Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 1/2011

01.03.2011

How to improve the immunogenicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy

verfasst von: Yuting Ma, Rosa Conforti, Laetitia Aymeric, Clara Locher, Oliver Kepp, Guido Kroemer, Laurence Zitvogel

Erschienen in: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | Ausgabe 1/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Chemotherapy or radiotherapy could induce various tumor cell death modalities, releasing tumor-derived antigen as well as danger signals that could either be captured for triggering antitumor immune response or ignored. Exploring the interplay among therapeutic drugs, tumor cell death and the immune cells should improve diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic management of tumor. We summarized some of the cell death-derived danger signals and the mechanism for host to sense and response to cell death in the tumor microenvironment. Based on the recent clinical or experimental findings, several strategies have been suggested to improve the immunogenicity of cell death and augment antitumor immunity.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Soiffer, R., Hodi, F. S., Haluska, F., Jung, K., Gillessen, S., Singer, S., et al. (2003). Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(17), 3343–3350. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.07.005.PubMed Soiffer, R., Hodi, F. S., Haluska, F., Jung, K., Gillessen, S., Singer, S., et al. (2003). Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(17), 3343–3350. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2003.​07.​005.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Salgia, R., Lynch, T., Skarin, A., Lucca, J., Lynch, C., Jung, K., et al. (2003). Vaccination with irradiated autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments antitumor immunity in some patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(4), 624–630.PubMed Salgia, R., Lynch, T., Skarin, A., Lucca, J., Lynch, C., Jung, K., et al. (2003). Vaccination with irradiated autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments antitumor immunity in some patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(4), 624–630.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Perez, C. A., Fu, A., Onishko, H., Hallahan, D. E., & Geng, L. (2009). Radiation induces an antitumour immune response to mouse melanoma. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 85(12), 1126–1136. doi:10.3109/09553000903242099.PubMed Perez, C. A., Fu, A., Onishko, H., Hallahan, D. E., & Geng, L. (2009). Radiation induces an antitumour immune response to mouse melanoma. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 85(12), 1126–1136. doi:10.​3109/​0955300090324209​9.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Casares, N., Pequignot, M. O., Tesniere, A., Ghiringhelli, F., Roux, S., Chaput, N., et al. (2005). Caspase-dependent immunogenicity of doxorubicin-induced tumor cell death. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 202(12), 1691–1701. doi:10.1084/jem.20050915.PubMed Casares, N., Pequignot, M. O., Tesniere, A., Ghiringhelli, F., Roux, S., Chaput, N., et al. (2005). Caspase-dependent immunogenicity of doxorubicin-induced tumor cell death. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 202(12), 1691–1701. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20050915.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Obeid, M., Tesniere, A., Ghiringhelli, F., Fimia, G. M., Apetoh, L., Perfettini, J. L., et al. (2007). Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Natural Medicines, 13(1), 54–61. doi:10.1038/nm1523. Obeid, M., Tesniere, A., Ghiringhelli, F., Fimia, G. M., Apetoh, L., Perfettini, J. L., et al. (2007). Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Natural Medicines, 13(1), 54–61. doi:10.​1038/​nm1523.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiarle, R., Martinengo, C., Mastini, C., Ambrogio, C., D’Escamard, V., Forni, G., et al. (2008). The anaplastic lymphoma kinase is an effective oncoantigen for lymphoma vaccination. Natural Medicines, 14(6), 676–680. doi:10.1038/nm1769. Chiarle, R., Martinengo, C., Mastini, C., Ambrogio, C., D’Escamard, V., Forni, G., et al. (2008). The anaplastic lymphoma kinase is an effective oncoantigen for lymphoma vaccination. Natural Medicines, 14(6), 676–680. doi:10.​1038/​nm1769.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Correale, P., Cusi, M. G., Tsang, K. Y., Del Vecchio, M. T., Marsili, S., Placa, M. L., et al. (2005). Chemo-immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal carcinoma with gemcitabine plus FOLFOX 4 followed by subcutaneous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 induces strong immunologic and antitumor activity in metastatic colon cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(35), 8950–8958. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.12.147.PubMed Correale, P., Cusi, M. G., Tsang, K. Y., Del Vecchio, M. T., Marsili, S., Placa, M. L., et al. (2005). Chemo-immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal carcinoma with gemcitabine plus FOLFOX 4 followed by subcutaneous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 induces strong immunologic and antitumor activity in metastatic colon cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23(35), 8950–8958. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2005.​12.​147.PubMed
9.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Imaeda, A. B., Watanabe, A., Sohail, M. A., Mahmood, S., Mohamadnejad, M., Sutterwala, F. S., et al. (2009). Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice is dependent on Tlr9 and the Nalp3 inflammasome. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 119(2), 305–314. doi:10.1172/JCI35958.PubMed Imaeda, A. B., Watanabe, A., Sohail, M. A., Mahmood, S., Mohamadnejad, M., Sutterwala, F. S., et al. (2009). Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice is dependent on Tlr9 and the Nalp3 inflammasome. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 119(2), 305–314. doi:10.​1172/​JCI35958.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Scaffidi, P., Misteli, T., & Bianchi, M. E. (2002). Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature, 418(6894), 191–195. doi:10.1038/nature00858.PubMed Scaffidi, P., Misteli, T., & Bianchi, M. E. (2002). Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature, 418(6894), 191–195. doi:10.​1038/​nature00858.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamasaki, S., Ishikawa, E., Sakuma, M., Hara, H., Ogata, K., & Saito, T. (2008). Mincle is an ITAM-coupled activating receptor that senses damaged cells. Nature Immunology, 9(10), 1179–1188. doi:10.1038/ni.1651.PubMed Yamasaki, S., Ishikawa, E., Sakuma, M., Hara, H., Ogata, K., & Saito, T. (2008). Mincle is an ITAM-coupled activating receptor that senses damaged cells. Nature Immunology, 9(10), 1179–1188. doi:10.​1038/​ni.​1651.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Foell, D., Wittkowski, H., Vogl, T., & Roth, J. (2007). S100 proteins expressed in phagocytes: A novel group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 81(1), 28–37. doi:10.1189/jlb.0306170.PubMed Foell, D., Wittkowski, H., Vogl, T., & Roth, J. (2007). S100 proteins expressed in phagocytes: A novel group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 81(1), 28–37. doi:10.​1189/​jlb.​0306170.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Barrat, F. J., Meeker, T., Gregorio, J., Chan, J. H., Uematsu, S., Akira, S., et al. (2005). Nucleic acids of mammalian origin can act as endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptors and may promote systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 202(8), 1131–1139. doi:10.1084/jem.20050914.PubMed Barrat, F. J., Meeker, T., Gregorio, J., Chan, J. H., Uematsu, S., Akira, S., et al. (2005). Nucleic acids of mammalian origin can act as endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptors and may promote systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 202(8), 1131–1139. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20050914.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Osterloh, A., Veit, A., Gessner, A., Fleischer, B., & Breloer, M. (2008). Hsp60-mediated T cell stimulation is independent of TLR4 and IL-12. International Immunology, 20(3), 433–443. doi:10.1093/intimm/dxn003.PubMed Osterloh, A., Veit, A., Gessner, A., Fleischer, B., & Breloer, M. (2008). Hsp60-mediated T cell stimulation is independent of TLR4 and IL-12. International Immunology, 20(3), 433–443. doi:10.​1093/​intimm/​dxn003.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Basu, S., Binder, R. J., Ramalingam, T., & Srivastava, P. K. (2001). CD91 is a common receptor for heat shock proteins gp96, hsp90, hsp70, and calreticulin. Immunity, 14(3), 303–313.PubMed Basu, S., Binder, R. J., Ramalingam, T., & Srivastava, P. K. (2001). CD91 is a common receptor for heat shock proteins gp96, hsp90, hsp70, and calreticulin. Immunity, 14(3), 303–313.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, C. J., Kono, H., Golenbock, D., Reed, G., Akira, S., & Rock, K. L. (2007). Identification of a key pathway required for the sterile inflammatory response triggered by dying cells. Natural Medicines, 13(7), 851–856. doi:10.1038/nm1603. Chen, C. J., Kono, H., Golenbock, D., Reed, G., Akira, S., & Rock, K. L. (2007). Identification of a key pathway required for the sterile inflammatory response triggered by dying cells. Natural Medicines, 13(7), 851–856. doi:10.​1038/​nm1603.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Distler, J. H., Huber, L. C., Gay, S., Distler, O., & Pisetsky, D. S. (2006). Microparticles as mediators of cellular cross-talk in inflammatory disease. Autoimmunity, 39(8), 683–690. doi:10.1080/08916930601061538.PubMed Distler, J. H., Huber, L. C., Gay, S., Distler, O., & Pisetsky, D. S. (2006). Microparticles as mediators of cellular cross-talk in inflammatory disease. Autoimmunity, 39(8), 683–690. doi:10.​1080/​0891693060106153​8.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Peter, C., Waibel, M., Radu, C. G., Yang, L. V., Witte, O. N., Schulze-Osthoff, K., et al. (2008). Migration to apoptotic “find-me” signals is mediated via the phagocyte receptor G2A. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(9), 5296–5305. doi:10.1074/jbc.M706586200.PubMed Peter, C., Waibel, M., Radu, C. G., Yang, L. V., Witte, O. N., Schulze-Osthoff, K., et al. (2008). Migration to apoptotic “find-me” signals is mediated via the phagocyte receptor G2A. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(9), 5296–5305. doi:10.​1074/​jbc.​M706586200.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Lauber, K., Bohn, E., Krober, S. M., Xiao, Y. J., Blumenthal, S. G., Lindemann, R. K., et al. (2003). Apoptotic cells induce migration of phagocytes via caspase-3-mediated release of a lipid attraction signal. Cell, 113(6), 717–730.PubMed Lauber, K., Bohn, E., Krober, S. M., Xiao, Y. J., Blumenthal, S. G., Lindemann, R. K., et al. (2003). Apoptotic cells induce migration of phagocytes via caspase-3-mediated release of a lipid attraction signal. Cell, 113(6), 717–730.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang, D., Chen, Q., Yang, H., Tracey, K. J., Bustin, M., & Oppenheim, J. J. (2007). High mobility group box-1 protein induces the migration and activation of human dendritic cells and acts as an alarmin. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 81(1), 59–66. doi:10.1189/jlb.0306180.PubMed Yang, D., Chen, Q., Yang, H., Tracey, K. J., Bustin, M., & Oppenheim, J. J. (2007). High mobility group box-1 protein induces the migration and activation of human dendritic cells and acts as an alarmin. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 81(1), 59–66. doi:10.​1189/​jlb.​0306180.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Orlova, V. V., Choi, E. Y., Xie, C., Chavakis, E., Bierhaus, A., Ihanus, E., et al. (2007). A novel pathway of HMGB1-mediated inflammatory cell recruitment that requires Mac-1-integrin. The EMBO Journal, 26(4), 1129–1139. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601552.PubMed Orlova, V. V., Choi, E. Y., Xie, C., Chavakis, E., Bierhaus, A., Ihanus, E., et al. (2007). A novel pathway of HMGB1-mediated inflammatory cell recruitment that requires Mac-1-integrin. The EMBO Journal, 26(4), 1129–1139. doi:10.​1038/​sj.​emboj.​7601552.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Tesniere, A., Obeid, M., Ortiz, C., Criollo, A., et al. (2007). Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Natural Medicines, 13(9), 1050–1059. doi:10.1038/nm1622. Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Tesniere, A., Obeid, M., Ortiz, C., Criollo, A., et al. (2007). Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Natural Medicines, 13(9), 1050–1059. doi:10.​1038/​nm1622.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Elliott, M. R., Chekeni, F. B., Trampont, P. C., Lazarowski, E. R., Kadl, A., Walk, S. F., et al. (2009). Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find-me signal to promote phagocytic clearance. Nature, 461(7261), 282–286. doi:10.1038/nature08296.PubMed Elliott, M. R., Chekeni, F. B., Trampont, P. C., Lazarowski, E. R., Kadl, A., Walk, S. F., et al. (2009). Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find-me signal to promote phagocytic clearance. Nature, 461(7261), 282–286. doi:10.​1038/​nature08296.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Gude, D. R., Alvarez, S. E., Paugh, S. W., Mitra, P., Yu, J., Griffiths, R., et al. (2008). Apoptosis induces expression of sphingosine kinase 1 to release sphingosine-1-phosphate as a “come-and-get-me” signal. The FASEB Journal, 22(8), 2629–2638. doi:10.1096/fj.08-107169.PubMed Gude, D. R., Alvarez, S. E., Paugh, S. W., Mitra, P., Yu, J., Griffiths, R., et al. (2008). Apoptosis induces expression of sphingosine kinase 1 to release sphingosine-1-phosphate as a “come-and-get-me” signal. The FASEB Journal, 22(8), 2629–2638. doi:10.​1096/​fj.​08-107169.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Mesaeli, N., & Phillipson, C. (2004). Impaired p53 expression, function, and nuclear localization in calreticulin-deficient cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 15(4), 1862–1870. doi:10.1091/mbc.E03-04-0251.PubMed Mesaeli, N., & Phillipson, C. (2004). Impaired p53 expression, function, and nuclear localization in calreticulin-deficient cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 15(4), 1862–1870. doi:10.​1091/​mbc.​E03-04-0251.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gardai, S. J., McPhillips, K. A., Frasch, S. C., Janssen, W. J., Starefeldt, A., Murphy-Ullrich, J. E., et al. (2005). Cell-surface calreticulin initiates clearance of viable or apoptotic cells through trans-activation of LRP on the phagocyte. Cell, 123(2), 321–334. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.032.PubMed Gardai, S. J., McPhillips, K. A., Frasch, S. C., Janssen, W. J., Starefeldt, A., Murphy-Ullrich, J. E., et al. (2005). Cell-surface calreticulin initiates clearance of viable or apoptotic cells through trans-activation of LRP on the phagocyte. Cell, 123(2), 321–334. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cell.​2005.​08.​032.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Obeid, M., Panaretakis, T., Joza, N., Tufi, R., Tesniere, A., van Endert, P., et al. (2007). Calreticulin exposure is required for the immunogenicity of gamma-irradiation and UVC light-induced apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation, 14(10), 1848–1850. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402201.PubMed Obeid, M., Panaretakis, T., Joza, N., Tufi, R., Tesniere, A., van Endert, P., et al. (2007). Calreticulin exposure is required for the immunogenicity of gamma-irradiation and UVC light-induced apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation, 14(10), 1848–1850. doi:10.​1038/​sj.​cdd.​4402201.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Panaretakis, T., Joza, N., Modjtahedi, N., Tesniere, A., Vitale, I., Durchschlag, M., et al. (2008). The co-translocation of ERp57 and calreticulin determines the immunogenicity of cell death. Cell Death and Differentiation, 15(9), 1499–1509. doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.67.PubMed Panaretakis, T., Joza, N., Modjtahedi, N., Tesniere, A., Vitale, I., Durchschlag, M., et al. (2008). The co-translocation of ERp57 and calreticulin determines the immunogenicity of cell death. Cell Death and Differentiation, 15(9), 1499–1509. doi:10.​1038/​cdd.​2008.​67.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Panaretakis, T., Kepp, O., Brockmeier, U., Tesniere, A., Bjorklund, A. C., Chapman, D. C., et al. (2009). Mechanisms of pre-apoptotic calreticulin exposure in immunogenic cell death. The EMBO Journal, 28(5), 578–590. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.1.PubMed Panaretakis, T., Kepp, O., Brockmeier, U., Tesniere, A., Bjorklund, A. C., Chapman, D. C., et al. (2009). Mechanisms of pre-apoptotic calreticulin exposure in immunogenic cell death. The EMBO Journal, 28(5), 578–590. doi:10.​1038/​emboj.​2009.​1.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Garrido, C., Brunet, M., Didelot, C., Zermati, Y., Schmitt, E., & Kroemer, G. (2006). Heat shock proteins 27 and 70: Anti-apoptotic proteins with tumorigenic properties. Cell Cycle, 5(22), 2592–2601.PubMed Garrido, C., Brunet, M., Didelot, C., Zermati, Y., Schmitt, E., & Kroemer, G. (2006). Heat shock proteins 27 and 70: Anti-apoptotic proteins with tumorigenic properties. Cell Cycle, 5(22), 2592–2601.PubMed
34.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Spisek, R., & Dhodapkar, M. V. (2007). Towards a better way to die with chemotherapy: Role of heat shock protein exposure on dying tumor cells. Cell Cycle, 6(16), 1962–1965.PubMed Spisek, R., & Dhodapkar, M. V. (2007). Towards a better way to die with chemotherapy: Role of heat shock protein exposure on dying tumor cells. Cell Cycle, 6(16), 1962–1965.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Tesniere, A., Panaretakis, T., Kepp, O., Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Zitvogel, L., et al. (2008). Molecular characteristics of immunogenic cancer cell death. Cell Death and Differentiation, 15(1), 3–12. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402269.PubMed Tesniere, A., Panaretakis, T., Kepp, O., Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Zitvogel, L., et al. (2008). Molecular characteristics of immunogenic cancer cell death. Cell Death and Differentiation, 15(1), 3–12. doi:10.​1038/​sj.​cdd.​4402269.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Doody, A. D., Kovalchin, J. T., Mihalyo, M. A., Hagymasi, A. T., Drake, C. G., & Adler, A. J. (2004). Glycoprotein 96 can chaperone both MHC class I- and class II-restricted epitopes for in vivo presentation, but selectively primes CD8+ T cell effector function. Journal of Immunology, 172(10), 6087–6092. Doody, A. D., Kovalchin, J. T., Mihalyo, M. A., Hagymasi, A. T., Drake, C. G., & Adler, A. J. (2004). Glycoprotein 96 can chaperone both MHC class I- and class II-restricted epitopes for in vivo presentation, but selectively primes CD8+ T cell effector function. Journal of Immunology, 172(10), 6087–6092.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Murshid, A., Gong, J., & Calderwood, S. K. (2010). Heat shock protein 90 mediates efficient antigen cross presentation through the scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells-I. Journal of Immunology, 185(5), 2903–2917. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903635. Murshid, A., Gong, J., & Calderwood, S. K. (2010). Heat shock protein 90 mediates efficient antigen cross presentation through the scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells-I. Journal of Immunology, 185(5), 2903–2917. doi:10.​4049/​jimmunol.​0903635.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan, T., Chen, Z., Hao, S., Xu, S., Yuan, J., Saxena, A., et al. (2007). Enhanced T-cell immunity induced by dendritic cells with phagocytosis of heat shock protein 70 gene-transfected tumor cells in early phase of apoptosis. Cancer Gene Therapy, 14(4), 409–420. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7701025.PubMed Chan, T., Chen, Z., Hao, S., Xu, S., Yuan, J., Saxena, A., et al. (2007). Enhanced T-cell immunity induced by dendritic cells with phagocytosis of heat shock protein 70 gene-transfected tumor cells in early phase of apoptosis. Cancer Gene Therapy, 14(4), 409–420. doi:10.​1038/​sj.​cgt.​7701025.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Elsner, L., Flugge, P. F., Lozano, J., Muppala, V., Eiz-Vesper, B., Demiroglu, S. Y., et al. (2010). The endogenous danger signals HSP70 and MICA cooperate in the activation of cytotoxic effector functions of NK cells. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 14(4), 992–1002. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00677.x.PubMed Elsner, L., Flugge, P. F., Lozano, J., Muppala, V., Eiz-Vesper, B., Demiroglu, S. Y., et al. (2010). The endogenous danger signals HSP70 and MICA cooperate in the activation of cytotoxic effector functions of NK cells. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 14(4), 992–1002. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1582-4934.​2009.​00677.​x.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Fionda, C., Soriani, A., Malgarini, G., Iannitto, M. L., Santoni, A., & Cippitelli, M. (2009). Heat shock protein-90 inhibitors increase MHC class I-related chain A and B ligand expression on multiple myeloma cells and their ability to trigger NK cell degranulation. Journal of Immunology, 183(7), 4385–4394. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901797. Fionda, C., Soriani, A., Malgarini, G., Iannitto, M. L., Santoni, A., & Cippitelli, M. (2009). Heat shock protein-90 inhibitors increase MHC class I-related chain A and B ligand expression on multiple myeloma cells and their ability to trigger NK cell degranulation. Journal of Immunology, 183(7), 4385–4394. doi:10.​4049/​jimmunol.​0901797.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, X. Y., Sun, X., Chen, X., Facciponte, J., Repasky, E. A., Kane, J., et al. (2010). Superior antitumor response induced by large stress protein chaperoned protein antigen compared with peptide antigen. Journal of Immunology, 184(11), 6309–6319. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903891. Wang, X. Y., Sun, X., Chen, X., Facciponte, J., Repasky, E. A., Kane, J., et al. (2010). Superior antitumor response induced by large stress protein chaperoned protein antigen compared with peptide antigen. Journal of Immunology, 184(11), 6309–6319. doi:10.​4049/​jimmunol.​0903891.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobayashi, N., Karisola, P., Pena-Cruz, V., Dorfman, D. M., Jinushi, M., Umetsu, S. E., et al. (2007). TIM-1 and TIM-4 glycoproteins bind phosphatidylserine and mediate uptake of apoptotic cells. Immunity, 27(6), 927–940. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.11.011.PubMed Kobayashi, N., Karisola, P., Pena-Cruz, V., Dorfman, D. M., Jinushi, M., Umetsu, S. E., et al. (2007). TIM-1 and TIM-4 glycoproteins bind phosphatidylserine and mediate uptake of apoptotic cells. Immunity, 27(6), 927–940. doi:10.​1016/​j.​immuni.​2007.​11.​011.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez, N., Bensinger, S. J., Hong, C., Beceiro, S., Bradley, M. N., Zelcer, N., et al. (2009). Apoptotic cells promote their own clearance and immune tolerance through activation of the nuclear receptor LXR. Immunity, 31(2), 245–258. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.06.018. Gonzalez, N., Bensinger, S. J., Hong, C., Beceiro, S., Bradley, M. N., Zelcer, N., et al. (2009). Apoptotic cells promote their own clearance and immune tolerance through activation of the nuclear receptor LXR. Immunity, 31(2), 245–258. doi:10.​1016/​j.​immuni.​2009.​06.​018.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Shao, W. H., Zhen, Y., Eisenberg, R. A., & Cohen, P. L. (2009). The Mer receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed on discrete macrophage subpopulations and mainly uses Gas6 as its ligand for uptake of apoptotic cells. Clinical Immunology, 133(1), 138–144. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2009.06.002.PubMed Shao, W. H., Zhen, Y., Eisenberg, R. A., & Cohen, P. L. (2009). The Mer receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed on discrete macrophage subpopulations and mainly uses Gas6 as its ligand for uptake of apoptotic cells. Clinical Immunology, 133(1), 138–144. doi:10.​1016/​j.​clim.​2009.​06.​002.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott, R. S., McMahon, E. J., Pop, S. M., Reap, E. A., Caricchio, R., Cohen, P. L., et al. (2001). Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER. Nature, 411(6834), 207–211. doi:10.1038/35075603.PubMed Scott, R. S., McMahon, E. J., Pop, S. M., Reap, E. A., Caricchio, R., Cohen, P. L., et al. (2001). Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER. Nature, 411(6834), 207–211. doi:10.​1038/​35075603.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Jinushi, M., Sato, M., Kanamoto, A., Itoh, A., Nagai, S., Koyasu, S., et al. (2009). Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-8 blockade triggers tumor destruction through coordinated cell-autonomous and immune-mediated mechanisms. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206(6), 1317–1326. doi:10.1084/jem.20082614.PubMed Jinushi, M., Sato, M., Kanamoto, A., Itoh, A., Nagai, S., Koyasu, S., et al. (2009). Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-8 blockade triggers tumor destruction through coordinated cell-autonomous and immune-mediated mechanisms. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206(6), 1317–1326. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20082614.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Asano, K., Miwa, M., Miwa, K., Hanayama, R., Nagase, H., Nagata, S., et al. (2004). Masking of phosphatidylserine inhibits apoptotic cell engulfment and induces autoantibody production in mice. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 200(4), 459–467. doi:10.1084/jem.20040342.PubMed Asano, K., Miwa, M., Miwa, K., Hanayama, R., Nagase, H., Nagata, S., et al. (2004). Masking of phosphatidylserine inhibits apoptotic cell engulfment and induces autoantibody production in mice. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 200(4), 459–467. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20040342.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Park, D., Tosello-Trampont, A. C., Elliott, M. R., Lu, M., Haney, L. B., Ma, Z., et al. (2007). BAI1 is an engulfment receptor for apoptotic cells upstream of the ELMO/Dock180/Rac module. Nature, 450(7168), 430–434. doi:10.1038/nature06329.PubMed Park, D., Tosello-Trampont, A. C., Elliott, M. R., Lu, M., Haney, L. B., Ma, Z., et al. (2007). BAI1 is an engulfment receptor for apoptotic cells upstream of the ELMO/Dock180/Rac module. Nature, 450(7168), 430–434. doi:10.​1038/​nature06329.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Jinushi, M., Nakazaki, Y., Dougan, M., Carrasco, D. R., Mihm, M., & Dranoff, G. (2007). MFG-E8-mediated uptake of apoptotic cells by APCs links the pro- and antiinflammatory activities of GM-CSF. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(7), 1902–1913. doi:10.1172/JCI30966.PubMed Jinushi, M., Nakazaki, Y., Dougan, M., Carrasco, D. R., Mihm, M., & Dranoff, G. (2007). MFG-E8-mediated uptake of apoptotic cells by APCs links the pro- and antiinflammatory activities of GM-CSF. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(7), 1902–1913. doi:10.​1172/​JCI30966.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Linger, R. M., Keating, A. K., Earp, H. S., & Graham, D. K. (2008). TAM receptor tyrosine kinases: Biologic functions, signaling, and potential therapeutic targeting in human cancer. Advances in Cancer Research, 100, 35–83. doi:10.1016/S0065-230X(08)00002-X.PubMed Linger, R. M., Keating, A. K., Earp, H. S., & Graham, D. K. (2008). TAM receptor tyrosine kinases: Biologic functions, signaling, and potential therapeutic targeting in human cancer. Advances in Cancer Research, 100, 35–83. doi:10.​1016/​S0065-230X(08)00002-X.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Sen, P., Wallet, M. A., Yi, Z., Huang, Y., Henderson, M., Mathews, C. E., et al. (2007). Apoptotic cells induce Mer tyrosine kinase-dependent blockade of NF-kappaB activation in dendritic cells. Blood, 109(2), 653–660. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-04-017368.PubMed Sen, P., Wallet, M. A., Yi, Z., Huang, Y., Henderson, M., Mathews, C. E., et al. (2007). Apoptotic cells induce Mer tyrosine kinase-dependent blockade of NF-kappaB activation in dendritic cells. Blood, 109(2), 653–660. doi:10.​1182/​blood-2006-04-017368.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Hildner, K., Edelson, B. T., Purtha, W. E., Diamond, M., Matsushita, H., Kohyama, M., et al. (2008). Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity. Science, 322(5904), 1097–1100. doi:10.1126/science.1164206.PubMed Hildner, K., Edelson, B. T., Purtha, W. E., Diamond, M., Matsushita, H., Kohyama, M., et al. (2008). Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity. Science, 322(5904), 1097–1100. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1164206.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Dudziak, D., Kamphorst, A. O., Heidkamp, G. F., Buchholz, V. R., Trumpfheller, C., Yamazaki, S., et al. (2007). Differential antigen processing by dendritic cell subsets in vivo. Science, 315(5808), 107–111. doi:10.1126/science.1136080.PubMed Dudziak, D., Kamphorst, A. O., Heidkamp, G. F., Buchholz, V. R., Trumpfheller, C., Yamazaki, S., et al. (2007). Differential antigen processing by dendritic cell subsets in vivo. Science, 315(5808), 107–111. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1136080.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Schnorrer, P., Behrens, G. M., Wilson, N. S., Pooley, J. L., Smith, C. M., El-Sukkari, D., et al. (2006). The dominant role of CD8+ dendritic cells in cross-presentation is not dictated by antigen capture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(28), 10729–10734. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601956103.PubMed Schnorrer, P., Behrens, G. M., Wilson, N. S., Pooley, J. L., Smith, C. M., El-Sukkari, D., et al. (2006). The dominant role of CD8+ dendritic cells in cross-presentation is not dictated by antigen capture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(28), 10729–10734. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​0601956103.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat McDonnell, A. M., Prosser, A. C., van Bruggen, I., Robinson, B. W., & Currie, A. J. (2010). CD8alpha+ DC are not the sole subset cross-presenting cell-associated tumor antigens from a solid tumor. European Journal of Immunology, 40(6), 1617–1627. doi:10.1002/eji.200940153.PubMed McDonnell, A. M., Prosser, A. C., van Bruggen, I., Robinson, B. W., & Currie, A. J. (2010). CD8alpha+ DC are not the sole subset cross-presenting cell-associated tumor antigens from a solid tumor. European Journal of Immunology, 40(6), 1617–1627. doi:10.​1002/​eji.​200940153.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Merad, M., Ginhoux, F., & Collin, M. (2008). Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other Langerin-expressing dendritic cells. Nature Reviews. Immunology, 8(12), 935–947. doi:10.1038/nri2455.PubMed Merad, M., Ginhoux, F., & Collin, M. (2008). Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other Langerin-expressing dendritic cells. Nature Reviews. Immunology, 8(12), 935–947. doi:10.​1038/​nri2455.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Idoyaga, J., Suda, N., Suda, K., Park, C. G., & Steinman, R. M. (2009). Antibody to Langerin/CD207 localizes large numbers of CD8alpha+ dendritic cells to the marginal zone of mouse spleen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(5), 1524–1529. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812247106.PubMed Idoyaga, J., Suda, N., Suda, K., Park, C. G., & Steinman, R. M. (2009). Antibody to Langerin/CD207 localizes large numbers of CD8alpha+ dendritic cells to the marginal zone of mouse spleen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(5), 1524–1529. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​0812247106.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Flacher, V., Douillard, P., Ait-Yahia, S., Stoitzner, P., Clair-Moninot, V., Romani, N., et al. (2008). Expression of Langerin/CD207 reveals dendritic cell heterogeneity between inbred mouse strains. Immunology, 123(3), 339–347. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02785.x.PubMed Flacher, V., Douillard, P., Ait-Yahia, S., Stoitzner, P., Clair-Moninot, V., Romani, N., et al. (2008). Expression of Langerin/CD207 reveals dendritic cell heterogeneity between inbred mouse strains. Immunology, 123(3), 339–347. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2567.​2007.​02785.​x.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Idoyaga, J., Cheong, C., Suda, K., Suda, N., Kim, J. Y., Lee, H., et al. (2008). Cutting edge: Langerin/CD207 receptor on dendritic cells mediates efficient antigen presentation on MHC I and II products in vivo. Journal of Immunology, 180(6), 3647–3650. Idoyaga, J., Cheong, C., Suda, K., Suda, N., Kim, J. Y., Lee, H., et al. (2008). Cutting edge: Langerin/CD207 receptor on dendritic cells mediates efficient antigen presentation on MHC I and II products in vivo. Journal of Immunology, 180(6), 3647–3650.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin, M. L., Zhan, Y., Proietto, A. I., Prato, S., Wu, L., Heath, W. R., et al. (2008). Selective suicide of cross-presenting CD8+ dendritic cells by cytochrome c injection shows functional heterogeneity within this subset. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(8), 3029–3034. doi:10.1073/pnas.0712394105.PubMed Lin, M. L., Zhan, Y., Proietto, A. I., Prato, S., Wu, L., Heath, W. R., et al. (2008). Selective suicide of cross-presenting CD8+ dendritic cells by cytochrome c injection shows functional heterogeneity within this subset. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(8), 3029–3034. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​0712394105.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Farrand, K. J., Dickgreber, N., Stoitzner, P., Ronchese, F., Petersen, T. R., & Hermans, I. F. (2009). Langerin+ CD8alpha+ dendritic cells are critical for cross-priming and IL-12 production in response to systemic antigens. Journal of Immunology, 183(12), 7732–7742. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902707. Farrand, K. J., Dickgreber, N., Stoitzner, P., Ronchese, F., Petersen, T. R., & Hermans, I. F. (2009). Langerin+ CD8alpha+ dendritic cells are critical for cross-priming and IL-12 production in response to systemic antigens. Journal of Immunology, 183(12), 7732–7742. doi:10.​4049/​jimmunol.​0902707.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Henri, S., Poulin, L. F., Tamoutounour, S., Ardouin, L., Guilliams, M., de Bovis, B., et al. (2010). CD207+ CD103+ dermal dendritic cells cross-present keratinocyte-derived antigens irrespective of the presence of Langerhans cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207(1), 189–206. doi:10.1084/jem.20091964.PubMed Henri, S., Poulin, L. F., Tamoutounour, S., Ardouin, L., Guilliams, M., de Bovis, B., et al. (2010). CD207+ CD103+ dermal dendritic cells cross-present keratinocyte-derived antigens irrespective of the presence of Langerhans cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207(1), 189–206. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20091964.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Backer, R., Schwandt, T., Greuter, M., Oosting, M., Jungerkes, F., Tuting, T., et al. (2010). Effective collaboration between marginal metallophilic macrophages and CD8+ dendritic cells in the generation of cytotoxic T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(1), 216–221. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909541107.PubMed Backer, R., Schwandt, T., Greuter, M., Oosting, M., Jungerkes, F., Tuting, T., et al. (2010). Effective collaboration between marginal metallophilic macrophages and CD8+ dendritic cells in the generation of cytotoxic T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(1), 216–221. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​0909541107.PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang, B., Bowerman, N. A., Salama, J. K., Schmidt, H., Spiotto, M. T., Schietinger, A., et al. (2007). Induced sensitization of tumor stroma leads to eradication of established cancer by T cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 204(1), 49–55. doi:10.1084/jem.20062056.PubMed Zhang, B., Bowerman, N. A., Salama, J. K., Schmidt, H., Spiotto, M. T., Schietinger, A., et al. (2007). Induced sensitization of tumor stroma leads to eradication of established cancer by T cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 204(1), 49–55. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20062056.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Schietinger, A., Philip, M., Liu, R. B., Schreiber, K., & Schreiber, H. (2010). Bystander killing of cancer requires the cooperation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during the effector phase. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207, 2469–2477. doi:10.1084/jem.20092450.PubMed Schietinger, A., Philip, M., Liu, R. B., Schreiber, K., & Schreiber, H. (2010). Bystander killing of cancer requires the cooperation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during the effector phase. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207, 2469–2477. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20092450.PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Spiotto, M. T., Rowley, D. A., & Schreiber, H. (2004). Bystander elimination of antigen loss variants in established tumors. Natural Medicines, 10(3), 294–298. doi:10.1038/nm999. Spiotto, M. T., Rowley, D. A., & Schreiber, H. (2004). Bystander elimination of antigen loss variants in established tumors. Natural Medicines, 10(3), 294–298. doi:10.​1038/​nm999.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu, Y., Wu, W., Wong, W. M., Ward, E., Thrasher, A. J., Goldblatt, D., et al. (2009). Human gamma delta T cells: A lymphoid lineage cell capable of professional phagocytosis. Journal of Immunology, 183(9), 5622–5629. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901772. Wu, Y., Wu, W., Wong, W. M., Ward, E., Thrasher, A. J., Goldblatt, D., et al. (2009). Human gamma delta T cells: A lymphoid lineage cell capable of professional phagocytosis. Journal of Immunology, 183(9), 5622–5629. doi:10.​4049/​jimmunol.​0901772.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Brandes, M., Willimann, K., Bioley, G., Levy, N., Eberl, M., Luo, M., et al. (2009). Cross-presenting human gammadelta T cells induce robust CD8+ alphabeta T cell responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(7), 2307–2312. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810059106.PubMed Brandes, M., Willimann, K., Bioley, G., Levy, N., Eberl, M., Luo, M., et al. (2009). Cross-presenting human gammadelta T cells induce robust CD8+ alphabeta T cell responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(7), 2307–2312. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​0810059106.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Saccheri, F., Pozzi, C., Avogadri, F., Barozzi, S., Faretta, M., Fusi, P., et al. (2010). Bacteria-induced gap junctions in tumors favor antigen cross-presentation and antitumor immunity. Science Translational Medicine, 2(44), 4457. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000739. Saccheri, F., Pozzi, C., Avogadri, F., Barozzi, S., Faretta, M., Fusi, P., et al. (2010). Bacteria-induced gap junctions in tumors favor antigen cross-presentation and antitumor immunity. Science Translational Medicine, 2(44), 4457. doi:10.​1126/​scitranslmed.​3000739.
75.
Zurück zum Zitat de Visser, K. E., Eichten, A., & Coussens, L. M. (2006). Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nature Reviews Cancer, 6(1), 24–37. doi:10.1038/nrc1782.PubMed de Visser, K. E., Eichten, A., & Coussens, L. M. (2006). Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nature Reviews Cancer, 6(1), 24–37. doi:10.​1038/​nrc1782.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Lakshmikanth, T., Burke, S., Ali, T. H., Kimpfler, S., Ursini, F., Ruggeri, L., et al. (2009). NCRs and DNAM-1 mediate NK cell recognition and lysis of human and mouse melanoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 119(5), 1251–1263. doi:10.1172/JCI36022.PubMed Lakshmikanth, T., Burke, S., Ali, T. H., Kimpfler, S., Ursini, F., Ruggeri, L., et al. (2009). NCRs and DNAM-1 mediate NK cell recognition and lysis of human and mouse melanoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 119(5), 1251–1263. doi:10.​1172/​JCI36022.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan, C. J., Andrews, D. M., McLaughlin, N. M., Yagita, H., Gilfillan, S., Colonna, M., et al. (2010). DNAM-1/CD155 interactions promote cytokine and NK cell-mediated suppression of poorly immunogenic melanoma metastases. Journal of Immunology, 184(2), 902–911. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903225. Chan, C. J., Andrews, D. M., McLaughlin, N. M., Yagita, H., Gilfillan, S., Colonna, M., et al. (2010). DNAM-1/CD155 interactions promote cytokine and NK cell-mediated suppression of poorly immunogenic melanoma metastases. Journal of Immunology, 184(2), 902–911. doi:10.​4049/​jimmunol.​0903225.
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlsten, M., Baumann, B. C., Simonsson, M., Jadersten, M., Forsblom, A. M., Hammarstedt, C., et al. (2010). Reduced DNAM-1 expression on bone marrow NK cells associated with impaired killing of CD34+ blasts in myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia, 24(9), 1607–1616. doi:10.1038/leu.2010.149.PubMed Carlsten, M., Baumann, B. C., Simonsson, M., Jadersten, M., Forsblom, A. M., Hammarstedt, C., et al. (2010). Reduced DNAM-1 expression on bone marrow NK cells associated with impaired killing of CD34+ blasts in myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia, 24(9), 1607–1616. doi:10.​1038/​leu.​2010.​149.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Diefenbach, A., Jensen, E. R., Jamieson, A. M., & Raulet, D. H. (2001). Rae1 and H60 ligands of the NKG2D receptor stimulate tumour immunity. Nature, 413(6852), 165–171. doi:10.1038/35093109.PubMed Diefenbach, A., Jensen, E. R., Jamieson, A. M., & Raulet, D. H. (2001). Rae1 and H60 ligands of the NKG2D receptor stimulate tumour immunity. Nature, 413(6852), 165–171. doi:10.​1038/​35093109.PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Soriani, A., Zingoni, A., Cerboni, C., Iannitto, M. L., Ricciardi, M. R., Di Gialleonardo, V., et al. (2009). ATM-ATR-dependent up-regulation of DNAM-1 and NKG2D ligands on multiple myeloma cells by therapeutic agents results in enhanced NK-cell susceptibility and is associated with a senescent phenotype. Blood, 113(15), 3503–3511. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-08-173914.PubMed Soriani, A., Zingoni, A., Cerboni, C., Iannitto, M. L., Ricciardi, M. R., Di Gialleonardo, V., et al. (2009). ATM-ATR-dependent up-regulation of DNAM-1 and NKG2D ligands on multiple myeloma cells by therapeutic agents results in enhanced NK-cell susceptibility and is associated with a senescent phenotype. Blood, 113(15), 3503–3511. doi:10.​1182/​blood-2008-08-173914.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Kato, N., Tanaka, J., Sugita, J., Toubai, T., Miura, Y., Ibata, M., et al. (2007). Regulation of the expression of MHC class I-related chain A, B (MICA, MICB) via chromatin remodeling and its impact on the susceptibility of leukemic cells to the cytotoxicity of NKG2D-expressing cells. Leukemia, 21(10), 2103–2108. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2404862.PubMed Kato, N., Tanaka, J., Sugita, J., Toubai, T., Miura, Y., Ibata, M., et al. (2007). Regulation of the expression of MHC class I-related chain A, B (MICA, MICB) via chromatin remodeling and its impact on the susceptibility of leukemic cells to the cytotoxicity of NKG2D-expressing cells. Leukemia, 21(10), 2103–2108. doi:10.​1038/​sj.​leu.​2404862.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmudde, M., Braun, A., Pende, D., Sonnemann, J., Klier, U., Beck, J. F., et al. (2008). Histone deacetylase inhibitors sensitize tumour cells for cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells. Cancer Letters, 272(1), 110–121. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.06.027.PubMed Schmudde, M., Braun, A., Pende, D., Sonnemann, J., Klier, U., Beck, J. F., et al. (2008). Histone deacetylase inhibitors sensitize tumour cells for cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells. Cancer Letters, 272(1), 110–121. doi:10.​1016/​j.​canlet.​2008.​06.​027.PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Fine, J. H., Chen, P., Mesci, A., Allan, D. S., Gasser, S., Raulet, D. H., et al. (2010). Chemotherapy-induced genotoxic stress promotes sensitivity to natural killer cell cytotoxicity by enabling missing-self recognition. Cancer Research, 70(18), 7102–7113. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1316.PubMed Fine, J. H., Chen, P., Mesci, A., Allan, D. S., Gasser, S., Raulet, D. H., et al. (2010). Chemotherapy-induced genotoxic stress promotes sensitivity to natural killer cell cytotoxicity by enabling missing-self recognition. Cancer Research, 70(18), 7102–7113. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-10-1316.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Rey, J., Veuillen, C., Vey, N., Bouabdallah, R., & Olive, D. (2009). Natural killer and gammadelta T cells in haematological malignancies: Enhancing the immune effectors. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 15(6), 275–284. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2009.04.005.PubMed Rey, J., Veuillen, C., Vey, N., Bouabdallah, R., & Olive, D. (2009). Natural killer and gammadelta T cells in haematological malignancies: Enhancing the immune effectors. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 15(6), 275–284. doi:10.​1016/​j.​molmed.​2009.​04.​005.PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Pages, F., Galon, J., Dieu-Nosjean, M. C., Tartour, E., Sautes-Fridman, C., & Fridman, W. H. (2010). Immune infiltration in human tumors: A prognostic factor that should not be ignored. Oncogene, 29(8), 1093–1102. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.416.PubMed Pages, F., Galon, J., Dieu-Nosjean, M. C., Tartour, E., Sautes-Fridman, C., & Fridman, W. H. (2010). Immune infiltration in human tumors: A prognostic factor that should not be ignored. Oncogene, 29(8), 1093–1102. doi:10.​1038/​onc.​2009.​416.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghiringhelli, F., Apetoh, L., Tesniere, A., Aymeric, L., Ma, Y., Ortiz, C., et al. (2009). Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in dendritic cells induces IL-1beta-dependent adaptive immunity against tumors. Natural Medicines, 15(10), 1170–1178. doi:10.1038/nm.2028. Ghiringhelli, F., Apetoh, L., Tesniere, A., Aymeric, L., Ma, Y., Ortiz, C., et al. (2009). Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in dendritic cells induces IL-1beta-dependent adaptive immunity against tumors. Natural Medicines, 15(10), 1170–1178. doi:10.​1038/​nm.​2028.
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, Y., Auh, S. L., Wang, Y., Burnette, B., Meng, Y., Beckett, M., et al. (2009). Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: Changing strategies for cancer treatment. Blood, 114(3), 589–595. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-02-206870.PubMed Lee, Y., Auh, S. L., Wang, Y., Burnette, B., Meng, Y., Beckett, M., et al. (2009). Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: Changing strategies for cancer treatment. Blood, 114(3), 589–595. doi:10.​1182/​blood-2009-02-206870.PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Takeshima, T., Chamoto, K., Wakita, D., Ohkuri, T., Togashi, Y., Shirato, H., et al. (2010). Local radiation therapy inhibits tumor growth through the generation of tumor-specific CTL: Its potentiation by combination with Th1 cell therapy. Cancer Research, 70(7), 2697–2706. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2982.PubMed Takeshima, T., Chamoto, K., Wakita, D., Ohkuri, T., Togashi, Y., Shirato, H., et al. (2010). Local radiation therapy inhibits tumor growth through the generation of tumor-specific CTL: Its potentiation by combination with Th1 cell therapy. Cancer Research, 70(7), 2697–2706. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-09-2982.PubMed
90.
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Zou, W. (2005). Immunosuppressive networks in the tumour environment and their therapeutic relevance. Nature Reviews Cancer, 5(4), 263–274. doi:10.1038/nrc1586.PubMed Zou, W. (2005). Immunosuppressive networks in the tumour environment and their therapeutic relevance. Nature Reviews Cancer, 5(4), 263–274. doi:10.​1038/​nrc1586.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Zea, A. H., Rodriguez, P. C., Atkins, M. B., Hernandez, C., Signoretti, S., Zabaleta, J., et al. (2005). Arginase-producing myeloid suppressor cells in renal cell carcinoma patients: A mechanism of tumor evasion. Cancer Research, 65(8), 3044–3048. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4505.PubMed Zea, A. H., Rodriguez, P. C., Atkins, M. B., Hernandez, C., Signoretti, S., Zabaleta, J., et al. (2005). Arginase-producing myeloid suppressor cells in renal cell carcinoma patients: A mechanism of tumor evasion. Cancer Research, 65(8), 3044–3048. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-04-4505.PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Serafini, P., De Santo, C., Marigo, I., Cingarlini, S., Dolcetti, L., Gallina, G., et al. (2004). Derangement of immune responses by myeloid suppressor cells. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 53(2), 64–72. doi:10.1007/s00262-003-0443-2.PubMed Serafini, P., De Santo, C., Marigo, I., Cingarlini, S., Dolcetti, L., Gallina, G., et al. (2004). Derangement of immune responses by myeloid suppressor cells. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 53(2), 64–72. doi:10.​1007/​s00262-003-0443-2.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Gabrilovich, D. I., & Nagaraj, S. (2009). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology, 9(3), 162–174. doi:10.1038/nri2506.PubMed Gabrilovich, D. I., & Nagaraj, S. (2009). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology, 9(3), 162–174. doi:10.​1038/​nri2506.PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Chalmin, F., Ladoire, S., Mignot, G., Vincent, J., Bruchard, M., Remy-Martin, J. P., et al. (2010). Membrane-associated Hsp72 from tumor-derived exosomes mediates STAT3-dependent immunosuppressive function of mouse and human myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(2), 457–471. doi:10.1172/JCI40483.PubMed Chalmin, F., Ladoire, S., Mignot, G., Vincent, J., Bruchard, M., Remy-Martin, J. P., et al. (2010). Membrane-associated Hsp72 from tumor-derived exosomes mediates STAT3-dependent immunosuppressive function of mouse and human myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(2), 457–471. doi:10.​1172/​JCI40483.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Ostrand-Rosenberg, S. (2010). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: More mechanisms for inhibiting antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy, 59(10), 1593–1600. doi:10.1007/s00262-010-0855-8. Ostrand-Rosenberg, S. (2010). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: More mechanisms for inhibiting antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy, 59(10), 1593–1600. doi:10.​1007/​s00262-010-0855-8.
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagaraj, S., Schrum, A. G., Cho, H. I., Celis, E., & Gabrilovich, D. I. (2010). Mechanism of T cell tolerance induced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Journal of Immunology, 184(6), 3106–3116. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902661. Nagaraj, S., Schrum, A. G., Cho, H. I., Celis, E., & Gabrilovich, D. I. (2010). Mechanism of T cell tolerance induced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Journal of Immunology, 184(6), 3106–3116. doi:10.​4049/​jimmunol.​0902661.
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Gobert, M., Treilleux, I., Bendriss-Vermare, N., Bachelot, T., Goddard-Leon, S., Arfi, V., et al. (2009). Regulatory T cells recruited through CCL22/CCR4 are selectively activated in lymphoid infiltrates surrounding primary breast tumors and lead to an adverse clinical outcome. Cancer Research, 69(5), 2000–2009. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2360.PubMed Gobert, M., Treilleux, I., Bendriss-Vermare, N., Bachelot, T., Goddard-Leon, S., Arfi, V., et al. (2009). Regulatory T cells recruited through CCL22/CCR4 are selectively activated in lymphoid infiltrates surrounding primary breast tumors and lead to an adverse clinical outcome. Cancer Research, 69(5), 2000–2009. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-08-2360.PubMed
99.
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan, M. C., Goedegebuure, P. S., Belt, B. A., Flaherty, B., Sankpal, N., Gillanders, W. E., et al. (2009). Disruption of CCR5-dependent homing of regulatory T cells inhibits tumor growth in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. Journal of Immunology, 182(3), 1746–1755. Tan, M. C., Goedegebuure, P. S., Belt, B. A., Flaherty, B., Sankpal, N., Gillanders, W. E., et al. (2009). Disruption of CCR5-dependent homing of regulatory T cells inhibits tumor growth in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. Journal of Immunology, 182(3), 1746–1755.
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramakrishnan, R., Assudani, D., Nagaraj, S., Hunter, T., Cho, H. I., Antonia, S., et al. (2010). Chemotherapy enhances tumor cell susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing during cancer immunotherapy in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(4), 1111–1124. doi:10.1172/JCI40269.PubMed Ramakrishnan, R., Assudani, D., Nagaraj, S., Hunter, T., Cho, H. I., Antonia, S., et al. (2010). Chemotherapy enhances tumor cell susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing during cancer immunotherapy in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(4), 1111–1124. doi:10.​1172/​JCI40269.PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Machiels, J. P., Reilly, R. T., Emens, L. A., Ercolini, A. M., Lei, R. Y., Weintraub, D., et al. (2001). Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel enhance the antitumor immune response of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor-secreting whole-cell vaccines in HER-2/neu tolerized mice. Cancer Research, 61(9), 3689–3697.PubMed Machiels, J. P., Reilly, R. T., Emens, L. A., Ercolini, A. M., Lei, R. Y., Weintraub, D., et al. (2001). Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel enhance the antitumor immune response of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor-secreting whole-cell vaccines in HER-2/neu tolerized mice. Cancer Research, 61(9), 3689–3697.PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghiringhelli, F., Larmonier, N., Schmitt, E., Parcellier, A., Cathelin, D., Garrido, C., et al. (2004). CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress tumor immunity but are sensitive to cyclophosphamide which allows immunotherapy of established tumors to be curative. European Journal of Immunology, 34(2), 336–344. doi:10.1002/eji.200324181.PubMed Ghiringhelli, F., Larmonier, N., Schmitt, E., Parcellier, A., Cathelin, D., Garrido, C., et al. (2004). CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress tumor immunity but are sensitive to cyclophosphamide which allows immunotherapy of established tumors to be curative. European Journal of Immunology, 34(2), 336–344. doi:10.​1002/​eji.​200324181.PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Roux, S., Apetoh, L., Chalmin, F., Ladoire, S., Mignot, G., Puig, P. E., et al. (2008). CD4+CD25+ Tregs control the TRAIL-dependent cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating DCs in rodent models of colon cancer. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(11), 3751–3761. doi:10.1172/JCI35890.PubMed Roux, S., Apetoh, L., Chalmin, F., Ladoire, S., Mignot, G., Puig, P. E., et al. (2008). CD4+CD25+ Tregs control the TRAIL-dependent cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating DCs in rodent models of colon cancer. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(11), 3751–3761. doi:10.​1172/​JCI35890.PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghiringhelli, F., Menard, C., Puig, P. E., Ladoire, S., Roux, S., Martin, F., et al. (2007). Metronomic cyclophosphamide regimen selectively depletes CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and restores T and NK effector functions in end stage cancer patients. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 56(5), 641–648. doi:10.1007/s00262-006-0225-8.PubMed Ghiringhelli, F., Menard, C., Puig, P. E., Ladoire, S., Roux, S., Martin, F., et al. (2007). Metronomic cyclophosphamide regimen selectively depletes CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and restores T and NK effector functions in end stage cancer patients. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 56(5), 641–648. doi:10.​1007/​s00262-006-0225-8.PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Markasz, L., Skribek, H., Uhlin, M., Otvos, R., Flaberg, E., Eksborg, S., et al. (2008). Effect of frequently used chemotherapeutic drugs on cytotoxic activity of human cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Journal of Immunotherapy, 31(3), 283–293. doi:10.1097/CJI.0b013e3181628b76.PubMed Markasz, L., Skribek, H., Uhlin, M., Otvos, R., Flaberg, E., Eksborg, S., et al. (2008). Effect of frequently used chemotherapeutic drugs on cytotoxic activity of human cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Journal of Immunotherapy, 31(3), 283–293. doi:10.​1097/​CJI.​0b013e3181628b76​.PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Ugel, S., Delpozzo, F., Desantis, G., Papalini, F., Simonato, F., Sonda, N., et al. (2009). Therapeutic targeting of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9(4), 470–481. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2009.06.014.PubMed Ugel, S., Delpozzo, F., Desantis, G., Papalini, F., Simonato, F., Sonda, N., et al. (2009). Therapeutic targeting of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9(4), 470–481. doi:10.​1016/​j.​coph.​2009.​06.​014.PubMed
109.
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Serrone, L., & Hersey, P. (1999). The chemoresistance of human malignant melanoma: An update. Melanoma Research, 9(1), 51–58.PubMed Serrone, L., & Hersey, P. (1999). The chemoresistance of human malignant melanoma: An update. Melanoma Research, 9(1), 51–58.PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Plati, J., Bucur, O., & Khosravi-Far, R. (2008). Dysregulation of apoptotic signaling in cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 104(4), 1124–1149. doi:10.1002/jcb.21707.PubMed Plati, J., Bucur, O., & Khosravi-Far, R. (2008). Dysregulation of apoptotic signaling in cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 104(4), 1124–1149. doi:10.​1002/​jcb.​21707.PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Trougakos, I. P., Lourda, M., Antonelou, M. H., Kletsas, D., Gorgoulis, V. G., Papassideri, I. S., et al. (2009). Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein complex. Clinical Cancer Research, 15(1), 48–59. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1805.PubMed Trougakos, I. P., Lourda, M., Antonelou, M. H., Kletsas, D., Gorgoulis, V. G., Papassideri, I. S., et al. (2009). Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein complex. Clinical Cancer Research, 15(1), 48–59. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-08-1805.PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Keating, A. K., Kim, G. K., Jones, A. E., Donson, A. M., Ware, K., Mulcahy, J. M., et al. (2010). Inhibition of Mer and Axl receptor tyrosine kinases in astrocytoma cells leads to increased apoptosis and improved chemosensitivity. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 9(5), 1298–1307. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0707.PubMed Keating, A. K., Kim, G. K., Jones, A. E., Donson, A. M., Ware, K., Mulcahy, J. M., et al. (2010). Inhibition of Mer and Axl receptor tyrosine kinases in astrocytoma cells leads to increased apoptosis and improved chemosensitivity. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 9(5), 1298–1307. doi:10.​1158/​1535-7163.​MCT-09-0707.PubMed
115.
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin, C. I., Whang, E. E., Abramson, M. A., Donner, D. B., Bertagnolli, M. M., Moore, F. D., Jr., et al. (2009). Galectin-3 regulates apoptosis and doxorubicin chemoresistance in papillary thyroid cancer cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 379(2), 626–631. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.153.PubMed Lin, C. I., Whang, E. E., Abramson, M. A., Donner, D. B., Bertagnolli, M. M., Moore, F. D., Jr., et al. (2009). Galectin-3 regulates apoptosis and doxorubicin chemoresistance in papillary thyroid cancer cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 379(2), 626–631. doi:10.​1016/​j.​bbrc.​2008.​12.​153.PubMed
122.
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamoto, K., Takeshima, T., Wakita, D., Ohkuri, T., Ashino, S., Omatsu, T., et al. (2009). Combination immunotherapy with radiation and CpG-based tumor vaccination for the eradication of radio- and immuno-resistant lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Science, 100(5), 934–939. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01114.x.PubMed Chamoto, K., Takeshima, T., Wakita, D., Ohkuri, T., Ashino, S., Omatsu, T., et al. (2009). Combination immunotherapy with radiation and CpG-based tumor vaccination for the eradication of radio- and immuno-resistant lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Science, 100(5), 934–939. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1349-7006.​2009.​01114.​x.PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Conforti, R., Ma, Y., Morel, Y., Paturel, C., Terme, M., Viaud, S., et al. (2010). Opposing effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR3) signaling in tumors can be therapeutically uncoupled to optimize the anticancer efficacy of TLR3 ligands. Cancer Research, 70(2), 490–500. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1890.PubMed Conforti, R., Ma, Y., Morel, Y., Paturel, C., Terme, M., Viaud, S., et al. (2010). Opposing effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR3) signaling in tumors can be therapeutically uncoupled to optimize the anticancer efficacy of TLR3 ligands. Cancer Research, 70(2), 490–500. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-09-1890.PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma, M. D., Baban, B., Chandler, P., Hou, D. Y., Singh, N., Yagita, H., et al. (2007). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from mouse tumor-draining lymph nodes directly activate mature Tregs via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(9), 2570–2582. doi:10.1172/JCI31911.PubMed Sharma, M. D., Baban, B., Chandler, P., Hou, D. Y., Singh, N., Yagita, H., et al. (2007). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from mouse tumor-draining lymph nodes directly activate mature Tregs via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117(9), 2570–2582. doi:10.​1172/​JCI31911.PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Ou, X., Cai, S., Liu, P., Zeng, J., He, Y., Wu, X., et al. (2008). Enhancement of dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccine potency by indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor, 1-MT. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 134(5), 525–533. doi:10.1007/s00432-007-0315-9.PubMed Ou, X., Cai, S., Liu, P., Zeng, J., He, Y., Wu, X., et al. (2008). Enhancement of dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccine potency by indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor, 1-MT. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 134(5), 525–533. doi:10.​1007/​s00432-007-0315-9.PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Herrmann, A., Kortylewski, M., Kujawski, M., Zhang, C., Reckamp, K., Armstrong, B., et al. (2010). Targeting Stat3 in the myeloid compartment drastically improves the in vivo antitumor functions of adoptively transferred T cells. Cancer Research, 70(19), 7455–7464. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0736.PubMed Herrmann, A., Kortylewski, M., Kujawski, M., Zhang, C., Reckamp, K., Armstrong, B., et al. (2010). Targeting Stat3 in the myeloid compartment drastically improves the in vivo antitumor functions of adoptively transferred T cells. Cancer Research, 70(19), 7455–7464. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-10-0736.PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Nam, J. S., Terabe, M., Mamura, M., Kang, M. J., Chae, H., Stuelten, C., et al. (2008). An anti-transforming growth factor beta antibody suppresses metastasis via cooperative effects on multiple cell compartments. Cancer Research, 68(10), 3835–3843. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0215.PubMed Nam, J. S., Terabe, M., Mamura, M., Kang, M. J., Chae, H., Stuelten, C., et al. (2008). An anti-transforming growth factor beta antibody suppresses metastasis via cooperative effects on multiple cell compartments. Cancer Research, 68(10), 3835–3843. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-08-0215.PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, L., Yi, T., Kortylewski, M., Pardoll, D. M., Zeng, D., & Yu, H. (2009). IL-17 can promote tumor growth through an IL-6-Stat3 signaling pathway. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206(7), 1457–1464. doi:10.1084/jem.20090207.PubMed Wang, L., Yi, T., Kortylewski, M., Pardoll, D. M., Zeng, D., & Yu, H. (2009). IL-17 can promote tumor growth through an IL-6-Stat3 signaling pathway. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206(7), 1457–1464. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20090207.PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshio-Hoshino, N., Adachi, Y., Aoki, C., Pereboev, A., Curiel, D. T., & Nishimoto, N. (2007). Establishment of a new interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor inhibitor applicable to the gene therapy for IL-6-dependent tumor. Cancer Research, 67(3), 871–875. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3641.PubMed Yoshio-Hoshino, N., Adachi, Y., Aoki, C., Pereboev, A., Curiel, D. T., & Nishimoto, N. (2007). Establishment of a new interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor inhibitor applicable to the gene therapy for IL-6-dependent tumor. Cancer Research, 67(3), 871–875. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-06-3641.PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Shinriki, S., Jono, H., Ota, K., Ueda, M., Kudo, M., Ota, T., et al. (2009). Humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody suppresses tumor angiogenesis and in vivo growth of human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research, 15(17), 5426–5434. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0287.PubMed Shinriki, S., Jono, H., Ota, K., Ueda, M., Kudo, M., Ota, T., et al. (2009). Humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody suppresses tumor angiogenesis and in vivo growth of human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research, 15(17), 5426–5434. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-09-0287.PubMed
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsuzaki, J., Gnjatic, S., Mhawech-Fauceglia, P., Beck, A., Miller, A., Tsuji, T., et al. (2010). Tumor-infiltrating NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells are negatively regulated by LAG-3 and PD-1 in human ovarian cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(17), 7875–7880. doi:10.1073/pnas.1003345107.PubMed Matsuzaki, J., Gnjatic, S., Mhawech-Fauceglia, P., Beck, A., Miller, A., Tsuji, T., et al. (2010). Tumor-infiltrating NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells are negatively regulated by LAG-3 and PD-1 in human ovarian cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(17), 7875–7880. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​1003345107.PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin, H. T., Anderson, A. C., Tan, W. G., West, E. E., Ha, S. J., Araki, K., et al. (2010). Cooperation of Tim-3 and PD-1 in CD8 T-cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(33), 14733–14738. doi:10.1073/pnas.1009731107.PubMed Jin, H. T., Anderson, A. C., Tan, W. G., West, E. E., Ha, S. J., Araki, K., et al. (2010). Cooperation of Tim-3 and PD-1 in CD8 T-cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(33), 14733–14738. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​1009731107.PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Fourcade, J., Sun, Z., Benallaoua, M., Guillaume, P., Luescher, I. F., Sander, C., et al. (2010). Upregulation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression is associated with tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell dysfunction in melanoma patients. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207(10), 2175–2186. doi:10.1084/jem.20100637.PubMed Fourcade, J., Sun, Z., Benallaoua, M., Guillaume, P., Luescher, I. F., Sander, C., et al. (2010). Upregulation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression is associated with tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell dysfunction in melanoma patients. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207(10), 2175–2186. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20100637.PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakuishi, K., Apetoh, L., Sullivan, J. M., Blazar, B. R., Kuchroo, V. K., & Anderson, A. C. (2010). Targeting Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways to reverse T cell exhaustion and restore anti-tumor immunity. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207(10), 2187–2194. doi:10.1084/jem.20100643.PubMed Sakuishi, K., Apetoh, L., Sullivan, J. M., Blazar, B. R., Kuchroo, V. K., & Anderson, A. C. (2010). Targeting Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways to reverse T cell exhaustion and restore anti-tumor immunity. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207(10), 2187–2194. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20100643.PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Derre, L., Rivals, J. P., Jandus, C., Pastor, S., Rimoldi, D., Romero, P., et al. (2010). BTLA mediates inhibition of human tumor-specific CD8+ T cells that can be partially reversed by vaccination. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(1), 157–167. doi:10.1172/JCI40070.PubMed Derre, L., Rivals, J. P., Jandus, C., Pastor, S., Rimoldi, D., Romero, P., et al. (2010). BTLA mediates inhibition of human tumor-specific CD8+ T cells that can be partially reversed by vaccination. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(1), 157–167. doi:10.​1172/​JCI40070.PubMed
138.
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Peggs, K. S., Quezada, S. A., Chambers, C. A., Korman, A. J., & Allison, J. P. (2009). Blockade of CTLA-4 on both effector and regulatory T cell compartments contributes to the antitumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206(8), 1717–1725. doi:10.1084/jem.20082492.PubMed Peggs, K. S., Quezada, S. A., Chambers, C. A., Korman, A. J., & Allison, J. P. (2009). Blockade of CTLA-4 on both effector and regulatory T cell compartments contributes to the antitumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206(8), 1717–1725. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20082492.PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, H., Liakou, C. I., Kamat, A., Pettaway, C., Ward, J. F., Tang, D. N., et al. (2009). Anti-CTLA-4 therapy results in higher CD4+ICOShi T cell frequency and IFN-gamma levels in both nonmalignant and malignant prostate tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(8), 2729–2734. doi:10.1073/pnas.0813175106.PubMed Chen, H., Liakou, C. I., Kamat, A., Pettaway, C., Ward, J. F., Tang, D. N., et al. (2009). Anti-CTLA-4 therapy results in higher CD4+ICOShi T cell frequency and IFN-gamma levels in both nonmalignant and malignant prostate tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(8), 2729–2734. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​0813175106.PubMed
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Curran, M. A., Montalvo, W., Yagita, H., & Allison, J. P. (2010). PD-1 and CTLA-4 combination blockade expands infiltrating T cells and reduces regulatory T and myeloid cells within B16 melanoma tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(9), 4275–4280. doi:10.1073/pnas.0915174107.PubMed Curran, M. A., Montalvo, W., Yagita, H., & Allison, J. P. (2010). PD-1 and CTLA-4 combination blockade expands infiltrating T cells and reduces regulatory T and myeloid cells within B16 melanoma tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(9), 4275–4280. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​0915174107.PubMed
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Westwood, J. A., Darcy, P. K., Guru, P. M., Sharkey, J., Pegram, H. J., Amos, S. M., et al. (2010). Three agonist antibodies in combination with high-dose IL-2 eradicate orthotopic kidney cancer in mice. Journal of Translational Medicine, 8, 42. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-8-42.PubMed Westwood, J. A., Darcy, P. K., Guru, P. M., Sharkey, J., Pegram, H. J., Amos, S. M., et al. (2010). Three agonist antibodies in combination with high-dose IL-2 eradicate orthotopic kidney cancer in mice. Journal of Translational Medicine, 8, 42. doi:10.​1186/​1479-5876-8-42.PubMed
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Dudley, M. E., Yang, J. C., Sherry, R., Hughes, M. S., Royal, R., Kammula, U., et al. (2008). Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: Evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(32), 5233–5239. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.5449.PubMed Dudley, M. E., Yang, J. C., Sherry, R., Hughes, M. S., Royal, R., Kammula, U., et al. (2008). Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: Evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(32), 5233–5239. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2008.​16.​5449.PubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Quezada, S. A., Simpson, T. R., Peggs, K. S., Merghoub, T., Vider, J., Fan, X., et al. (2010). Tumor-reactive CD4(+) T cells develop cytotoxic activity and eradicate large established melanoma after transfer into lymphopenic hosts. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207(3), 637–650. doi:10.1084/jem.20091918.PubMed Quezada, S. A., Simpson, T. R., Peggs, K. S., Merghoub, T., Vider, J., Fan, X., et al. (2010). Tumor-reactive CD4(+) T cells develop cytotoxic activity and eradicate large established melanoma after transfer into lymphopenic hosts. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207(3), 637–650. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20091918.PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Hernandez Mde, L., Hamada, H., Reome, J. B., Misra, S. K., Tighe, M. P., & Dutton, R. W. (2010). Adoptive transfer of tumor-specific Tc17 effector T cells controls the growth of B16 melanoma in mice. Journal of Immunology, 184(8), 4215–4227. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902995. Garcia-Hernandez Mde, L., Hamada, H., Reome, J. B., Misra, S. K., Tighe, M. P., & Dutton, R. W. (2010). Adoptive transfer of tumor-specific Tc17 effector T cells controls the growth of B16 melanoma in mice. Journal of Immunology, 184(8), 4215–4227. doi:10.​4049/​jimmunol.​0902995.
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Muranski, P., Boni, A., Antony, P. A., Cassard, L., Irvine, K. R., Kaiser, A., et al. (2008). Tumor-specific Th17-polarized cells eradicate large established melanoma. Blood, 112(2), 362–373. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-11-120998.PubMed Muranski, P., Boni, A., Antony, P. A., Cassard, L., Irvine, K. R., Kaiser, A., et al. (2008). Tumor-specific Th17-polarized cells eradicate large established melanoma. Blood, 112(2), 362–373. doi:10.​1182/​blood-2007-11-120998.PubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller, J. S., Soignier, Y., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., McNearney, S. A., Yun, G. H., Fautsch, S. K., et al. (2005). Successful adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of human haploidentical NK cells in patients with cancer. Blood, 105(8), 3051–3057. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-07-2974.PubMed Miller, J. S., Soignier, Y., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., McNearney, S. A., Yun, G. H., Fautsch, S. K., et al. (2005). Successful adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of human haploidentical NK cells in patients with cancer. Blood, 105(8), 3051–3057. doi:10.​1182/​blood-2004-07-2974.PubMed
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Pegram, H. J., Jackson, J. T., Smyth, M. J., Kershaw, M. H., & Darcy, P. K. (2008). Adoptive transfer of gene-modified primary NK cells can specifically inhibit tumor progression in vivo. Journal of Immunology, 181(5), 3449–3455. Pegram, H. J., Jackson, J. T., Smyth, M. J., Kershaw, M. H., & Darcy, P. K. (2008). Adoptive transfer of gene-modified primary NK cells can specifically inhibit tumor progression in vivo. Journal of Immunology, 181(5), 3449–3455.
Metadaten
Titel
How to improve the immunogenicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
verfasst von
Yuting Ma
Rosa Conforti
Laetitia Aymeric
Clara Locher
Oliver Kepp
Guido Kroemer
Laurence Zitvogel
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2011
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews / Ausgabe 1/2011
Print ISSN: 0167-7659
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7233
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-011-9283-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2011

Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 1/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

25.04.2024 Nierenkarzinom Nachrichten

Nun gibt es auch Resultate zum Gesamtüberleben: Eine adjuvante Pembrolizumab-Therapie konnte in einer Phase-3-Studie das Leben von Menschen mit Nierenzellkarzinom deutlich verlängern. Die Sterberate war im Vergleich zu Placebo um 38% geringer.

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

25.04.2024 NSCLC Nachrichten

Das Risiko für Rezidiv oder Tod von Patienten und Patientinnen mit reseziertem ALK-positivem NSCLC ist unter einer adjuvanten Therapie mit dem Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitor Alectinib signifikant geringer als unter platinbasierter Chemotherapie.

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

24.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Patienten, die zur Behandlung ihres Prostatakarzinoms eine Androgendeprivationstherapie erhalten, entwickeln nicht selten eine Anämie. Wer ältere Patienten internistisch mitbetreut, sollte auf diese Nebenwirkung achten.

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Müssen sich Schwangere einer Krebstherapie unterziehen, rufen Immuncheckpointinhibitoren offenbar nicht mehr unerwünschte Wirkungen hervor als andere Mittel gegen Krebs.

Update Onkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.