Introduction
LBP in perspective
Concepts of risk factors, cause, and prevention
Prevention of chronic recurring diseases
Comparison of LBP with asthma and migraine
Importance of the disease-free and episode-free periods
Causal research disregards the concept of disease vs. episode
Prospective design is not the same as temporality
Aims and objectives
Methods
Search strategy, inclusion criteria, and exclusion criteria
Article inclusion and selection process
Data extraction
First author, Year, Country | Study design | Anticipated finding(s) based on the study aim(s) | Recall period for LBP Definitiona | According to authors or obvious from text: 1st time episode, Episode, or Prevalence b | Definition of preceding non-episodec | Risk factor data collected prior to the onset of LBP variable |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aggarwal 2013 India [28] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, associated risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | None | No |
Alperovitch 2010 Israel [29] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, associated risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | None | No |
Auvinen 2010 Finland [30] | Longitudinal | Risk factors | 6 month | Episode | No LBP previous 6 month at 16 & 18 | Yes for the 2nd survey |
Capkin 2015 Turkey [31] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Lifetime, 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Cho 2012 South Korea [32] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Lifetime, Point, 6 month | Prevalence | NA | Not clear |
Coenen 2013 the Netherlands [33] | Prospective cohort | Associated risk factor | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | Not clear |
Erick 2014 Botswana [34] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Ernat 2012 North America [35] | Retrospective, Database analysis | Incidence, risk factors | NA | Initial visit for lumbago | NA | No |
Gaowgzeh 2015 Saudi Arabia [36] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Undefined | Prevalence | None | No |
Jia 2016 China [37] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Kanchanomai 2015 Thailand [38] | Prospective | Annual incidence, risk factors | 3 month | Incidence | None | Not clear |
Katsavouni 2014 Greece [39] | Cross-sectional | Risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Knox 2014 North America [40] | Retrospective Database analysis | Incidence, risk factors | NA | First diagnosis of LBP | NA | No |
Lin 2014 Taiwan [41] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Lin 2012 Taiwan [42] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Lifetime, point | Prevalence | NA | No |
Mikkonen 2016 Finland [43] | Prospective cohort | Risk factors | 6 month | Episode | No LBP past 6 month at 16 & 18 | Yes for the 2nd survey |
Mitchell 2010 Australia [44] | Prospective | Risk factors predicting new-onset LBP | Life-time, 1 year | Episode | No significant LBP at baseline | Yes |
Mohseni-bandpei 2011 Iran [45] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factor | Point, 1 month, 6 month, year, lifetime | Prevalence | NA | No |
Murtezani 2011 Kosovo [46] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Ng 2014 Australia [47] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Lifetime, point | Prevalence | NA | No |
Nissen 2014 Denmark [48] | Retrospective | Associated Risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Noda 2015 Sri Lanka [49] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 4 weeks | Prevalence | NA | No |
Ramond-Roquin 2015 France [50] | Prospective cohort | Risk factors | 1 week | Prevalence, episode | NA | Yes for the 2nd survey |
Shemory 2016 North America [51] | Retrospective Database analysis | Risk factors | NA | Incidence | NA | No |
Sikiru 2010 Nigeria [52] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Steffens 2015 Australia [53] | Case-crossover | Risk factors | NA | Episode | Free of pain in the past month | No/purposely retrospective |
Sterud 2013 Norway [54] | Prospective | Risk factors | 4 weeks | Prevalence | NA | No |
Triki 2015 Tunisia [55] | Retrospective | Prevalence | No LBP before current injury | First LBP injury | NA | No |
van Hilst 2015 the Netherlands [56] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, associated risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Vandergrift 2012 North America [57] | Prospective | Risk factors | 1 year | Episode | Pain-free at baseline | Yes for the follow-up survey |
Vargas-Prada 2013 Spain [58] | Prospective | Incidence, risk factors | 1 year | Episode | Free of pain in the past month | Yes for the follow-up survey |
Vilar Furtado 2014 Brazil [59] | Cross-sectional | Risk factors | 3 month | Prevalence | NA | No |
Yue 2012 China [60] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1 year | Prevalence | NA | No |