Background
Methods
Study 1
Participants
The interview
Data Analysis
FV reads interview transcripts and generates codes for beliefs reported by GPs about intervening with smokers and about smoking cessation medications and services. |
FV reads and compares the codes to identify themes within these: the principal beliefs GPs reported about intervening with smokers and about smoking cessation medications and services. |
Data relating to each theme are assembled. FV, SH, and TM independently read these and discuss definitions of themes and the data within these. During this process some definitions are altered and some data re-coded. |
FV re-codes all transcripts for these themes. |
FV begins coding for sub-themes within themes: more detailed variations in GPs' thinking within themes. Sub-themes include GPs' explanations for reasons behind preferring practices to smoking cessation clinics. |
The process of coding for sub-themes includes building a framework containing themes and sub-themes. This process includes shifting themes to sub-themes and vice versa. |
The framework is arranged in tables using text segments to represent the themes in order to facilitate understanding of the data |
FV, SH, and TM study the tables to gain an understanding of themes and sub-themes and decide on main issues. Disagreements are discussed and amendments made where appropriate. |
Procedure
Study 2
Participants
Characteristic | Levels | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 60 | 16.3% |
Male | 307 | 83.7% | |
Decade of qualification | 1960s | 11 | 3% |
1970s | 122 | 33.2% | |
1980s | 146 | 39.8% | |
1990s | 86 | 23.4% | |
2000s | 2 | 0.5% | |
Commitment | Full time | 323 | 88% |
Pat time | 44 | 12% | |
Country of training | UK | 327 | 89.1% |
Other | 40 | 10.9% | |
Geographical location | London | 32 | 8.7% |
South East | 63 | 17.2% | |
South West | 40 | 10.9% | |
West Midlands | 41 | 11.2% | |
Eastern | 46 | 12.5% | |
Trent | 44 | 12% | |
North West | 56 | 15.3% | |
Northern and Yorkshire | 45 | 12.3% | |
Presence of trained practice nurse | No | 89 | 24.3% |
Yes | 277 | 75.5% | |
missing | 1 | 0.3% |
Procedure
Measures
Intention
Beliefs
Path analysis
Data preparation
Results
Study 1
Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Bupropion
Summary of results (Study 1)
Study 2
Prevalence of beliefs and intentions
Proportion | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Beliefs (mean, SD) | Agree (> 4) | Neutral (4) | Disagree (< 4) | Missing |
NRT is effective. (5.23, 1.27) | 79.4% (291) | 11.7% (43) | 8.9% (33) | - |
NRT without behavioural support is effective. a (4.59, 1.55) | 26.5% (96) | 20.7% (76) | 52.5% (190) | 1.4% (5) |
NRT is cost-effective. (4.86, 1.52) | 64.1% (234) | 20.0% (73) | 15.8% (58) | 0.5% (2) |
Bupropion is effective. (5.04, 1.44) | 65.4% (240) | 14.2% (52) | 20.4% (75) | - |
Bupropion is cost-effective. (4.52,1.59) | 45.9% (166) | 24.9% (90) | 29.3% (106) | 1.4% (5) |
Concerned about so-effects of bupropion. (3.86, 1.60) | 66.2% (242) | 18.3% (67) | 15.5% (57) | 0.3% (1) |
Bupropion is dangerous. (5.00, 1.44) | 20.7% (76) | 13.6% (50) | 65.7% (241) | - |
Intentions (mean, SD)
|
Intend (> 4)
|
Neutral (4)
|
Do not intend (< 4)
|
Missing
|
Intention to prescribe NRT. (5.34, 1.55) | 79.8% (293) | 4.9% (18) | 15.3% (56) | - |
Intention to prescribe NRT without support. (3.14, 1.84) | 29.5% (108) | 9.8% (36) | 60.7% (222) | 0.3% (1) |
Intention to prescribe bupropion. (4.85, 2.01) | 20.7% (76) | 9.5% (35) | 69.8% (256) | - |
Path analysis for intentions to prescribe NRT
Outcome variable | Predictor variable | Effects a
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | Total | ||
Intention to prescribe NRT SMC = 0.19, 95% CI: .12 to .27, p < .01.
f
2 = 0.23 | Perceived effectiveness | .36*** | .12*** | .48*** |
Perceived cost-effectiveness | .18 *** | - | .18*** | |
Perceived cost-effectiveness SMC = 0.33, 95% CI: .23 to .43, p < .01. | Perceived effectiveness | .68*** | - | .68*** |
Path analysis for intentions to prescribe NRT without support
Outcome variable | Predictor variable | Effects a
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | Total | ||
Intention to prescribe NRT without support SMC = 0.31, 95% CI: .23 to .39, p < .01. f
2 = 0.45 | Perceived ineffectiveness (without support) | -.33*** | - | -.33*** |
Perceived neglect of psychological aspects of smoking | -.50*** | -.06*** | -.56*** | |
Perceived incorrect use | - | -.19*** | -.19*** | |
Perceived ineffectiveness (without support) | Perceived incorrect use | .57*** | - | .57*** |
SMC = 0.43, 95% CI: .36 to .52, p < .01. | Perceived neglect of psychological aspects of smoking | .19*** | - | .19*** |
Path analysis for intentions to prescribe bupropion
Outcome variable | Predictor variable | Effects a
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | Total | ||
Intention to prescribe bupropion SMC = 0.37, 95% CI: .29 to .45, p < .01. f
2 = 0.59 | Perceived effectiveness | .19*** | .14*** | .32*** |
Perceived cost-effectiveness | .22*** | - | .22*** | |
Concerns about side-effects | -.30*** | - | -.30*** | |
Perceived danger | -.13** | -17*** | -.31** | |
Perceived cost-effectiveness SMC = 0.33, 95% CI: .22 to .44, p < .01. | Perceived effectiveness | .61*** | - | .61*** |
Concerns about side-effects SMC = 0.30, 95% CI: .22 to .38, p < .01. | Perceived danger | .58*** | - | .58*** |