Background
Methods
Participants and recruitment
Variable | Median (q1-q3) unless otherwise stated | Missing value, n |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 70 (65–77) | - |
Sex (men), n (%) | 152 (61) | - |
Education (elementary/higher secondary/university), n (%) | 86 (34)/81 (32)/84 (34) | - |
Social support (from partner/other than partner/none), n (%) | 156 (62)/92 (37)/3 (1) | - |
Living alone (yes), n (%) | 66 (26) | - |
PD duration (years) | 8 (5–13) | - |
PD severity (H&Y) | 3 (2–3) | - |
Freezing (FOGQsa item 3, dichotomized, yes), n (%)a
| 139 (56 %) | 3 |
Motor symptoms (UPDRS III) | 30 (22–39) | 4 |
Cognitive function (MoCA) | 26 (22–28) | 6 |
Depressive symptoms (GDS-15) | 2 (1–4) | 5 |
Fall-related activity avoidance (mSAFFE) | 22 (18–31) | 11b
|
Fall-related activity avoidance (yes), n (%) | 102 (41) | 1 |
Fear of falling (yes), n (%) | 121 (48) | 1 |
Falls past 6 months (yes), n (%) | 110 (44) | - |
Falls past 6 months in relation to H&Y stages (yes), n (%) | ||
I, n = 50 | 16 (32) | - |
II, n = 72 | 29 (40) | - |
III, n = 67 | 31 (46) | - |
IV + V, n = 62 | 34 (55) | - |
Near falls past 6 months (yes), n (%) | 141 (57) | 3 |
Near falls past 6 months among non-fallers (yes), n (%) | 51 (37) | 2 |
Data collection and instruments
Fall-related activity avoidance and fear of falling (FOF)
Falls and near falls
Disease severity
Descriptive variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Response category, n (%) | Ranking (1–17), most avoided ranked as 1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Would never avoid | Sometimes avoid | Always avoid | Sometimes + always | |||
Item | (merged) | |||||
no. | Activity | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
1 | Go to the shopsa
| 152(62) | 77 (31) | 18 (7) | 95 (38) | 11 |
2 | Clean your housea
| 146 (59) | 83 (34) | 18 (7) | 101 (41) | 8 |
3 | Prepare simple mealsb
| 187 (76) | 54 (22) | 5 (2) | 59 (24) | 14 |
4 | Go to the doctor or dentistb
| 208 (85) | 32 (13) | 6 (2) | 38 (15) | 17 |
5 | Take a bathc
| 159 (65) | 52 (21) | 34 (14) | 86 (35) | 12 |
6 | Take a showera
| 194 (79) | 45 (18) | 8 (3) | 53 (21) | 15 |
7 | Go for a walkd
| 147 (59) | 85 (34) | 16 (7) | 101 (41) | 9 |
8 |
Go out when it is slippery
a
|
63 (26)
|
105 (42)
|
79 (32)
|
184 (74)
|
1
|
9 | Visit a friend or relativea
| 171 (69) | 68 (28) | 8 (3) | 76 (31) | 13 |
10 |
Go to a place with crowds
d
|
133 (54)
|
85 (34)
|
30 (12)
|
115 (46)
|
4
|
11 | Go up and down stairsd
| 145 (58) | 78 (32) | 25 (10) | 103 (42) | 7 |
12 | Walk around indoorsa
| 199 (81) | 44 (18) | 4 (1) | 48 (19) | 16 |
13 |
Walk a kilometer
b
|
126 (51)
|
67 (27)
|
53 (22)
|
120 (49)
|
3
|
14 |
Bend down to get something
d
|
141 (57)
|
92 (37)
|
15 (6)
|
107 (43)
|
5
|
15 | Travel by public transportd
| 145 (58) | 64 (26) | 39 (16) | 103 (42) | 6 |
16 | Go out to a social eventd
| 149 (60) | 88 (36) | 11 (4) | 99 (40) | 10 |
17 |
Reach for something above your head
d
|
124 (50)
|
92 (37)
|
32 (13)
|
124 (50)
|
2
|
Fall-related activity avoidance in relation to a history of falls, near falls and fear of falling
Falls past 6 months | Near fallsa (but no falls) past 6 months | Fear of fallingb
| ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | No | Single | Rk | Recurrent | Rk | No | Yes | Rk | No | Yes | Rk | |
no. | Activityc (sometimes + always avoided) |
n = 141 |
n = 38 |
n = 72 |
n = 88 |
n = 51 |
n = 129 |
n = 121 | ||||
1 | Go to the shops, n (%) | 36 (26) | 15 (40) | 10 | 44 (61) |
5
| 14 (17) | 22 (43) | 11 | 18 (14) | 77 (65) | 6 |
2 | Clean your house, n (%) | 42 (31) | 15 (40) | 9 | 44 (61) | 6 | 17 (20) | 25 (49) | 8 | 28 (22) | 73 (62) | 11 |
3 | Prepare simple meals, n (%) | 19 (14) | 9 (24) | 14 | 31 (44) | 14 | 7 (8) | 12 (24) | 15 | 12 (9) | 47 (40) | 14 |
4 | Go to the doctor or dentist, n (%) | 17 (12) | 5 (13) | 17 | 16 (23) | 17 | 6 (7) | 11 (22) | 16 | 7 (5) | 31 (27) | 17 |
5 | Take a bath, n (%) | 39 (29) | 13 (34) | 12 | 34 (48) | 12 | 16 (19) | 23 (46) | 10 | 23 (18) | 63 (54) | 12 |
6 | Take a shower, n (%) | 27 (20) | 5 (13) | 16 | 21 (29) | 16 | 10 (12) | 17 (33) | 14 | 10 (8) | 43 (36) | 15 |
7 | Go for a walk, n (%) | 44 (32) | 16 (42) | 7 | 41 (57) | 9 | 17 (20) | 27 (53) | 6 | 27 (21) | 74 (62) | 9 |
8 | Go out when it is slippery, n (%) | 96 (70) | 27 (71) |
1
| 61 (86) |
1
| 51 (59) | 45 (88) |
1
| 72 (56) | 112 (95) |
1
|
9 | Visit a friend or relative, n (%) | 32 (23) | 12 (32) | 13 | 32 (44) | 13 | 13 (15) | 19 (38) | 13 | 17 (13) | 59 (50) | 13 |
10 | Go to a place with crowds, n (%) | 52 (38) | 20 (52) |
2
| 43 (60) | 7 | 21 (24) | 31 (61) |
2
| 33 (26) | 82 (69) |
4
|
11 | Go up and down stairs, n (%) | 50 (36) | 15 (39) | 11 | 38 (53) | 10 | 25 (29) | 25 (49) | 7 | 26 (20) | 77 (65) | 7 |
12 | Walk around indoors, n (%) | 17 (12) | 9 (24) | 15 | 22 (31) | 15 | 8 (9) | 9 (18) | 17 | 12 (9) | 36 (31) | 16 |
13 | Walk a kilometer, n (%) | 56 (41) | 19 (50) |
4
| 45 (63) |
4
| 26 (30) | 30 (59) |
3
| 35 (27) | 85 (72) |
3
|
14 | Bend down to get something, n (%) | 48 (35) | 16 (42) | 8 | 43 (60) | 8 | 24 (28) | 24 (47) | 9 | 31 (24) | 76 (64) | 8 |
15 | Travel by public transport, n (%) | 37 (27) | 20 (52) |
3
| 46 (64) |
3
| 16 (18) | 21 (41) | 12 | 24 (19) | 79 (66) |
5
|
16 | Go out to a social event, n (%) | 45 (33) | 19 (50) |
5
| 35 (49) | 11 | 18 (21) | 27 (53) |
5
| 25 (19) | 74 (62) | 10 |
17 | Reach for something above your head, n (%) | 56 (41) | 17 (45) | 6 | 51 (71) |
2
| 27 (31) | 29 (57) |
4
| 35 (27) | 89 (75) |
2
|
Variable | Fall-related activity avoidance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
mSAFFEc
| Dichotomous question (yes) | |||
median (q1-q3) |
p-value | n (%) |
p-value | |
History of fall | <0.001*
| <0.001* | ||
No fall, n = 141 | 20 (18–28)d
| 42 (30)b
| ||
Single fall, n = 38 | 25 (17–31) | 19 (50) | ||
Recurrent falls (>1), n = 72 | 28 (22–35)e
| 41 (57) | ||
History of near fall | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
No near falls or falls, n = 88 | 19 (17–22)f
| 15 (17) | ||
Near falls, but no falls, n = 51 | 25 (19–33)a
| 26 (51) | ||
Fear of falling | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
No, n = 129 | 19 (17–22)f
| 17 (13) | ||
Yes, n = 121 | 30 (23–35)d
| 85 (70) | ||
Disease severity, HY stages | <0.001**
| <0.001** | ||
I, n = 50 | 19 (17–25) | 12 (24) | ||
II, n = 72 | 19 (17–24)b
| 14 (19) | ||
III, n = 67 | 23 (19–31)f
| 31 (46) | ||
IV+ V, n = 62 | 32 (26–39)d
| 45 (74)b
|