Background
Method
Participants and procedures
Dependent variables assessed at the 2nd and 3rd trimester visits
Mental health problems
Independent variables assessed at the 2nd trimester visit
Gestational weight gain
Physical activity
Sleep problems
Substance use
Snack food intake
Socio-demographic characteristics
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Cross-sectional | Longitudinal | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd trimester (N = 463) | 2nd trimester (n = 349) | 3rd trimester (n = 349) | |||||||
Variable
|
n
| M or n | SD or % |
n
| M or n | SD or % |
n
| M or n | SD or % |
Mental health problems | |||||||||
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 463 | 5.09 | 3.23 | 349 | 5.02 | 3.12 | 349 | 4.96 | 3.08 |
Stress (PHQ-D) | 463 | 4.00 | 3.04 | 349 | 3.86 | 2.93 | 349 | 3.27 | 2.81 |
Proximal risk factors | |||||||||
Gestational weight gain (kg) | 458 | 7.19 | 3.82 | 344 | 6.88 | 3.61 | – | – | – |
Physical activity | 342 | 275 | – | – | – | ||||
less than once a month | 91 | 26.6 | 76 | 27.6 | |||||
once a month | 48 | 14.0 | 36 | 13.1 | |||||
once a week | 166 | 48.5 | 136 | 49.5 | – | – | – | ||
daily | 37 | 10.8 | 27 | 9.8 | |||||
Sleep problems (PSQI) | 292 | 5.50 | 3.99 | 225 | 5.35 | 3.69 | – | – | – |
Alcohol use | 399 | 309 | – | – | – | ||||
non-drinker | 293 | 73.4 | 221 | 71.5 | |||||
quitter | 106 | 26.6 | 88 | 28.5 | |||||
drinker | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||||
Cigarette smoking | 364 | 275 | – | – | – | ||||
non-smoker | 296 | 81.3 | 224 | 81.5 | |||||
quitter | 67 | 18.4 | 50 | 18.2 | |||||
smoker | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.4 | |||||
Snack food intake (portion) | 389 | 1.33 | 1.12 | 292 | 1.27 | 0.97 | – | – | – |
Covariates | |||||||||
Age (years) | 463 | 29.77 | 4.18 | 349 | 29.75 | 4.10 | – | – | – |
Pregravid BMI (kg/m2) | 463 | 23.50 | 4.29 | 349 | 23.38 | 4.31 | – | – | – |
Pregnancy intention | 463 | 349 | – | – | – | ||||
Pregnancy not planned | 87 | 18.8 | 61 | 17.5 | |||||
Pregnancy planned | 376 | 81.2 | 288 | 82.5 |
Prevalence rates and mean scores of proximal risk factors and mental health problems
Prediction of depressive symptoms
Variable
|
2
nd
trimester – Cross-sectional
|
3
rd
trimester – Longitudinal
| ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
B (SE)
| β |
R
2
|
F
|
R
2
change
|
n
|
B (SE)
| β |
R
2
|
F
|
R
2
change
| |
GWG | 458 | 344 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.03 | 4.67** | 0.03 | 0.01 | 2.24 | 0.01 | ||||||
Age | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.08 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.11* | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.10 | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.79 (0.38) | −0.09* | −0.38 (0.46) | −0.04 | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.04 | 4.22 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 2.02 | 0.01 | ||||||
GWG | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.08 | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.07 | ||||||||
Physical activity | 342 | 275 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.02 | 1.79 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.65 | 0.01 | ||||||
Age | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.08 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.07 | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.07 | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.44 (0.46) | − 0.05 | −0.02 (0.52) | −0.01 | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.03 | 1.79 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 2.04 | 0.03 | ||||||
Physical activity | reference group: once a week | |||||||||||
Less than once a month | 1.05 (0.42) | 0.15 | 1.23 (0.45) | 0.17** | ||||||||
Once a month
| 0.34 (0.52) | 0.04* | 0.30 (0.59) | 0.03 | ||||||||
Daily
| 0.14 (0.58) | 0.01 | 0.36 (0.66) | −0.03 | ||||||||
Sleep problems | 292 | 225 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.07 | 7.02*** | 0.07 | 0.02 | 2.48 | 0.02 | ||||||
Age | −0.06 (0.05) | −0.08 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.15** | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.11 | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −1.58 (0.49) | −0.18** | − 0.81 (0.56) | − 0.10 | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.26 | 25.32*** | 0.19 | 0.10 | 8.55*** | 0.08 | ||||||
Sleep problems | 0.38 (0.04) | 0.45*** | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.30*** | ||||||||
Alcohol use | 399 | 309 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.02 | 4.45** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 3.69* | 0.02 | ||||||
Age | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.09 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.14** | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.15** | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.58 (0.43) | − 0.07 | −0.32 (0.50) | −0.04 | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.04 | 3.91** | 0.01 | 0.03 | 2.81* | 0.00 | ||||||
Alcohol use | reference group: non-drinker | |||||||||||
Quitter
| −0.56 (0.37) | −0.08 | −0.43 (0.42) | −0.06 | ||||||||
Cigarette smoking | 364 | 275 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.02 | 2.80* | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.02 | 0.01 | ||||||
Age | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.04 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.11* | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.08 | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.75 (0.47) | − 0.08 | −0.28 (0.57) | −0.03 | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.03 | 2.43* | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.95 | 0.00 | ||||||
Cigarette smoking | reference group: non-smoker | |||||||||||
Quitter
| 0.52 (0.45) | 0.06 | 0.48 (0.53) | 0.06 | ||||||||
Snack food intake | 389 | 292 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.03 | 4.23** | 0.03 | 0.03 | 4.13* | 0.03 | ||||||
Age | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.06 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.14** | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.16** | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.54 (0.41) | − 0.07 | − 0.42 (0.50) | − 0.05 | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.04 | 4.53* | 0.01 | 0.03 | 3.15* | 0.00 | ||||||
Snack food intake | 0.32 (0.14) | 0.12* | 0.21 (0.19) | 0.06 |
Gestational weight gain
Physical activity
Sleep problems
Alcohol use
Cigarette smoking
Snack food intake
Prediction of stress
2
nd
trimester – Cross-sectional
|
3
rd
trimester – Longitudinal
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable
|
n
|
B (SE)
| β |
R
2
|
F
|
R
2
change
|
n
|
B (SE)
| β |
R
2
|
F
|
R
2
change
|
GWG | 458 | 344 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.02 | 3.06* | 0.02 | 0.03 | 5.26** | 0.03 | ||||||
Age | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.04 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.10* | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.10 | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.67 (0.36) | −0.09 | −1.01 (0.39) | − 0.14** | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.03 | 3.99** | 0.01 | 0.03 | 3.54* | 0.00 | ||||||
GWG | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.12* | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.02 | ||||||||
Physical activity | 342 | 275 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.00 | 0.51 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.01 | ||||||
Age | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.01 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.05 | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.04 | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.28 (0.43) | − 0.04 | −0.55 (0.45) | −0.07 | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.03 | 1.86 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.01 | ||||||
Physical activity | reference group: once a week | |||||||||||
Less than once a month
| 1.01 (0.39) | 0.15** | 0.43 (0.40) | 0.07 | ||||||||
Once a month
| 0.23 (0.48) | 0.03 | 0.65 (0.51) | 0.08 | ||||||||
Daily
| 1.16 (0.54) | 0.12* | 0.33 (0.58) | 0.04 | ||||||||
Sleep problems | 292 | 225 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.03 | 2.51 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 7.87*** | 0.07 | ||||||
Age | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.02 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.09 | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.14* | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.97 (0.46) | −0.12* | −1.51 (0.47) | −0.21** | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.09 | 7.26*** | 0.07 | 0.09 | 7.37*** | 0.02 | ||||||
Sleep problems | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.27*** | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.16* | ||||||||
Alcohol use | 399 | 309 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.03 | 3.85* | 0.03 | 0.04 | 6.80** | 0.04 | ||||||
Age | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.04 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.13* | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.15** | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.74 (0.40) | −0.09 | −1.03 (0.42) | −0.14* | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.03 | 3.05* | 0.00 | 0.04 | 4.69** | 0.00 | ||||||
Alcohol use | reference group: non-drinker | |||||||||||
Quitter
| −0.28 (0.35) | −0.04 | −0.25 (0.35) | −0.04 | ||||||||
Cigarette smoking | 364 | 275 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.02 | 2.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 2.36 | 0.02 | ||||||
Age | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.03 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.10 | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.11 | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.61 (0.44) | −0.07 | −0.58 (0.47) | −0.07 | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.02 | 2.16 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.59 | 0.00 | ||||||
Cigarette smoking | reference group: non-smoker | |||||||||||
Quitter
| 0.67 (0.42) | 0.08 | 0.12 (0.44) | 0.02 | ||||||||
Snack food intake | 389 | 292 | ||||||||||
Block 1 | 0.02 | 2.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 4.23* | 0.03 | ||||||
Age | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.03 | – | – | ||||||||
Pregravid BMI | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.10* | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.10 | ||||||||
Pregnancy intention | −0.39 (0.39) | −0.05 | −0.94 (0.43) | −0.13* | ||||||||
Block 2 | 0.04 | 3.99** | 0.02 | 0.03 | 3.27* | 0.00 | ||||||
Snack food intake | 0.42 (0.13) | 0.16** | 0.19 (0.16) | 0.07 |