Background
Methods
Study design
Assessment of dietary intakes, lifestyle, and body mass index
Markers of inflammation and CVD risks
Renal functional measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Variables | Total (n = 197) | Male (n = 90) | Female (n = 107) |
P
4
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 72.1 ± 5.3 | 72.2 ± 5.4 | 72.1 ± 5.3 | 0.935 |
Diabetes medication | ||||
Oral hypoglycemic drug | 138 (70.1) | 65 (72.2) | 73 (68.2) | 0.542 |
Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drug | 69 (29.9) | 25 (27.6) | 34 (31.8) | |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 0.534 |
Estimated GFR1 (ml/min) | 71.2 ± 19.1 | 70.3 ± 19.1 | 71.9 ± 19.1 | 0.541 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 24.9 ± 3.4 | 25.6 ± 4.0 | 0.176 |
High-sensitivity CRP1 (mg/L) | ||||
<1 low cardiovascular risk | 57 (28.9) | 27 (30.0) | 30 (28.0) | 0.169 |
1–3 moderate cardiovascular risk | 105 (53.3) | 52 (57.8) | 53 (49.5) | |
>3 high cardiovascular risk | 35 (17.8) | 11 (12.2) | 24 (22.4) | |
Dietary intake | ||||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1583.7 ± 414.3 | 1765.3 ± 434.5 | 1424.8 ± 322.1 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (% of energy) | 60.9 ± 8.5 | 59.5 ± 8.5 | 62.1 ± 8.3 | 0.027 |
Protein intake (% of energy) | 12.4 ± 2.6 | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 12.3 ± 2.8 | 0.464 |
Fat intake (% of energy) | 26.7 ± 7.3 | 28.2 ± 7.5 | 25.3 ± 6.9 | 0.004 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 556.9 ± 385.3 | 557.9 ± 319.1 | 556.0 ± 436.5 | 0.972 |
<AI | 172 (87.3) | 82 (91.1) | 90 (84.1) | 0.142 |
<a previous RDA1,2 | 120 (60.9) | 53 (58.9) | 67 (62.6) | 0.593 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 218.4 ± 102.4 | 252.5 ± 112.8 | 188.6 ± 81.8 | <0.001 |
<RDA3 | 172 (87.3) | 72 (80.0) | 100 (93.5) | 0.005 |
Quintiles of dietary Ca:Mg ratio | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | ≤1.3 (n = 40) | 1.4–1.9 (n = 39) | 2.0–2.5 (n = 42) | 2.6–3.6 (n = 38) | >3.6 (n = 38) |
p
4
|
Dietary Ca and Mg intake1 | ||||||
Calcium intake (mg/day)* | 212.9 ± 179 | 312.8 ± 158.2 | 555.3 ± 219.0 | 700.6 ± 261.1 | 1060 ± 396.5 | <0.001 |
Magnesium intake (mg/day) | 223.9 ± 138.6 | 204.3 ± 96.9 | 251.6 ± 104.0 | 231.1 ± 90.7 | 193.7 ± 64.8 | 0.099 |
Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular risk2 | ||||||
High-sensitivity CRP (mg/L)† | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 0.013 |
White blood cell (109 cells/L) | 6.6 ± 0.3 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 0.200 |
Platelet (103/μL) | 227.5 ± 11.0 | 203.4 ± 11.2 | 205.7 ± 11.3 | 235.5 ± 11.7 | 224.3 ± 11.7 | 0.046 |
Red blood cell distribution width (%)† | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 0.2 | 13.1 ± 0.2 | 13.7 ± 0.2 | 13.8 ± 0.2 | 0.032 |
Number of high inflammatory markers3 | ||||||
0 | 10(25.0) | 17(43.6) | 21(50.0) | 12(31.6) | 7(18.4) | 0.002 |
1 | 14(35.0) | 7(17.9) | 18(42.9) | 10(26.3) | 16(42.1) | |
≥2 | 16(40.0) | 15(38.5) | 3(7.1) | 16(42.1) | 15(39.5) |