Background
Methods
Study settings and isolates information
Strain identification and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing
Detection of carbapenemases genes
Molecular typing
A review of literature
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | No. of patients colonized or infected with
A. baumannii
| χ2 | P values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carbapenem-resistant (n = 78) | Carbapenem-susceptible (n = 23) | |||
Age, median years(range) | 77(21,94) | 76(2,96) | – | 0.463 |
Male Gender, n(%) | 50(64.1) | 19(82.6) | 2.81 | 0.094 |
Length of hospital stay, median days (range) | 11(1,3650) | 8(1,1400) | – | 0.786 |
ICU stay, n (%) | 49(62.8) | 1(4.3) | 24.30 | < 0.001 |
Associated with an infection, n(%) | 67(85.9) | 17(73.9) | 1.07 | 0.302 |
All-cause mortality of patients 14 days after isolation of A. baumannii, n(%) | 16(20.5) | 4(17.4) | 0.001 | 0.974 |
Characteristics | Control casesa (n = 23) | OXA-72 cases (n = 45) | OR(CI 95%) | P value | OXA-23 cases (n = 33) | OR(CI 95%) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, median(range) | 76(2,96) | 78(28,94) | 1.02(1.00,1.05) | 0.081 | 78(21,90) | 1.00(0.99,1.03) | 0.460 |
Male gender, n(%) | 22(75.9) | 27(60.0) | 0.32(0.09,1.08) | 0.067 | 23(69.7) | 0.48(0.13,1.79) | 0.484 |
ICU stay, n (%) | 1(4.3) | 27(60.0) | 33.00(4.08,267.04) | 0.001 | 22(66.7) | 44.00(5.23,370.52) | < 0.001 |
Length of stay in the ICU (days), median(range) | 0(0,2) | 5(0,100) | 2.29(1.20,4.37) | 0.012 | 3(0,100) | 2.29(1.03,5.08) | 0.042 |
Predisposing factors | |||||||
Urinary catheter | 9(39.1) | 27(60.0) | 2.33(0.84,6.52) | 0.106 | 23(69.7) | 3.58(1.17,10.96) | 0.026 |
Mechanical ventilation | 2(8.7) | 18(40.0) | 7.00(1.46,33.59) | 0.015 | 14(42.4) | 7.74(1.55,38.56) | 0.013 |
Central venous catheter | 5(21.7) | 14(31.1) | 1.63(0.50,5.26) | 0.417 | 17(51.5) | 3.83(1.15,12.74) | 0.029 |
Tracheostomy | 1(4.3) | 10(22.2) | 6.29(0.75,52.56) | 0.090 | 11(33.3) | 11.00(1.31,92.63) | 0.027 |
Transfusion | 1(4.3) | 5(11.1) | 2.75(0.30,25.05) | 0.369 | 7(21.2) | 5.92(0.68,51.92) | 0.108 |
Nasogastric intubation | 4(17.4) | 28(62.2) | 7.82(2.27,26.91) | 0.001 | 19(57.6) | 6.45(1.79,23.19) | 0.004 |
Cephalosporin | 12(52.2) | 15(33.3) | 0.46(0.16,1.27) | 0.136 | 12(36.4) | 0.53(0.17,1.55) | 0.242 |
β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations | 12(52.2) | 24(53.3) | 2.61(0.90,7.57) | 0.077 | 12(36.4) | 1.31(0.42,4.07) | 0.645 |
Quinolone | 3(13.0) | 19(42.2) | 4.87(1.26,18.79) | 0.022 | 10(30.3) | 2.90(0.70,12.02) | 0.143 |
Carbapenem | 4(17.4) | 21(46.7) | 4.16(1.22,14.18) | 0.023 | 20(60.6) | 7.31(2.02,26.40) | 0.002 |
Characteristics | OXA-72 cases | OXA-23 cases | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR(CI 95%) | P value | OR(CI 95%) | P value | |
Urinary catheter | – | – | 4.94(1.61–21.07) | 0.031 |
Nasogastric intubation | 7.65(2.14,27.36) | 0.002 | 7.95(1.79–35.34) | 0.006 |
Carbapenem usage | 4.02(1.07,15.06) | 0.039 | 10.05(2.21–45.58) | 0.003 |
Isolate ID | Rep-PCR type | MLST type | Carbapenemase genes | Antimicrobial resistance profile | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IMP | MEM | CAZ | FEP | AMK | GEN | CIP | LVX | TZP | SAM | MH | COL | ||||
N1312 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1314 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1316 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1318 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | I | S | R | R | R | R | I | S | S |
N1352 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | S | S |
N1359 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | S | S |
N1362 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1369 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | I | R | I | R | R | S | S |
N1371 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | S | S |
N1383 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1384 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1386 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | S | R |
N1395 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1396 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1398 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S | S |
N1401 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S | S |
N1407 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N741 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N747 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | S | I | S |
N748 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | I | S |
N749 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N751 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N752 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S |
N756 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S |
N762 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S |
N764 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S |
N1304 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | S | R | R | R | I | R | I | S | S |
N1307 | 1 | 2 |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | I | S | S |
N1309 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | S | S |
N1311 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | I | R | I | S | S |
N1315 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N743 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S |
N745 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | I | I | S |
N750 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S |
N754 | 1 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | I | S | S |
N1412 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1419 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1420 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S |
N1424 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1428 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S | S |
N1447 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | S | S |
N1449 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-23
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | S | S |
N1372 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S |
N1411 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1425 | 2 | 2 |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | I | S | S |
N1446 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1451 | 2 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S |
N1348 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1349 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1368 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1376 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1378 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1421 | 3 | 2 |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | I | S | S |
N1427 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1429 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | S | S | R | I | R | R | S | S |
N1432 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S |
N1436 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1437 | 3 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1365 | 4 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1366 | 4 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1422 | 4 | 2 |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | S | R | R | R | I | R | I | S | S |
N1434 | 4 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1361 | 5 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1375 | 5 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1380 | 5 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1381 | 5 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1397 | 5 | 2 |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1400 | 5 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1350 | 6 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1353 | 6 | 2 |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1370 | 6 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | S |
N1391 | 7 | 2 |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1357 | 8 | 2 |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | S | S | S | R | R | R | I | S | S | S |
N1374 | 8 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1379 | 8 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1392 | 8 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1409 | 8 | NA |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | S | R | R | R | I | R | I | S | S |
N1382 | 9 | 2 |
bla
OXA-72
| R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1415 | 10 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1441 | 11 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | R | S | S | S | R | S | S |
N1443 | 12 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1408 | 13 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1306 | 14 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1414 | 15 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1363 | 16 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1389 | 17 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1405 | 18 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1406 | 18 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R |
N1377 | 19 | NA | None | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S |
N1390 | 20 | NA |
bla
OXA-58
| S | S | S | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1448 | 21 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | R | R | R | S | S | S | R |
N1354 | 22 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N746 | 23 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | I | S | S |
N1364 | 24 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1393 | 25 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1351 | 26 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1399 | 27 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1305 | 28 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N1387 | 29 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
N744 | 30 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R |
N1423 | 31 | NA | None | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |