Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Basic data collection
Estimation of glycemic parameters
DPN assessment
Laboratory tests
Statistical analyses
Results
The clinical characteristics of the participants
Variables | Type 2 diabetes |
t/x
2
|
p
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Without DPN | With DPN | |||
n (%) | 563 | 461 (81.9) | 102 (18.1) | – | – |
Age (year) | 56.4 ± 9.8 | 56.0 ± 9.9 | 58.4 ± 9.1 | 2.254 | 0.025 |
Female, n (%) | 264 (46.9) | 213 (46.2) | 51 (50.0) | 0.483 | 0.487 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 3.6 | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 25.9 ± 3.3 | 1.533 | 0.126 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 134 ± 17 | 134 ± 17 | 137 ± 19 | 1.623 | 0.105 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 82 ± 11 | 82 ± 11 | 83 ± 10 | 0.688 | 0.492 |
Diabetic duration (year) | 5.6 (4.5–8.5) | 5.3 (4.4–8.0) | 6.7 (4.9–9.6) | – | < 0.001 |
Hypoglycemic treatments | |||||
Lifestyle intervention alone, n (%) | 65 (11.5) | 56 (12.1) | 9 (8.8) | 0.904 | 0.342 |
Insulin injections, n (%) | 161 (28.6) | 127 (27.5) | 34 (33.3) | 1.369 | 0.242 |
Insulin-secretagogues, n (%) | 254 (45.1) | 212 (46.0) | 42 (41.2) | 0.781 | 0.377 |
Metformin, n (%) | 252 (44.8) | 199 (43.2) | 53 (52.0) | 2.612 | 0.106 |
Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 294 (52.2) | 247 (53.6) | 47 (46.1) | 1.883 | 0.170 |
Hypoglycemia, n (%) | 72 (12.8) | 58 (12.6) | 14 (13.7) | 0.098 | 0.754 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 127 (33.8) | 143 (31.0) | 46 (45.1) | 7.423 | 0.006 |
Statins medication, n (%) | 209 (37.1) | 170 (36.9) | 39 (38.2) | 0.066 | 0.797 |
Smoking, n (%) | 144 (25.6) | 116 (25.2) | 28 (27.5) | 0.230 | 0.632 |
Drinking, n (%) | 116 (20.6) | 98 (21.3) | 18 (17.6) | 0.666 | 0.415 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.74 (1.09–2.79) | 1.71 (1.08–2.75) | 1.86 (1.19–2.97) | – | 0.355 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.85 ± 1.42 | 4.83 ± 1.32 | 4.93 ± 1.82 | 0.646 | 0.519 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.06 ± 0.27 | 1.07 ± 0.27 | 1.06 ± 0.28 | – 0.207 | 0.836 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.66 ± 0.83 | 2.67 ± 0.82 | 2.60 ± 0.86 | – 0.766 | 0.444 |
Serum uric acid (μmol/L) | 285 ± 98 | 286 ± 94 | 277 ± 113 | – 0.886 | 0.376 |
HOMA-IR | 2.86 (2.35–3.49) | 2.72 (2.25–3.34) | 3.41 (2.89–4.13) | – | < 0.001 |
Initial HbA1c (%) | 8.43 ± 1.15 | 8.34 ± 1.11 | 8.81 ± 1.27 | 3.461 | 0.001 |
UACR (mg/g) | 20.1 (12.5–36.4) | 17.2 (11.1–29.5) | 37.2 (25.6–78.8) | – | < 0.001 |
M-HbA1c (%) | 8.85 ± 1.20 | 8.71 ± 1.16 | 9.51 ± 1.14 | 6.309 | < 0.001 |
CV-HbA1c (%) | 14.65 ± 3.32 | 14.22 ± 3.19 | 16.58 ± 3.20 | 6.739 | < 0.001 |
Proportion and ORs of DPN according to CV-HbA1c tertiles
CV-HbA1c tertiles | p for trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (≤ 12.9%) | T2 (13.0%–15.7%) | T3 (≥ 15.8%) | ||
n | 189 | 188 | 186 | – |
DPN, n (%) | 13 (6.9) | 36 (19.1) | 53 (28.5) | < 0.001 |
Model 1 | 1-reference | 3.21 (1.64–6.27) | 5.40 (2.83–10.30) | < 0.001 |
Model 2 | 1-reference | 3.11 (1.57–6.16) | 5.38 (2.80–10.35) | < 0.001 |
Model 3 | 1-reference | 3.33 (1.65–6.73) | 6.78 (3.33–13.81) | < 0.001 |
Model 4 | 1-reference | 3.60 (1.64–7.91) | 6.35 (2.83–14.19) | < 0.001 |
Model 5 | 1-reference | 3.61 (1.62–8.04) | 6.48 (2.86–14.72) | < 0.001 |
Proportion and ORs of DPN according to M-HbA1c tertiles
M-HbA1c tertiles | p for trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (≤ 8.42%) | T2 (8.43%–9.33%) | T3 (≥ 9.34%) | ||
n | 188 | 188 | 187 | – |
DPN, n (%) | 18 (9.6) | 32 (17.0) | 52 (27.8) | < 0.001 |
Model 1 | 1-reference | 1.94 (1.05–3.59) | 3.64 (2.03–6.51) | < 0.001 |
Model 2 | 1-reference | 1.91 (1.02–3.53) | 3.55 (1.96–6.40) | < 0.001 |
Model 3 | 1-reference | 3.77 (1.61–8.84) | 5.84 (2.49–13.64) | < 0.001 |
Model 4 | 1-reference | 3.47 (1.42–8.50) | 3.76 (1.41–9.98) | < 0.001 |
Model 5 | 1-reference | 3.63 (1.45–9.09) | 4.05 (1.49–11.01) | < 0.001 |