Background
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide [
1,
2]. In China, acute ischemic stroke (AIS) represents approximately 70% of all strokes, creating a heavy burden on society and the healthcare system, with 1.57 million deaths in 2018 [
3].
Although the role of endovascular therapy in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has been well established, the pharmacotherapy is still an important component of the comprehensive management of acute ischemic stroke. Some medications, for example, aspirin and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), have been confirmed to improve the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke patients by many studies and recommended in a series of stroke guidelines.
However, there are discrepancies in applying the standard treatment regimens for AIS between China and developed countries [
4]. Indeed, about 2.5% of the patients with AIS received intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in China in 2013 [
5‐
7], compared with 8.1% in the United States of America (USA) [
4]. A gap also exists between China and the USA regarding anticoagulation for stroke patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) (21.0% vs. 94.4%) and lipid-lowering treatment (66.3% vs. 95.8%), reported by previous literatures [
4,
8,
9]. Recently, the professional community has made many efforts to improve the care of stroke patients in China [
8], including releasing Chinese guidelines for AIS and promoting continuing medical education of healthcare providers [
10]. Still, beyond the differences between China and other countries, vast economic and healthcare status discrepancies exist among regions in China [
11,
12].
This study aimed to describe the current status of pharmacotherapy and prognosis of AIS in China, and explore the geographic differences on the choice of therapeutic drugs for AIS and prognosis of the patients with AIS. This study was based on the Chinese Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment Outcome Registry (CASTOR) database.
Discussion
This study investigated the status of pharmacotherapy for AIS and outcomes in China and explored the geographic variation in stroke care. In this study based on CASTOR database, the proportions of the use of IVT, antiplatelet agents, statin, anticoagulants, and human urinary kallidinogenase were 4.3%, 93.9%, 68.5%, 10.7%, and 51.2%, respectively. Poor functional outcome was observed in 20.7% of the patients at 3 month and 15.8% at 12 month. There were significant geographic variations in pharmacotherapy and outcome for AIS in China.
Since the NINDS trial in 1996 [
19], IVT with rt-PA for AIS has been recommended by stroke guidelines and applied worldwide [
10,
20‐
22]. The IVT rate is considered an important indicator of the quality of stroke care [
5,
7,
8]. The present study showed that 4.3% of the patients with AIS received IVT in 2015–2017 in a multicenter registry covering China. Another study based on the Bigdata Observatory platform for Stroke of China (BOSC) reported an IVT rate of 5.64% between 2019 and 2020 [
5]. Compared to the IVT rates of 2% in 2006, 2.4% in 2007–2008, and 2.5% in 2012–2013 [
4,
6‐
8], there was a substantial improvement in the IVT rate for AIS in China in 2015–2017. A recent study found that the increased IVT rate with rt-PA was positively correlated with the number and density of stroke centers, suggesting that the stroke center certification launched by the China Stroke Prevention Project Committee (CSPPC) could promote the use of IVT [
23]. Notably, there was still a gap compared with the developed countries. For example, the IVT rate was 10.9% in the USA in 2018 [
24]. Besides, a significant regional difference was another problem. Indeed, the IVT rates were 3.1%, 8.0%, 2.6%, and 4.1% in the eastern, northeastern, central, and western regions. The exact reasons for these differences need further investigation. Indeed, the economic status does not appear to be involved since the poorest region (western region) had an IVT rate of 4.1%. Similar results were observed by Chen et al. [
25]. The knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of IVT could be involved and should be investigated. Nevertheless, these data indicate that more efforts are still needed to improve the IVT use for AIS in China.
Besides rt-PA, urokinase is another choice for IVT recommended by the Chinese stroke guideline [
10]. A study reported the efficacy and safety of urokinase for AIS within 6 h of onset in China [
26]. Compared with rt-PA, urokinase is much less expensive and has a longer time window. Although this study showed that rt-PA was used in a higher proportion of AIS patients receiving IVT, urokinase had an important potential for IVT in rural areas. Nevertheless, besides being recommended by the Chinese guidelines [
10], the evidence for using urokinase in AIS remains relatively low, limiting its use.
Antiplatelet therapy plays an important role in treating AIS and is recommended by many stroke guidelines [
10,
20‐
22]. The use of aspirin within 48 h after stroke onset can significantly reduce the risk of stroke recurrence and mortality [
27,
28]. In the present study, 93.9% of the patients in the cohort had received antiplatelet agents, significantly higher than the proportion of 81% in 2006 reported by another registry study in China [
29] and similar with a rate of 96.3% in USA [
30]. In addition, the present study showed the use of antiplatelet therapy in different regions was close, ranging from 91.1 to 96.1%. Although statistically significant differences were observed among regions, the differences were small and possibly due to the large sample size. Further analysis showed aspirin and clopidogrel were the most commonly used antiplatelet agents. And about 50% of the patients had received more than one kind of antiplatelet drug during hospitalization, which could be due to 45% patients in our database had a NIHSS score ≤ 3 at baseline. The current guidelines recommend dual antiplatelet therapy in minor stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke patients with severe intracranial artery stenosis based on randomized clinical trials [
10,
20‐
22]. The widespread use in clinical practice in China warrants further evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy in the real world.
A growing number of studies showed that statins could improve the outcomes of patients with AIS [
31,
32]. Indeed, besides its lipid-lowering effects, statins possess pleiotropic effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, and platelet activation. In the present study, up to 68.5% of the patients with AIS received statin, much higher than 31% observed in 2006 [
29]. Even the lowest proportion reported in the western region was nearly 60%. Still, statin use was lower in all regions when compared with the eastern region, probably because the eastern region has the highest economic status. Nevertheless, the results indicated a significant improvement in the lipid-lowing treatment of AIS patients in China.
The guidelines do not recommend anticoagulation for general patients with AIS due to a lack of conclusive evidence, but recommend anticoagulation for those patients with both AIS and AF [
10,
20‐
22,
33‐
35]. Nevertheless, anticoagulation therapy is still widely used in clinical practice. An international, multicenter study showed that 8% of AIS patients were fully anticoagulated in the first week after stroke [
36], consistent with the results of registry studies in the USA and Australia [
37,
38]. In the present study, 10.7% of the patients received anticoagulation therapy, similar to the literature [
37,
38]. In 2006, a prospective, multicenter, hospital-based registry showed that 18.8% of the patients with AIS received anticoagulation agents in China [
39], while the proportion of anticoagulation therapy was as high as 33.7% in 2013 [
40]. Therefore, the present study observed a significantly lower use of anticoagulation therapy, suggesting better compliance with the guidelines. Still, compared with the eastern region, the central region had significantly higher use of anticoagulants. The reasons for this higher use should be investigated. Besides, in this present study, only 44.1% of the patients with AIS and AF received anticoagulation agents, which was much lower than that in USA [
4,
9]. The lower rate of AF than that in developed countries [
4] could be due to under diagnosis. Therefore, the screening and treatment of cardiogenic factors in managing AIS should be strengthened in China.
As for the options of anticoagulants, LMWH was still the main anticoagulant in the acute phase of ischemic stroke, followed by oral anticoagulants. In terms of oral anticoagulants, although NOACs have recently replaced warfarin as the more commonly used anticoagulant in European and North American countries (58-66.5%) [
41], warfarin was more frequently prescribed than NOAC (64.3% vs. 35.7%) in the present study. The regional differences in the use of NOACs in China were apparent. The proportion in the northeastern and eastern regions was higher than in the central and western regions. We speculated the economic factors might contribute to the disparity.
HUK can enhance collateral circulation and angiogenesis and improve cerebral perfusion and functional outcomes after AIS [
42‐
44]. HUK has been approved for managing AIS by China’s State Food and Drug Administration [
10]. The present study showed that HUK was used widely in China, and 51.2% of patients received this drug in our cohort. HUK was more frequently used in the northeastern region compared with the eastern region, which could be due to the local medication experience. On the other hand, it was less used in the central and western regions, probably due to economic factors.
In this study, the proportions of patients with a poor outcome at 3 and 12 month were 20.7% and 15.8%, respectively. Compared with other studies [
45], the relatively lower risk of poor outcome in our study could attribute to a high proportion of patients with mild symptom. There were also geographic variations among regions. The lower risk of poor functional outcomes were observed in patients from the northeastern and central regions, while the risk was similar between eastern and western region. This was consistent with the higher medical insurance coverage rate in the northeastern and central regions in our cohort, suggesting the importance of medical insurance in the management of AIS.
This study had several limitations. First, the enrollment of the hospitals was not randomized, and there is a possibility of selection bias. Nevertheless, given the broad and extensive geographic coverage of the study, this study provided some useful information on the current status of pharmacotherapy and prognosis of AIS in China. Second, the patients with AIS were admitted within 1 week of onset. Hence, the patients who died before admission or were not hospitalized were not included. In addition, 92.5% of the patients were from tertiary hospitals, which may limit the generalizability of the results. Third, this study focused on the patients admitted between 2015 and 2017. Since then, there has been a series of important progress in the management of AIS, especially in endovascular therapy. Further study is needed to follow up on the changes in the pharmacotherapy regimens for AIS in China. Fourth, we speculated the regional variations in the pharmacotherapy and prognosis of AIS might attribute to different medical insurance coverage, economic conditions, and guideline compliance based on previous literatures [
46‐
48]. Additionally, the geographic location, weather and diet habit might also play a role on them. However, our study could not provide with direct evidences to support these hypotheses. The exact reasons for the regional variations need further investigation. Fifth, in our analysis, stroke etiology according to TOAST criteria was available in only 4474 patients. Therefore, we did not adjust for stroke etiology in multivariable analyses and we included stroke patients with AF as the appropriate candidates for anticoagulation treatment. However, it would be more reasonable to investigate antiplatelet and anticoagulation treatment by different TOAST classification.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.