Background
Methods
Study design
Laboratory testing
Data analysis
Outcome
Sample size
Statistical analysis
Results
Participation and population characteristics
Characteristics | BaroTest (eligible, n = 17,781) 18-75 years old | 2016-HB (n = 20,032) 15-75 years old | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (n = 6,945) | Non participants (n = 10,836) | |||||
wBT %
1
| wHB %a | wHB %a | wHB %a | |||
Gender | Men | 48.7 | 47.7 | 49.3 | 48.8 | |
Women | 51.3 | 52.3 | 50.7 | 51.2 | ||
Age (in years) | 18-30 | 22.1 |
19.0
| *** |
23.9
| 25.4 |
31-45 | 27.6 |
26.3
|
27.3
| 26.3 | ||
46-60 | 29.1 |
30.7
|
28.4
| 27.9 | ||
61-75 | 21.2 |
24.0
|
20.4
| 20.4 | ||
Educational level | < Secondary school certificate | 49.7 |
46.3
| *** |
53.0
| 52.1 |
Secondary school certificate | 20.0 |
20.4
|
19.4
| 19.2 | ||
Higher education qualification | 29.8 |
33.1
|
27.3
| 28.5 | ||
Not specified | 0.5 |
0.2
|
0.3
| 0.2 | ||
Place of residence in France | Ile-de-France (Paris region) | 19.0 |
15.6
| *** |
18.7
| 19.0 |
North-West | 19.9 |
22.3
|
20.4
| 19.9 | ||
North-East | 22.5 |
22.7
|
23.7
| 22.5 | ||
South-East | 20.5 |
21.1
|
19.2
| 20.5 | ||
South-West | 18.1 |
18.3
|
18.0
| 18.1 | ||
Level of urbanization | Rural | 23.5 |
27.3
| *** |
22.1
| 23.6 |
< 20,000 inhabitants | 16.6 |
17.9
|
16.2
| 16.7 | ||
20,000 – 99,999 inhabitants | 12.3 |
11.7
|
13.1
| 12.3 | ||
≥ 100,000 inhabitants | 31.2 |
29.9
|
32.5
| 31.1 | ||
Paris urban area | 16.4 |
13.2
|
16.1
| 16.3 | ||
Household monthly income | 1st tercile (low) | 34.5 |
27.4
|
***
|
37.9
| 34.9 |
2nd tercile | 31.1 |
32.9
|
29.3
| 30.2 | ||
3rd tercile (high) | 31.5 |
37.8
|
27.9
| 30.2 | ||
Not specified | 2.9 |
1.9
|
4.9
| 4.7 | ||
Place of birth | Mainland France | 84.8 |
90.6
|
***
|
85.9
| 87.4 |
French Overseas administrative areas | 0.9 |
0.9
|
1.2
| 1.1 | ||
Europe | 4.4 |
2.9
|
3.6
| 3.4 | ||
Maghreb | 5.2 |
3.0
|
4.7
| 4.0 | ||
Sub-Saharan Africa | 2.1 |
1.5
|
3.0
| 2.7 | ||
Other countries | 2.6 |
1.1
|
1.6
| 1.4 | ||
Health Insurance coverage | General Health Insurance | 91.6 |
93.9
|
***
|
90.0
| 90.0 |
Health Insurance for low-income personsb | 6.0 |
4.5
|
7.6
| 6.6 | ||
Otherc | 2.4 |
1.6
|
2.4
| 3.4 |
Characteristics | BaroTest (eligible, n = 17,781) | 2016-HB (n = 20,032) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (n = 6,945) | Non participants (n = 10,836) | |||||
wBT %
a
| wHB %a | wHB %a | wHB %a | |||
HCV endemicity in country of birthb | Low | 91.1 |
94.8
|
***
|
91.4
| 92.4 |
Intermediate or high | 8.9 |
5.2
|
8.6
| 7.6 | ||
HBV endemicity in country of birthc | Low | 86.6 |
91.8
| *** |
86.8
| 88.4 |
Intermediate | 10.2 |
6.2
|
9.7
| 8.4 | ||
High | 3.2 |
2.0
|
3.5
| 3.2 | ||
Healthcare or stays ≥3 months in Africa, Asia or Middle East | Yes | 12.6 |
11.0
| * |
12.5
| 11.9 |
No | 87.4 |
89.0
|
87.5
| 88.1 | ||
Blood transfusion before 1992 | Yes | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 6.0 | |
No | 92.7 | 92.4 | 92.7 | 93.0 | ||
Not specified | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.0 | ||
Drug use during lifetime | Yes, intravenous use with or without nasal use | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
Yes, nasal use only | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 4.8 | ||
No | 93.5 | 94.3 | 94.9 | 94.8 | ||
Lived with or had sexual intercourse with an HBV-infected person | Yes | 4.3 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 3.6 | |
No | 95.3 | 95.8 | 96.2 | 96.0 | ||
Not specified | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||
Sex with other men during lifetimed | Yes | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | |
No | 96.1 | 96.2 | 95.7 | 96.0 | ||
Not specified | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | ||
Sexually transmitted infection(s) in the previous 12 monthse | Yes | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |
No | 98.7 | 98.9 | 99.0 | 98.9 | ||
Tattooing or piercing without single-use materials | Yes | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.0 | |
No | 97.9 | 98.0 | 97.9 | 98.0 | ||
HCV screening during lifetime | Yes | 19.9 | 19.2 | 19.8 | 19.2 | |
No | 76.2 | 77.0 | 76.4 | 76.9 | ||
Not specified | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | ||
HBV screening during lifetime | Yes | 37.4 |
37.1
| * |
36.5
| 35.6 |
No | 59.2 |
59.5
|
60.9
| 61.4 | ||
Not specified | 3.4 |
3.4
|
2.6
| 3.0 | ||
HIV screening during lifetime | Yes | 60.3 |
60.0
|
***
|
56.7
| 57.8 |
No | 39.4 |
39.7
|
43.0
| 41.9 | ||
Not specified | 0.3 |
0.3
|
0.3
| 0.3 | ||
HBV vaccination | Yes | 47.8 |
47.0
|
***
|
44.7
| 46.1 |
No | 45.9 |
47.3
|
48.0
| 46.6 | ||
Not specified | 6.3 |
5.7
|
7.3
| 7.3 |
CHC and CHB prevalence estimates
Characteristics | Chronic hepatitis Ca (n = 6,931) | Chronic hepatitis Bb (n = 6,945) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wBT%
| 95%CI | p |
wBT%
| 95%CI | p | ||
Total
|
0.30
|
0.13-0.70
|
0.30
|
0.13-0.70
| |||
Gender | Men | 0.34 | 0.14-0.84 | NS | 0.28 | 0.12-0.63 | NS |
Women | 0.26 | 0.05-1.21 | 0.32 | 0.08-1.28 | |||
Age (in years) | 18-45 |
0.08
|
0.01-0.45
|
< 0.05
|
0.10
|
0.03-0.29
|
< 0.05
|
46-75 |
0.51
|
0.20-1.32
|
0.51
|
0.19-1.34
| |||
Educational level | < secondary school certificate |
0.52
|
0.19-1.37
|
< 10
−2
| 0.18 | 0.06-0.53 | NS |
≥ secondary school certificate |
0.08
|
0.03-0.22
| 0.19 | 0.10-0.38 | |||
Household monthly income | 1st tercile (low) |
0.74
|
0.27-1.96
|
< 10
−3
|
0.63
|
0.20-1.96
|
< 0.05
|
2nd/3rd tercile |
0.07
|
0.03-019
|
0.14
|
0.07-0.27
| |||
Place of residence | Ile-de-France (Paris region) | 0.31 | 0.05-1.79 | NS | 0.16 | 0.04-0.60 | NS |
Other regions | 0.30 | 0.11-0.78 | 0.34 | 0.13-0.84 | |||
Place of birth | Mainland France | 0.35 | 0.15-0.82 |
0.14
|
0.08-0.26
|
< 10
−3
| |
French Overseas administrative areas | 0 |
0
| |||||
Europe | 0 |
0.96
|
0.13-6.48
| ||||
Maghreb | 0 |
0
| |||||
Sub-Saharan Africa | 0 |
5.81
|
0.95-28.5
| ||||
Other countries | 0 |
0.73
|
0.10-5.10
| ||||
Health Insurance coverage for low-income personsc | Yes | 0.66 | 0.09-4.5 | NS |
1.98
|
0.43-8.59
|
< 10
−3
|
No | 0.27 | 0.10-0.69 |
0.16
|
0.09-0.28
| |||
Drug use during lifetime | Yes, intravenous use with or without nasal use |
12.1
|
2.93-38.4
|
< 10
−3
| 0 | NS | |
Yes, nasal use only |
0
| 0.24 | 0.03-1.71 | ||||
No |
0.24
|
0.09-0.67
| 0.31 | 0.13-0.74 | |||
Blood transfusion before 1992 | Yes | 1.12 | 0.24-5.03 | NS | NS | ||
No | 0.24 | 0.09-0.67 | |||||
Healthcare or stays ≥3 months in Africa, Asia or Middle East | Yes | 0.33 | 0.06-1.85 | NS | 0.95 | 0.14-6.01 | NS |
No | 0.29 | 0.11-0.76 | 0.21 | 0.11-0.40 | |||
Tattooing or piercing without single-use materials | Yes |
2.55
|
0.36-15.9
|
< 10
−2
| 0.9 | 0.10-6.17 | NS |
No |
0.25
|
0.10-0.64
| 0.29 | 0.12-0.70 | |||
Lived with or sexual intercourse with an HBV infected person | Yes | NS | 0.68 | 0.20-2.34 | NS | ||
No | 0.28 | 0.11-0.72 | |||||
Sex with other men during lifetimed | Yes | 0.31 | 0.04-2.19 | NS |
3.39
|
0.84-12.7
|
< 10
−3
|
No | 0.34 | 0.14-0.87 |
0.16
|
0.06-0.39
| |||
Sexually transmitted infection(s) in the previous 12 monthse | Yes | 0.46 | 0.06-3.22 | NS | 1.16 | 0.16-7.82 | NS |
No | 0.3 | 0.13-0.72 | 0.30 | 0.12-0.72 | |||
HBV vaccination | Yes | 0.17 | 0.05-0.58 | NS | 0.36 | 0.09-1.39 | NS |
No | 0.47 | 0.16-1.38 | 0.29 | 0.13-0.63 |
HCV and HBV screening history
Characteristics | HCV (n = 20,029) | HBV (n = 20,029) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wHB % | aPR | 95% CI | p | wHB % | aPR | 95% CI | p | |
Gender | ||||||||
Women | 18.6 | ref | 35.6 | ref | ||||
Men | 19.9 | 1.01 | 0.94-1.09 | NS | 35.7 | 1.01 | 0.96-1.06 | NS |
Age (in years) |
***
|
***
| ||||||
15-30 |
21.3
| ref |
34.5
| ref | ||||
31-45 |
24.4
| 1.09 | 0.99-1.20 | NS |
44.2
|
1.23
|
1.16-1.31
|
< 10
−3
|
46-60 |
18.6
| 0.92 | 0.84-1.02 | NS |
36.5
|
1.22
|
1.14-1.31
|
< 10
− 3
|
61-75 |
10.8
|
0.57
|
0.50-0.64
|
< 10
−3
|
24.8
| 0.92 | 0.85-1.00 | NS |
Educational level |
***
|
***
| ||||||
< Secondary school certificate |
15.5
| ref |
30.4
| ref | ||||
Secondary school certificate |
20.2
|
1.22
|
1.11-1.34
|
< 10
−3
|
37.8
|
1.18
|
1.11-1.25
|
< 10
− 3
|
Higher education qualification |
25.5
|
1.50
|
1.38-1.63
|
< 10
−3
|
43.9
|
1.28
|
1.21-1.35
|
< 10
−3
|
Household monthly income |
***
| |||||||
1st tercile (low) | 18.6 |
33.6
| ref | |||||
2nd and 3rd tercile | 19.7 |
36.9
|
1.09
|
1.03-1.15
|
< 10
−2
| |||
Place of residence |
***
|
***
| ||||||
Other regions |
18.1
| ref |
34.5
| ref | ||||
Ile-de-France (Paris region) |
23.9
|
1.12
|
1.02-1.22
|
< 0.05
|
40.3
| 1.02 | 0.96-1.08 | NS |
Level of urbanization |
***
|
***
| ||||||
Rural |
15.6
| ref |
31.5
| ref | ||||
< 99,999 inhabitants |
17.7
| 1.09 | 0.99-1.21 | NS |
33.6
| 1.05 | 0.99-1.12 | NS |
≥ 100,000 inhabitants or Paris urban area |
22.0
|
1.17
|
1.06-1.30
|
< 10
−2
|
38.9
|
1.11
|
1.04-1.18
|
< 10
−2
|
Health Insurance coverage for low-income personsa |
***
|
***
| ||||||
No |
18.9
| ref |
35.2
| ref | ||||
Yes |
25.7
|
1.29
|
1.11-1.50
|
< 10
−2
|
42.7
|
1.21
|
1.09-1.34
|
< 10
−3
|
HBV endemicity in country of birthc |
***
| |||||||
Low |
34.7
| ref | ||||||
Intermediate |
39.6
|
1.13
|
1.03-1.23
|
< 10
−2
| ||||
High |
50.1
|
1.22
|
1.08-1.37
|
< 10
− 2
| ||||
HCV endemicity in country of birthc |
***
| |||||||
Low |
18.8
| ref | ||||||
Intermediate or high |
24.9
| 1.15 | 0.98-1.33 | NS | ||||
Blood transfusion before 1992 |
*
| |||||||
No |
19.1
| ref | ||||||
Yes |
22.1
|
1.33
|
1.17-1.52
|
< 10
−3
| ||||
Healthcare or stays ≥3 months in Africa, Asia or Middle East |
***
|
***
| ||||||
No |
18.5
| ref |
34.6
| ref | ||||
Yes |
24.6
|
1.16
|
1.17-1.52
|
< 10
−3
|
43.1
|
1.09
|
1.01-1.17
|
< 0.05
|
Drug use during lifetime |
***
|
***
| ||||||
No |
18.1
| ref |
34.6
| ref | ||||
Yes, intravenous use with or without nasal use |
64.7
|
3.09
|
2.50-3.82
|
< 10
−3
|
64.8
|
1.68
|
1.38-2.05
|
< 10
− 3
|
Yes, nasal use only |
37.8
|
1.71
|
1.51-1.93
|
< 10
−3
|
53.1
|
1.36
|
1.25-1.48
|
< 10
−3
|
Tattooing or piercing without single-use materials | ||||||||
No | 16.9 | 35.7 | ||||||
Yes | 19.3 | 33.4 | ||||||
Lived with or sexual intercourse with an HBV infected person |
***
| |||||||
Yes |
34.7
| ref | ||||||
No |
60.7
|
1.55
|
1.43-1.67
|
< 10
−3
| ||||
Sex with other men during lifetime |
***
|
***
| ||||||
No |
18.8
| ref |
35.3
| ref | ||||
Yes |
40.7
|
1.68
|
1.42-1.98
|
< 10
−3
|
54.3
|
1.31
|
1.16-1.48
|
< 10
− 3
|
Sexually transmitted infection(s) in the previous 12 monthsd |
***
|
***
| ||||||
No |
19.1
| ref |
35.4
| ref | ||||
Yes |
37.3
|
1.37
|
1.11-1.69
|
< 10
−2
|
61.9
|
1.33
|
1.14-1.55
|
< 10
−3
|
HBV vaccination |
***
| |||||||
No |
27.0
| ref | ||||||
Yes |
45.7
|
1.59
|
1.51-1.67
|
< 10
−3
|