)
|
KM
(
n
= 607)
| ||
Gender
| < 0.0001 | ||||
Male
| 3,030 (42.6) | 932 (45.8) | 1,872 (41.8) | 226 (37.2) | |
Female
| 4,086 (57.4) | 1,102 (54.2) | 2,603 (58.2) | 381 (62.8) | |
Age
| < 0.0001 | ||||
≤ 39
| 1,747 (24.5) | 392 (19.3) | 1,275 (28.5) | 80 (13.2) | |
40–49
| 1,101 (15.5) | 270 (13.3) | 727 (16.2) | 104 (17.1) | |
50–59
| 1,633 (22.9) | 461 (22.7) | 1,013 (22.6) | 159 (26.2) | |
60–69
| 1,381 (19.4) | 472 (23.2) | 754 (16.8) | 155 (25.5) | |
≥ 70
| 1,254 (17.7) | 439 (21.6) | 706 (15.8) | 109 (18.0) | |
Education completed
| < 0.0001 | ||||
Elementary (≤ 6y)
| 1,034 (14.5) | 337 (16.6) | 626 (14.0) | 71 (11.7) | |
Middle-High (7-12y)
| 3,941 (55.4) | 1,141 (56.1) | 2,432 (54.3) | 368 (60.6) | |
University (≥ 12y) | 2,141 (30.1) | 556 (27.3) | 1,417 (31.7) | 168 (27.7) | |
Occupation
b
| < 0.0001 | ||||
Office workers
| 2,444 (34.4) | 638 (31.4) | 1,599 (35.8) | 207 (34.1) | |
Self-employed, Employer
| 1,322 (18.6) | 392 (19.3) | 804 (18.0) | 126 (20.8) | |
Housewives
| 1,904 (26.8) | 533 (26.2) | 1,176 (26.3) | 195 (32.1) | |
Students
| 503 (7.1) | 96 (4.7) | 399 (8.9) | 8 (1.3) | |
Unemployed
| 757 (10.7) | 296 (14.6) | 400 (9.0) | 61 (10.0) | |
Others
| 172 (2.4) | 75 (3.7) | 87 (1.9) | 10 (1.6) | |
Missing
| 14 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) | 10 (0.4) | 0 | |
Household income
c
| 0.002 | ||||
Quartile 1
| 866 (12.2) | 281 (13.8) | 517 (11.6) | 68 (11.2) | |
Quartile 2
| 1,189 (16.7) | 334 (16.4) | 755 (16.9) | 100 (16.5) | |
Quartile 3
| 870 (12.2) | 253 (12.4) | 558 (12.5) | 59 (9.7) | |
Quartile 4
| 458 (6.4) | 163 (8.0) | 245 (5.5) | 50 (8.2) | |
Missing
| 3,733 (52.4) | 1,003 (49.3) | 2,400 (53.6) | 330 (54.4) | |
Area of residence
| 0.276 | ||||
Urban
| 5,040 (70.8) | 1,449 (71.2) | 3,146 (70.3) | 445 (73.3) | |
Rural
| 2,076 (29.2) | 585 (28.8) | 1,329 (29.7) | 162 (26.7) | |
Health insurance type
d
| < 0.0001 | ||||
NHI
| 6,916 (97.2) | 1,940 (95.4) | 4,378 (97.8) | 598 (98.5) | |
Medical aid
| 181 (2.5) | 86 (4.2) | 88 (2.0) | 7 (1.2) | |
Missing
| 19 (0.3) | 8 (0.4) | 9 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) |
Reasons cited for healthcare service utilization
Factors influencing the use of CM and KM
Variables | OR (95% CI) a | ||
---|---|---|---|
Hospital (
n
= 822)
|
Clinic (
n
= 1,689)
|
KM (
n
= 212)
| |
Gender (Ref: Male)
| |||
Female
| 0.91 (0.72–1.14) | 1.05 (0.81–1.25) | 1.30 (0.90–1.87) |
Age (Ref: ≤ 39)
| |||
40–49
| 0.78 (0.53–1.12) | 1.30 (0.92–1.84) | 0.86 (0.48–1.54) |
50–59
| 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 1.07 (0.77–1.48) | 0.78 (0.44–1.39) |
60–69
| 1.39 (0.94–2.05) |
0.68 (0.47–0.97)
| 1.32 (0.71–2.45) |
≥ 70
| 1.50 (0.95–2.35) |
0.64 (0.42–0.97)
| 1.30 (0.62–2.71) |
Education completed (Ref: Elementary (≤ 6y))
| |||
Middle High (7-12y)
|
1.43 (1.07–1.92)
|
0.61 (0.46–0.81)
|
1.71 (1.02–2.88)
|
University (≥ 12y) | 1.28 (0.88–1.85) |
0.67 (0.47–0.95)
| 1.78 (0.93–3.40) |
Occupation (Ref: Office workers)
| |||
Self-employed, Employer
| 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 1.14 (0.92–1.42) | 1.14 (0.77–1.67) |
Housewives
| 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | 1.30 (0.95–1.79) | 0.84 (0.48–1.48) |
Students
| 0.96 (0.25–3.68) | 1.57 (0.41–5.96) | - |
Unemployed
| 0.99 (0.74–1.35) | 0.97 (0.72–1.29) | 1.09 (0.65–1.84) |
Others
| 1.49 (0.86–2.60) | 0.63 (0.37–1.08) | 1.31 (0.52–3.28) |
Household income (Ref: Quartile 1)
| |||
Quartile 2
| 1.14 (0.87–1.49) | 0.90 (0.70–1.16) | 0.94 (0.60–1.46) |
Quartile 3
|
1.40 (1.02–1.90)
| 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | 0.82 (0.48–1.39) |
Quartile 4
|
1.92 (1.35–2.72)
|
0.49 (0.35–0.68)
| 1.44 (0.82–2.53) |
Area of residence (Ref: Urban)
| |||
Rural
| 0.84 (0.68–1.02) | 1.19 (0.98–1.44) | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) |
Health insurance type (Ref: NHI)
| |||
Medical Aid
|
1.94 (1.23–3.05)
| 0.68 (0.44–1.07) | 0.26 (0.06–1.09) |
No. of chronic diseases
b
(Ref: 0)
| |||
1
| 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) |
0.52 (0.36–0.76)
|
2
| 1.12 (0.83–1.51) | 1.13 (0.85–1.49) |
0.51 (0.31–0.85)
|
3–5
| 1.49 (0.98–2.27) | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) |
0.26 (0.10–0.69)
|
General health status (Ref: Very Good)
| |||
Good
| 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | 0.79 (0.55–1.11) | 1.74 (0.85–3.54) |
Acceptable
| 1.23 (0.83–1.83) |
0.64 (0.44–0.92)
|
2.44 (1.16–5.10)
|
Poor
|
2.11 (1.34–3.30)
|
0.34 (0.22–0.53)
|
3.73 (1.62–8.56)
|
Very Poor
|
3.37 (1.50–7.55)
|
0.30 (0.14–0.67)
| - |