Background
Methods
Study area
Traditional markets
Vendor | Definition |
---|---|
Rural harvesters and small suppliers | Women who live in rural areas surrounding the main cities in the Loja province, and who cultivate medicinal plants growth in their homegardens or collect fresh medicinal plants in nature (Table 2). They sell at home or travel to cities to trade plant bunches to prepare “horchata”, negotiating with customers or formal vendors at open markets and/or established markets. |
Formal vendors | Women who legally hold an operating license from the government to rent a stall in the established markets for trading fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants and bunches to prepare “horchata”. |
Informal vendors | Women who come from rural or metropolitan areas of the Loja province, and are market vendors on foot. They are minor public resellers of bunches to prepare “horchata” at established and/or open markets. |
Data collection
Nomenclature, geographic range, conservation status, and voucher collection
Participant observation
Fidelity level index
Factor of informant consensus index
Cluster analysis
Results and discussions
Medicinal plant species sold for the “horchata” at traditional markets
Scientific name | Vernacular name | Geographic status | Habit | Morphological structure used | Therapeutic use | Conservation status | Voucher number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adoxaceae | |||||||
Sambucus nigra L.
| Sauco, tilo | Introduced | Tree | Flower | Antiflu, antitussive, sedative | NE | FT1252 |
Amaranthaceae | |||||||
Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume | Escancel | Introduced | Herb | Plant without root | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, diuretic, emmenagogue, restorative, stomachache | NE | FTMAL008 |
Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq.) Kuntze | Moradilla | Native | Shrub | Branch, flower | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, restorative, tonic | NE | FT0010 |
Amaranthus caudatus L. | Amaranto, ataco, ataku morado, sangorache | Native | Herb | Inflorescence | Antiflu, anti-inflammatory, blood circulation, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, tonic | NE | FT0278 |
Amaranthus hybridus L. | Ataco, ataku, bledo, sangorache | Native | Herb | Inflorescence, young leaf | Antiflu, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic, vulnerary | NE | FTMAL006 |
Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. | Chulku, escancel | Native | Herb | Branch | Analgesic, antiflu, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hepatic, tonic | NE | HUTPL433 |
Iresine herbstii Hook. | Escancel, tigrecillo | Native | Herb | Branch, shoot | Analgesic, antiflu, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, sedative, tonic | NE | FT0486 |
Apiaceae | |||||||
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Eneldo, hinojo | Introduced | Herb | Leaf | Analgesic, carminative, digestive, diuretic, hepatic, stomachache, tonic | NE | FT0025t |
Niphogeton dissecta (Benth.) J.F. Macbr.a
| Culantrillo | Native | Herb | Plant without root | Analgesic, carminative | NE | FT0024t |
Asclepiadaceae | |||||||
Orthosia ellemannii (Morillo) Liede & Mevea
| Cola de caballo | Endemic | Vine | Branch | Anti-inflammatory, diuretic | VU | FT037t |
Asteraceae | |||||||
Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd.a* | Lechugilla, lancetilla | Native | Herb | Plant without root | Antiflu, antidiarrheal, vulnerary | NE | FT026t |
Matricaria recutita L. | Manzanilla | Introduced | Herb | Plant without root | Analgesic, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, carminative, digestive, sedative, stomachache | NE | FT0014t |
Sonchus oleraceus L. | Kana yuyu, cerraja | Introduced | Herb | Plant without root | Analgesic, antiflu, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diuretic, hepatic, stomachache | NE | FT28t |
Tagetes filifolia Lag.
| Anís | Native | Herb | Flower, leaf | Anti-inflammatory, antiflu, carminative, digestive, febrifuge, sedative, stomachache, tonic | NE | FT0987 |
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. | Diente de león | Introduced | Herb | Whole plant | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cholagogue, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hepatic, restorative, stomachache, vulnerary | NE | FT0029t |
Begoniaceae | |||||||
Begonia × tuberhybrida Voss | Begonia | Native | Herb | Petal | Sedative, tonic | NE | FT1250 |
Boraginaceae | |||||||
Borago officinalis L. | Borraja | Introduced | Herb | Flower, leaf | Analgesic, antidiarrheal, antiflu, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, emmenagogue, febrifuge | NE | FT011MAL |
Brassicaceae | |||||||
Matthiola incana (L.) W.T. Aiton | Alhelí | Introduced | Herb | Flower | Analgesic, antiflu, cardiotonic, digestive, hepatic, sedative, stomachache | NE | FT1250 |
Caryophyllaceae | |||||||
Dianthus caryophyllus L. | Clavel | Introduced | Herb | Petal | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic, restorative, sedative | NE | FT1253 |
Commelinaceae | |||||||
Callisia repens (Jacq.) L. | Calcha, calsi | Native | Herb | Leaf | Hypotensive | NE | FT51MPAT |
Tradescantia zebrina Heynh. ex Bosse | Calcha | Introduced | Herb | Leaf | Analgesic, febrifuge, hypotensive | NE | FT30t |
Equisetaceae | |||||||
Equisetum bogotense Kuntha
| Cola de caballo, caballo chupa | Native | Herb | Branch | Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, diuretic, febrifuge, hepatic, hypotensive | NE | FT031t |
Equisetum giganteum L.a
| Cola de caballo, chupa caballo | Native | Herb | Plant without root | Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, depurative, diuretic, hepatic | NE | FT1009 |
Fabaceae | |||||||
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
a
| Tintanil | Native | Shrub | Branch, flower | Anti-inflammatory, tonic | NE | FT21t |
Gentianaceae | |||||||
Centaurium erythraea Rafn | Canchalagua | Introduced | Herb | Whole plant | Antiflu, blood circulation, hypolipemiant, tonic | NE | FT1016 |
Geraniaceae | |||||||
Erodium cf. cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton | Agujilla | Introduced | Herb | Branch | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, tonic | NE | FTE001MC |
Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér.ex. Aiton | Esencia de rosa, malva esencia | Introduced | Herb | Leaf | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, carminative, diuretic | NE | FT1258 |
Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L´Hér. | Malva olorosa | Introduced | Herb | Branch | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, carminative, tonic | NE | FT016t |
Pelargonium zonale (L.) L'Hér. | Geranio, geranio rojo | Introduced | Herb | Petal | Antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, vulnerary | NE | FT17t |
Lamiaceae | |||||||
Melissa officinalis L. | Toronjil | Introduced | Herb | Branch | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, digestive, sedative | NE | FT45MPAT |
Mentha x piperita L. | Hierba buena, menta | Introduced | Herb | Leaf | Analgesic, antidiarrheal, antiflu,, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, carminative, digestive, tonic | NE | FT1261 |
Mentha spicata L. | Hierba buena, menta, menta negra | Introduced | Herb | Leaf | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiflu, antidiarrheal, antitussive, carminative, digestive, febrifuge, tonic | LC | FT1260 |
Ocimum basilicum L. | Albahaca, albahaca de sal, albahaca negra | Introduced | Herb | Leaf | Analgesic, antidiarrheal, antitussive, carminative, hepatic, digestive, diuretic, sedative, stomachache, tonic | NE | FT46TMPA |
Ocimum campechianum Mill. | Albahaca, albahaca blanca, albahaca de dulce | Native | Herb | Leaf | Analgesic, blood pressure, carminative, digestive, restorative, sedative, stomachache, tonic | NE | FT46aMPA |
Linaceae | |||||||
Linum usitatissimum L. | Linaza | Introduced | Herb | Seed | Anti-inflammatory, digestive, diuretic, hepatic, stomachache | NE | FT47TMPA |
Malvaceae | |||||||
Alcea rosea L. | Malva goma, malva rosa, malvón | Introduced | Herb | Flower | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, tonic | NE | HUTPL891 |
Malva arborea (L.) Webb & Berthel. | Malva altea, malva blanca | Introduced | Shrub | Flower, leaf | Anti-inflammatory, depurative, tonic | NE | FT042MC |
Malva parviflora L.
| Malva alta, malva blanca | Introduced | Herb | Flower, leaf | Anti-inflammatory, depurative, hepatic, tonic | NE | FT015MCE |
Myrtaceae | |||||||
Myrcianthes hallii (O. Berg) McVaugh | Arrayán | Native | Tree | Leaf | Analgesic, antiflu, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, hepatic, restorative | NE | FT215G |
Onagraceae | |||||||
Fuchsia harlingii Munz | Pena pena, pena pena de la montaña | Endemic | Shrub | Flower | Anti-inflammatory, sedative | VU | HUTPL5784 |
Fuchsia hybrida Hort. T. ex Siebert & Voss | Pena pena grande, pena pena roja | Introduced | Shrub | Flower | Anti-inflammatory, antiflu, cardiotonic, sedative, stomachache | NE | FT1262 |
Fuchsia loxensis Kunth | Pena pena rosada | Endemic | Shrub | Flower | Cardiotonic, febrifuge, sedative | LC | FT1158 |
Fuchsia magellanica Lam. | Pena pena morada | Introduced | Shrub | Flower | Sedative | NE | FT0147 |
Ludwigia nervosa (Poir.) H. Hara | Flor de reina, mejorana de huerta | Native | Shrub | Flower | Anti-inflammatory, sedative | NE | FT194 |
Oenothera rosea L'Her. ex Aiton | Shullu | Native | Herb | Plant without root | Anti-inflammatory, digestive, diuretic, hepatic | NE | FT53MPAT |
Orchidaceae | |||||||
Epidendrum jamiesonis Rchb. f.a
| Flor de Cristo, maywa | Native | Epiphyte | Flower | Anti-inflammatory, sedative, diuretic, hepatic | A II | FT1063 |
Oxalidaceae | |||||||
Oxalis corniculata L.a
| Chulco, chulku | Native | Herb | Branch | Antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hepatic, restorative | NE | FT1022 |
Piperaceae | |||||||
Peperomia galioides Kunth | Congona de cerro, sacha congona | Native | Herb | Plant without root | Analgesic, cardiotonic, diuretic, sedative, stomachache, tonic | NE | FT124SAR |
Peperomia ilaloensis Sodiro | Congona de castilla, congona negra | Native | Herb | Plant without root | Analgesic, sedative | NE | FT01t |
Peperomia inaequalifolia Ruiz & Pav. | Congona, congona grande | Native | Herb | Branch | Analgesic, cardiotonic, diuretic, hepatic, sedative | NE | FT1197 |
Piper crassinervium Kunth | Waviduca de dulce | Native | Shrub | Leaf | Analgesic, antiseptic, stomachache | NE | FT237 |
Plantaginaceae | |||||||
Plantago major L. | Llantén | Introduced | Herb | Plant without root | Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hepatic, stomachache, vulnerary | LC | FT13t |
Poaceae | |||||||
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | Hierba luisa, paja luisa | Introduced | Herb | Leaf | Analgesic, cardiotonic, digestive, diuretic, hypertensive, sedative, stomachache | NE | FT011t |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Grama dulce | Introduced | Herb | Young branch | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, diuretic, hepatic | NE | FT008MCE |
Hordeum vulgare L. | Cebada | Introduced | Herb | Seed | Anti-inflammatory, digestive, sedative | NE | MCE017 |
Polypodiaceae | |||||||
Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellingera
| Calawala | Native | Epiphyte | Root | Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hepatic | NE | FT40T |
Proteaceae | |||||||
Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br.a
| Cucharillo, gañil | Native | Tree | Flower | Anti-inflammatory, digestive, diuretic, hepatic, hypoglicemic agent, vulnerary | NE | FT04t |
Pteridaceae | |||||||
Pityrogramma ebenea (L.) Proctora
| Doradilla plateada, luna plateada | Native | Herb | Leaf | Restorative, stomachache, tonic | NE | FT014 |
Rosaceae | |||||||
Alchemilla aphanoides Mutis ex L. f. | Saucillo | Native | Herb | Branch | Analgesic | NE | FT007 |
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem. | Fresa salvaje | Introduced | Herb | Leaf | Depurative | NE | FT0019t |
Rosa cymosa Tratt. | Rosa, rosa de castilla | Introduced | Shrub | Petal | Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, digestive, sedative, tonic | NE | FT274 |
Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata (Bonnier & Layens) Briq. | Pimpinela | Introduced | Herb | Flower, leaf | Astringent, cardiotonic, depurative, hemostatic, hypoglycemic agent, hypertensive, sedative, tonic | NE | FT014MZ |
Rutaceae | |||||||
Citrus x junos Siebold ex Tanaka | Naranja agria, naranjo | Introduced | Tree | Leaf | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, digestive, sedative, stomachache | NE | FT007t |
Solanaceae | |||||||
Solanum americanum Mill.
| Hierba mora, mortiño | Native | Herb | Leaf | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, digestive, febrifuge, sedative, stomachache | NE | FT36t |
Streptosolen jamesonii (Benth.) Miersa
| Flor de quinde, flor del sol, jaboncillo | Native | Shrub | Flower | Anti-inflammatory | NE | FT12t |
Tiliaceae | |||||||
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.a
| Abrojo, cadillo, mostrante | Native | Shrub | Flower, leaf | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge | NE | FT39T |
Verbenaceae | |||||||
Aloysia triphylla Royle | Cedrón | Native | Shrub | Flower, leaf | Analgesic, antispasmodic, blood pressure, cardiotonic, carminative, digestive, hepatic, hypoglycemic agent, restorative, sedative, stomachache | NE | FT1265 |
Phyla scaberrima (A. Juss. ex Pers.) Moldenke | Buscapina, novalgina | Introduced | Shrub | Plant without root | Analgesic, carminative, digestive, stomachache | NE | FT1240 |
Violaceae | |||||||
Viola odorata L. | Violeta, violeta de jardín | Introduced | Herb | Flower | Antibronquitic, antiflu,, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, depurative, digestive, hoarseness, vulnerary | NE | FT1266 |
Viola tricolor L. | Pensamiento | Introduced | Herb | Flower | Analgesic, antidiarrheal, antiflu, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, diuretic, febrifuge, hoarseness | NE | FT1267 |
Zingiberaceae | |||||||
Hedychium coronarium J. Koening | Caña agria | Introduced | Herb | Stem | Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, diuretic | NE | FT002t |
Medicinal plants: habits, geographic range, and conservation status
Vernacular names of medicinal plant species
Medicinal plant species: morphological structures and therapeutic use
Fidelity level index and cultural importance of medicinal plants
Number | Medicinal plant species | Therapeutic use | Ip | Iu | *FL value (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Amaranthus hybridus L. | Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic, vulnerary | 78 | 81 | 96.3 |
2 |
Melissa officinalis L. | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, digestive, sedative | 78 | 95 | 82.1 |
3 |
Equisetum bogotense Kunth* | Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, diuretic, febrifuge, hepatic, hypotensive | 86 | 106 | 81.1 |
4 |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Analgesic, carminative, digestive, diuretic, hepatic, stomachache, tonic | 42 | 55 | 76.4 |
5 |
Plantago major L. | Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hepatic, stomachache, vulnerary | 91 | 121 | 75.2 |
6 |
Matricaria recutita L. | Analgesic, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, carminative, digestive, sedative, stomachache | 76 | 105 | 72.4 |
7 |
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.* | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge | 52 | 74 | 70.3 |
8 |
Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L'Hér. | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, carminative, tonic | 34 | 49 | 69.4 |
9 |
Iresine difusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. | Analgesic, antiflu, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hepatic, tonic | 36 | 52 | 69.2 |
10 |
Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér.ex. Aiton | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, carminative, diuretic | 49 | 71 | 69.1 |
11 |
Dianthus caryophyllus L. | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic, restorative, sedative | 70 | 104 | 67.3 |
12 |
Citrus x junos Siebold ex Tanaka | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, digestive, sedative, stomachache | 42 | 63 | 66.7 |
13 |
Borago officinalis L. | Analgesic, antidiarrheal, antiflu, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, emmenagogue, febrifuge | 79 | 119 | 66.4 |
14 |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | Analgesic, cardiotonic, digestive, diuretic, hypertensive, sedative, stomachache | 60 | 98 | 61.2 |
15 |
Mentha x piperita L. | Analgesic, antidiarrheal, antiflu,, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, carminative, digestive, tonic | 48 | 79 | 60.8 |
16 |
Fuchsia hybrida Hort. T. ex Siebert & Voss | Anti-inflammatory, antiflu, cardiotonic, sedative, stomachache | 36 | 62 | 58.1 |
17 |
Alcea rosea L. | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, tonic | 48 | 87 | 55.2 |
18 |
Aloysia triphylla Royle | Analgesic, antispasmodic, blood pressure, cardiotonic, carminative, digestive, hepatic, hypoglycemic agent, restorative, sedative, stomachache | 53 | 99 | 53.5 |
19 |
Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, diuretic, emmenagogue, restorative, stomachache | 98 | 185 | 52.9 |
20 |
Mentha spicata L. | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiflu, antidiarrheal, antitussive, carminative, digestive, febrifuge, tonic | 41 | 89 | 46.1 |
Factor of informant consensus of therapeutic uses and medicinal plants
N° | Therapeutic uses of medicinal plants
a
| Number of medicinal plant species | Number of use citations by market vendors | FICb
|
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Antibronquitic | 1 | 78 | 1.00 |
2 | Cholagogue | 1 | 93 | 1.00 |
3 | Hemostatic | 1 | 27 | 1.00 |
4 | Stimulant | 1 | 81 | 1.00 |
5 | Blood circulation | 2 | 115 | 0.99 |
6 | Antispasmodic | 4 | 178 | 0.98 |
7 | Restorative | 9 | 179 | 0.96 |
8 | Vulnerary | 7 | 137 | 0.96 |
9 | Antidiarrheal | 9 | 175 | 0.95 |
10 | Astringent | 3 | 39 | 0.95 |
11 | Hoarseness | 2 | 15 | 0.93 |
12 | Tonic | 11 | 137 | 0.93 |
13 | Antiseptic | 9 | 97 | 0.92 |
14 | Cardiotonic | 10 | 119 | 0.92 |
15 | Blood pressure | 2 | 12 | 0.91 |
16 | Febrifuge | 9 | 86 | 0.91 |
17 | Digestive | 21 | 182 | 0.89 |
18 | Hepatic | 21 | 184 | 0.89 |
19 | Stomachache | 20 | 164 | 0.88 |
20 | Carminative | 13 | 89 | 0.86 |
21 | Sedative | 26 | 173 | 0.86 |
22 | Antiflu | 17 | 95 | 0.83 |
23 | Diuretic | 30 | 169 | 0.83 |
24 | Analgesic | 36 | 185 | 0.81 |
25 | Depurative | 8 | 35 | 0.79 |
26 | Antitussive | 6 | 23 | 0.77 |
27 | Hypertensive | 2 | 5 | 0.75 |
28 | Hypolipemiant | 2 | 5 | 0.75 |
29 | Emmenagogue | 4 | 12 | 0.72 |
30 | Anti-inflammatory | 47 | 133 | 0.65 |
31 | Hypoglycemic agent | 2 | 3 | 0.50 |
32 | Hypotensive | 3 | 5 | 0.50 |