Introduction
Role of GLP-1RAs in ECs: direct or indirect effects?
GLP-1RAs and atherosclerosis: which is the target?
GLP-1R dependent or independent pathways in cardiovascular disease: this is the question
Endothelial progenitor cells: new players involved in GLP-1RAs-dependent cardiovascular protection?
GLP-1RA effect on endothelial metabolism: a new avenue to explore in cardiovascular disease
Conclusions
Model | GLP-1RA | Effects | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
Direct or indirect effects in ECs | |||
ECs | Exenatide | eNOS activation | 14 |
ECs | Liraglutide Dulaglutide | Reduced inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules | 19–24 |
ECs | Liraglutide | Reduced monocytes adhesion to endothelial cells | 22 |
ECs | Liraglutide | Inhibition of EndMT markers | 28 |
ECs | Liraglutide | Epigenetic regulation | 30 |
GLP-1RAs and atherosclerosis | |||
ApoE-/- mice | Liraglutide | Improvement of endothelial dysfunction | 20 |
ApoE-/- mice and LDLr-/- mice | Liraglutide | Reduced inflammation pathway in atherosclerotic plaques | 31 |
ApoE-/- mice | Exendin-4 | Reduced inflammatory response in macrophages | 32 |
ApoE-/- mice | Liraglutide | Induced MΦ2 macrophage phenotype | 33 |
ApoE-/- mice | plaque-targeted nano-GLP-1RA | Reduced atherosclerosis and VSMC inflammation | 34 |
Experimental arterial hypertension | Liraglutide | Endothelial GLP-1R mediates cardiovascular protection | 35 |
GLP-1R dependent or independent pathways | |||
Glp1r − / − mice | GLP-1(9–36) | Induced vasodilation in arteries | 16 |
ECs | GLP-1(9–36) | Protection from ischemia reperfusion injury | 40 |
ApoE-/- mice | GLP-1(9–37) and GLP-1(28–37) | Stabilization of atherosclerotic lesions | 41 |
Endothelial progenitor cells | |||
EPCs | GLP-1R expression is reduced with HG | 45 | |
EPCs | Exendin-4 | Improved cell functions during HG treatment | 46 |
Metabolism | |||
Astrocytes | GLP-1 | glucose uptake inhibition and promotion of β-oxidation | 53 |
HFD mice | Exenatide | Promotion of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis | 54 |
HFD mice | Liraglutide | Enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation | 55 |
Elderly T2D individuals | Insulin Degludec and Liraglutide | Cognitive improvement and increase in gut Gram-negative Alistipes | 59 |