Fusarium species are ubiquitous environmental fungi that occasionally provoke serious invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts. Among Fusarium species, Fusarium ramigenum, belonging to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, has thus far never been found to cause human infections. Here we describe the first case of invasive fusariosis caused by Fusarium ramigenum in a human and also identify immunological deficiencies that most likely contributed to invasiveness.
Case presentation
A 32-year-old Caucasian male with a seemingly insignificant medical history of mild respiratory illness during the preceding two years, developed invasive pulmonary fusariosis. Detailed immunological assessment revealed the presence of common variable immunodeficiency, complicated by a severe impairment of the capacity of T-cells to produce both gamma-interferon and interleukin-17. In-depth microbiological assessment identified the novel human opportunistic pathogen Fusarium ramigenum as cause of the infection.
Conclusion
This report demonstrated that an opportunistic invasive fungal infection may indicate an underlying cellular immune impairment of the host. The unexpected invasive infection with Fusarium ramigenum in this case unmasked a complex combined humoral and cellular immunological deficiency.
Hinweise
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
RVM was implied in the patient’s data collection, indirectly in the patient’s care and drafting the manuscript; VG is the patient’s physician and provided the patient’s data and was involved in drafting the manuscript; AMSA performed molecular identification and was involved in drafting the manuscript; GSH supervised the molecular identification and was involved in drafting the manuscript; JFM supervised the whole process of Fusarium identification and performed phenotypic identification and susceptibility, also coordinated the writing of the manuscript; MGN judged the whole case, mainly from the immunological point of view, in succession performed immunological analyses and revised crucially the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Abkürzungen
CT-scan
Computed tomography
CRP
C-reactive protein
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
BAL
Broncho-alveolar lavage
SGA
Sabouraud’s glucose agar
IgM
Immunoglobulin M
IgG
Immunoglobulin G
IgA
Immunoglobulin A
CD4
Cluster of differentiation 4
CD8
Cluster of differentiation 8
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
CVID
Common variable immunodeficiency
CA
Candida albicans yeasts
PHA
Phytohemagglutinin
SA
Staphylococcal antigen
IL-17
Interleukin 17
TEFI1
Translation elongation factor1
BT2
Beta-tubulin
CLSI
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CLSI M38-A
CLSI microtiter mould testing standard methods for antifungal susceptibility
MIC
Minimum inhibitory concentration
IFN γ
Gamma-interferon
CARD9
Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9
Background
Fusarium species are common saprophytic fungi that globally represent the third cause of invasive mould infection in humans, after Aspergillus and after Mucorales. This opportunistic infection is common in Brazil but rare in other parts of the world. The important Fusarium species implicated in human pathology belong to the F. solani, F. oxysporum, and F. fujikuroi species complexes [1]. In immunocompetent hosts, clinical manifestations are relatively mild and mostly result from accidental trauma (e.g. keratitis and contact lens-related infections, onychomycosis, osteo-arthritis, but also peritonitis after peritoneal dialysis). Invasive infections are almost exclusively found in immunodeficient hosts, particularly those with severe dysfunction of cellular immunity [2, 3]. In those patients, infections of the respiratory tract are commonly encountered. Mortality due to invasive fusariosis can be above 50 %, even when appropriate and intensive therapeutic management is applied [1, 4]. Here we describe a case of invasive fusariosis caused by a hitherto unknown opportunist, Fusarium ramigenum, and report on the immunological causes most likely contributing to this infection.
Case report
A 32-year-old Caucasian male, an outdoor worker (border guard), with mild, recurrent respiratory infections during two preceding years was admitted to the infectious diseases clinic with a 5-day history of high fever, chills, chest pain, dry cough and myalgia. Physical examination showed a good general condition, 38.5 °C fever, no crackles on auscultation, and a palpable spleen (15 cm length). Pulmonary imaging (chest X-ray and lung CT-scan) demonstrated bilateral pulmonary micro-nodular infiltrations and satellite mediastinal lymphadenopathies with a maximum diameter of 16 mm (Fig. 1). Laboratory investigations revealed leukocytosis (15000/mm3) with neutrophilia (11700/mm3), mild thrombocytopenia (120000/mm3), and elevated inflammatory markers (CRP 51 mg/L, ESR 17 mm/h, fibrinogen 416 mg/dl). Serological tests for atypical pathogens (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Coxiella, Legionella) and Quantiferon for tuberculosis were negative. Blood cultures were also negative.
Fig. 1
a Chest X-ray: bilateral micro-nodular alveolar infiltrates, predominantly in inferior areas; b Chest CT-scan: same aspects
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The initial empirical therapy consisted of moxifloxacin for 2 weeks and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The clinical course was unsatisfactory except for a partial decline of fever in the first days but a persistent low-grade fever remained. A broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 10 days after admission. Cytology of the BAL fluid was consistent with hemorrhagic lymphocytic alveolitis. No microorganisms were observed during direct microscopical examination. However on the Sabouraud’s glucose agar (SGA) there was a growth of colonies with cottony aerial hyphae which were white, with a light shade of purple and which grew from a pinkish submerged mycelium. The colonies were phenotypically identified as Fusarium spp. on the basis of curved, septate conidia (Fig. 2). At this point, invasive fungal infection was not demonstrated and the positive Fusarium culture was interpreted as fungal colonization in an apparently immunocompetent patient. Subsequent examination of the patient’s immune system showed a severe hypogammaglobulinemia (0.13 g/l) involving all three analyzed lines: IgM < 0.17, IgG < 0.89, and IgA < 0.24 (g/l). CD4 T-cells were moderately decreased to 468 per cubic mm (33 %), while CD8 T-cells were 745 per cubic mm (53 %), with a low CD4/CD8 ratio (0.63).
Fig. 2
a Culture on SGA plate: Fusarium colonies; b Direct microscopic examination of Fusarium with segmented hyphae and conidia x200; c Methylene blue stained slide from Fusarium culture with banana-shaped conidia, x1200
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Investigations regarding a possible acquired hypogammaglobulinemia (autoimmune diseases, viral infections including HIV, hematologic malignancies) failed to give a clue, suggesting the final clinical diagnosis as being common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Bone marrow biopsy was normal. The patient was substituted intravenously with immunoglobulins (25 g/day, 5 days). The diagnosis of the patient’s immune deficiency changed the medical judgment of the case, and now an invasive fungal disease being taken into account. Subsequently, voriconazole was added to the therapeutic plan at day 14 after admission (6 mg/kg IV q12h for first 24 h, then 4 mg/kg IV q12h for 2 weeks, then 200 mg orally q12h, with a total duration of six weeks). A voriconazole E test showed an MIC of 2 mg/L. The patient responded with an initial good clinical improvement.
Three weeks after cessation of voriconazole, the patient was re-admitted with productive cough, without fever. Physical examination revealed bilateral, rough vesicular murmurs and a CT-scan showed progressive pulmonary lesions. A significant increase of alveolar infiltrates with extension to the superior regions of the lungs and multiple new spherical dense masses (<5 mm diameter) were observed. A new BAL was performed and the cytology showed the same aspect as few weeks previously (hemorrhagic alveolitis), while the culture was again positive for a Fusarium species. IgA, IgG and IgM had again very low values and needed substitution. A second antifungal treatment course with voriconazole was started (same protocol as first course).
A lung biopsy was performed at day 8 after voriconazole reinitiation (3 months after first admission). Immunohistochemical examination excluded lung lymphoma and confirmed a reactive cell pattern (interstitial lymphoid infiltrate). Hyaline hyphae were detected in smears from lung tissue imprints (Fig. 3), suggesting an invasive pulmonary fungal disease.
Fig. 3
a Inflammatory lymphocytic nodular and focal infiltrate with fibrosis (HE stain × 100); b Inflammatory reaction and hyphae on pulmonary biopsy smear (Gram stain × 1200)
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The patient’s immunological status, i.e. the CVID, is a humoral deficit and even in severe forms invasive fungal diseases are rare. Therefore the cellular immune profile was further analyzed and an important qualitative cellular deficiency was additionally found: a defective production of both gamma-interferon- γ (IFN-γ) and IL-17. Deficient cytokine production was demonstrated using a method of whole blood stimulation with specific antigens [5]. The patient’s whole blood IFN-γ production, 72 h after stimulation with heat-killed Candida albicans yeast cells (CA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and staphylococcal antigen (SA), was 16, 1000 and 12 pg/ml, respectively, and was much lower than the production of 7160, >10000 and 1620 pg/ml of healthy volunteers. IL-17 production after stimulation with PHA was 465 and 300 pg/ml in the volunteers, while values were below detection limit in our patient in both in-duplo stimulations. Candida albicans and S. aureus did not stimulate IL-17 production in the whole blood stimulation system (Table 1).
Table 1
Cytokine production after whole blood stimulation at 24 h (for TNF and for IL-6) and at 72 h (for IFNγ and IL-17)
24 h
IFNγ
Contr.1
Contr.2
Pat.1
Pat.2
RPMI
<78
<78
<78
<78
CA
3270
3130
1120
890
PHA
960
1360
170
220
SA
4810
7480
2430
2560
24 h
IL 6
contr.1
contr.2
pat.1
pat.2
RPMI
32
63
48
26
CA
4700
4100
1730
1560
PHA
1535
1900
265
325
SA
12500
14000
9500
8700
72 h
IFNγ
contr.1
contr.2
pat.1
pat.2
RPMI
10
9
9
<8
CA
8940
7160
16
<8
PHA
8300
>10000
1000
834
SA
1280
1620
12
8
72 h
IL 17
contr.1
contr.2
pat.1
pat.2
RPMI
<40
<40
<40
<40
CA
<40
<40
<40
<40
PHA
300
465
<40
<40
SA
<40
<40
<40
<40
Whole blood was stimulated either with RPMI culture medium (unstimulated control), with heat-killed C. albicans (CA), phytohemagluttinine (PHA) or heat-killed S. aureus (SA). Concentrations of the cytokine produced are expressed as pg/mL
The evolution was favorable under prolonged antifungal therapy with voriconazole for 6 months and continuous immunoglobulin substitution with 25 g/day, 5 days per month. A CT-scan after 6 months showed regression of the pulmonary lesions. The subsequent BAL was culture-negative for Fusarium and no signs of hemorrhagic lymphocytic alveolitis were seen. Antifungal treatment was stopped and during two years of follow-up (CT-scan, respiratory functional tests) no further progression was noted.
Further identification of the fungus was undertaken at the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre in Utrecht, The Netherlands, under accession number CBS 140388. Sequencing of partial elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1) and beta-tubulin (BT2) genes was performed. Blast results with sequences in GenBank revealed that this fungus belonged to the Fusarium fujikuroi complex. In order to establish the phylogenetic position of this clinical isolate, a general tree was made with MrBayes v. 3.1.2 on the Cipres Portal based on the sequenced BT2 (500 bp) and TEF-1 (600 bp) regions. Thirty-six species within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex were selected for phylogenetic analyses of combined BT2 and TEF1 fragments. Our strain was nested with a F. ramigenum subclade (Fig. 4). Sequences of this novel human opportunistic fungus (CBS 140388) were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers KT794172 for BT2 and KT794175 for TEF1, respectively.
Fig. 4
Phylogenetic analysis of Fusarium ramigenum. Phylogenetic reconstruction obtained from Bayesian inference of two combined loci (TEF1 and BT2) using MrBayes v. 3.1.2. Values at branch node indicate branch support with posterior probabilities (PP; values ≥ 0.80 shown) and branches in boldface = bootstrapping percentages based on Maximum Likelihood (ML). The tree was rooted with two strains of F. inflexum NRRL20433 and F. oxysporum NRRL22902
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Antifungal susceptibility testing performed with broth microdilution according to CLSI M38A resulted in the following MICs/MECs: amphotericin B, 1 mg/L; posaconazole, 1 mg/L; itraconazole, >16 mg/L; voriconazole, 2 mg/L; isavuconazole, 4 mg/L and anidulafungin and micafungin both > 8 mg/L.
Discussion
We describe a patient with CVID and cellular T-helper-defects who developed an invasive infection with Fusarium ramigenum. After long-term treatment with voriconazole (6 months) and immunoglobulin substitution, the patient recovered from this opportunistic infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case in which F. ramigenum was described as a cause of invasive infection in a human patient, reinforcing the significance of the F. fujikuroi species complex as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts. The fungus cultured from BAL specimens of this patient with atypical pneumonia and no significant medical history first suggested fungal colonization rather than infection. Moreover, the observed BAL cytology, indicating hemorrhagic lymphocytic alveolitis, could neither prove nor exclude a fungus induced inflammatory reaction. However, the relapse of Fusarium infection after a short 6-week course of antimycotic therapy (6 weeks) raised the suspicion of an invasive infection. The microscopic findings of hyaline hyphae in the lung biopsy confirmed the invasive fusariosis. This was further supported by the identification of combined humoral (severe pan-hypogammaglobulinemia) and cellular (defective IFN- γ and IL-17 production capacity) immune defects that are known to be crucial for antifungal host defense [6, 7].
The initial humoral immunological deficit identified, i.e. severe pan-hypogammaglobulinemia, was not consistent with an invasive fungal infection. The slightly lowered CD4 T-cell counts, combined with a reduced T-cell CD4:CD8 ratio, could not explain this opportunistic infection either, and therefore we embarked on functional assays to test the T-helper functions. Subsequent analysis revealed an important deficiency, with very low levels of IFN-γ and a deficit in IL-17 production capacity. Cellular defects in CVID patients have been reported previously, and this is the most likely explanation of the observed infection [8, 9]. The results are in consensus with the latest data in the literature, describing the possibility of complex T-cell abnormalities in association with CVID. T-cell abnormalities associated with CVID generate a slight quantitative deficit of CD4 lymphocytes, an abnormal CD4/CD8 ratio, and a qualitative deficit in cytokine production [10‐14]. The exact mechanisms and genetic causes of these defects in CVID remain to be elucidated. Alternatively, a different explanation may be represented by defects in genes known to be crucial for antifungal host defense, such as the CARD9 adaptor [6, 7].
An important aspect of this clinical case is the first identification of a novel human opportunistic fungus, F. ramigenum as cause of the infection. This fungus belongs to the relatively frequently encountered F. fujikuroi complex, but molecular analysis identified F. ramigenum, a species not figuring on the list of species known to occur in human or animal infections [15]. Fusarium ramigenum was first described in 1998 from inedible wild Capri figs in California, U.S.A. [16]. The species produced fusaric acid, beauvericin and fumonisin [17]. Its pattern of susceptibility to antimycotic therapy showed potential activity of amphotericin B, voriconazole and posaconazole and no activity of itraconazole and the echinocandins which is similar to a previous study [18]. The relevance of these in vitro data is not clear because a correlation between MICs/MECs and clinical outcome has not been documented for fusariosis [2]. The MIC of voriconazole of 2 mg/L is below the mode of 4 mg/L as described for F. fujikuroi [19] and a retrospective analysis of 73 patients with invasive fusariosis showed a 47 % success rate [20]. Indeed recently published guidelines recommend voriconazole (AII) or amphotericin B (BII) as treatment option for invasive fusariosis [21].
Conclusion
In summary, this report demonstrated that an opportunistic invasive fungal infection may indicate an underlying cellular immune impairment of the host. The unexpected invasive infection with F. ramigenum in this case unmasked complex combined humoral and cellular immunological deficiencies. Moreover, this paper provides evidence indicating F. ramigenum as a potential human opportunist especially in immunocompromised patients.
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Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.
We thank Dr. Florin Alexandru Caruntu, the Chief of Adults I Department Matei Bals Institute, where the patient is in care. We thank also Dr. Mona Popoiu and Dr. Daniela Talapan, from Bacteriology Department – Matei Bals Institute, who provided technical support. MGN was supported by an ERC Consolidator Grant (#310372). The work of Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi was financially supported for his PhD study by Ministry of Health, Oman (formal Agreement no. 28/2014).
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
RVM was implied in the patient’s data collection, indirectly in the patient’s care and drafting the manuscript; VG is the patient’s physician and provided the patient’s data and was involved in drafting the manuscript; AMSA performed molecular identification and was involved in drafting the manuscript; GSH supervised the molecular identification and was involved in drafting the manuscript; JFM supervised the whole process of Fusarium identification and performed phenotypic identification and susceptibility, also coordinated the writing of the manuscript; MGN judged the whole case, mainly from the immunological point of view, in succession performed immunological analyses and revised crucially the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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