Background
Methods
Study sites and mosquito collections
Site code | Site name | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude (meters) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CAL
| Quebrada Calentura | −73°53’35.80” | −2°54’7.68” | 104.428 |
CPA
| Cocha Paña | −73°46’58.18” | −2°57’9.35” | 106.351 |
QPA
| Quebrada Paña | −73°46’17.08” | −2°57’30.05” | 97.4586 |
QBU
| Quebrada Bufeo | −73°46’17.12” | −2°57’57.11” | 102.986 |
CCC
| Cocha Camu Camu | −73°41’22.27” | −3°0’41.18” | 111.157 |
CUR
| Copal Urco | −73°45’1.71” | −2°58’46.85” | 103.226 |
MAP
| Campamento Mapillo | −73°43’58.46” | −2°59’17.47” | 108.994 |
QSA
| Quebrada Sara | −73°41’48.44” | −3°0’59.39” | 110.917 |
CCH
| Cocha Chiriyacu | −73°39’43.89” | −3°1’47.57” | 104.188 |
QAM1
| Quebrada Armas - Campamento Ajisal | −73°37’54.05” | −3°6’24.75” | 105.63 |
QAR*
| Quebrada Armas | −73°37’11.28” | −3°5’3.56” | 104.188 |
QAM2
| Punisique | −73°36’12.92” | −3°3’50.50” | 102.025 |
MAT*
| Mapa Tipishca | −73°28’13.19” | −3°6’19.59” | 106.591 |
ARA
| Arahuana | −73°29’3.27” | −3°7’18.57” | 98.1797 |
CTI
| Cocha Tigre | −73°39’17.85” | −3°2’ 2.73” | 104.668 |
CAM*
| Campamento 2/N | −73°24’28.32” | −3°13’3.72” | 102.265 |
CSC
| Campamento Suricaño | −73°21’19.65” | −3°16’12.83” | 96.7377 |
CPI
| Cocha Piurí | −73°19’26.29” | −3°18’4.77” | 99.6216 |
PCH
| Cocha Paña | −73°46’55.81” | −2°57’8.78” | 103.226 |
QPI*
| Quebrada Piurí | −73°19’23.03” | −3°18’11.10” | 96.978 |
ACH*
| Quebrada Achual | −73°19’35.96” | −3°23’27.91” | 110.677 |
ELISA analysis
Malaria metric calculations
Malaria surveillance in the community of Mazan
Active malaria surveillance among river travellers
Statistical analysis
Results
Mosquito analysis
An. darlingi
|
An. mediopunctatus
|
An. kompi
|
An. nuneztovari
|
An. oswaldoi
|
An. peryassui
|
An. shannoni
| Unidentified | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACH
| 539 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 557 |
ARA
| 386 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 388 |
CAL
| 188 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 192 |
CAM
| 1488 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 1502 |
CCC
| 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89 |
CCH
| 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 |
CPA
| 160 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 161 |
CPI
| 272 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 274 |
CSC
| 644 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 648 |
CTI
| 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
CUR
| 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 70 |
MAP
| 253 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 254 |
MAT
| 2588 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2595 |
PCH
| 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 85 |
QAM1
| 21 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 36 |
QAM2
| 136 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 145 |
QAR
| 310 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 321 |
QBU
| 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 103 |
QPA
| 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
QPI
| 834 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 853 |
QSA
| 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 |
Total
| 8246 | 25 | 1 | 2 | 40 | 3 | 1 | 46 | 8364 |
(98.58) | (0.30) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.48) | (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.56) |
Number of positives (sporozoite rate, %) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Survey period / Species | P. vivax VK210 | P. vivax VK247 |
P. falciparum
| Total number tested |
April 2008:
| ||||
An. darlingi | 21 (0.521) | 9 (0.223) | 6 (0.149) | 4034 |
An. mediopunctatus | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 2 |
An. kompi | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 |
An. nuneztovari | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 |
An. oswaldoi | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 4 |
An. peryassui | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 |
An. shannoni | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 |
Unidentified | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 9 |
Total |
21 (0.519)
|
9 (0.222)
|
6 (0.148)
|
4049
|
July-August 2008:
| ||||
An. darlingi | 0 (0.000) | 1 (0.103) | 1 (0.103) | 967 |
An. mediopunctatus | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 7 |
An. kompi | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 |
An. nuneztovari | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 1 |
An. oswaldoi | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 16 |
An. peryassui | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 3 |
An. shannoni | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 |
Unidentified | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 5 |
Total |
0 (0.000)
|
1 (0.100)
|
1 (0.100)
|
999
|
January-February 2009:
| ||||
An. darlingi | 36 (1.116) | 32 (0.992) | 12 (0.372) | 3227 |
An. mediopunctatus | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 1 (6.250) | 16 |
An. kompi | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 1 |
An. nuneztovari | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 1 |
An. oswaldoi | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 20 |
An. peryassui | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 |
An. shannoni | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 0 (0.000) | 1 |
Unidentified | 1 (3.125) | 0 (0.000) | 1 (3.125) | 32 |
Total |
37 (1.122)
|
32 (0.970)
|
14 (0.424)
|
3298
|
Number of positives (sporozoite rate, %) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April 2008 | July-August 2008 | January-February 2009 | |||||||
Site | P. vivax VK210 | P. vivax VK247 |
P. falciparum
| P. vivax VK210 | P. vivax VK247 |
P. falciparum
| P. vivax VK210 | P. vivax VK247 |
P. falciparum
|
ACH
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(0.000) | (0.510) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
ARA
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(0.000) | (0.258) | (0.517) | |||||||
CAL
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(0.521) | (0.521) | (0.000) | |||||||
CAM
| 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(1.299) | (0.000) | (0.866) | (0.158) | (0.316) | (0.079) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
CCC
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(0.000) | (1.124) | (0.000) | |||||||
CCH
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |||||||
CPA
| 5 | 2 | 0 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(3.106) | (1.242) | (0.000) | |||||||
CPI
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.365) | |||||||
CSC
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
(0.000) | (0.154) | (0.000) | |||||||
CTI
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |||||||
CUR
| 5 | 1 | 1 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(7.143) | (1.429) | (1.429) | |||||||
MAP
| 4 | 0 | 2 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(1.674) | (0.000) | (0.837) | |||||||
MAT
| 7 | 14 | 0 | 16 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
(1.556) | (3.111) | (0.000) | (0.846) | (0.264) | (0.106) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.397) | |
PCH
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(1.176) | (1.176) | (0.000) | |||||||
QAM1
| 0 | 2 | 1 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(0.000) | (5.556) | (2.778) | |||||||
QAM2
| 1 | 3 | 1 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(0.690) | (2.069) | (0.690) | |||||||
QAR
| 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(0.858) | (2.146) | (0.429) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (1.316) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
QBU
| 6 | 0 | 2 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(5.825) | (0.000) | (1.942) | |||||||
QPA
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(10.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |||||||
QPI
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(0.316) | (0.000) | (0.316) | (0.580) | (0.000) | (0.387) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
QSA
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
Hourly human biting rate | |||
---|---|---|---|
Site | April 2008 | July-August 2008 | January-February 2009 |
ACH
| 4.261 | 6.500 | 1.265 |
ARA
| 12.516 | - | - |
CAL
| 3.310 | - | - |
CAM
| 5.500 | 27.522 | 0.102 |
CCC
| 2.697 | - | - |
CCH
| 1.389 | - | - |
CPA
| 3.833 | - | - |
CPI
| 6.683 | - | - |
CSC
| - | - | 13.224 |
CTI
| 0.273 | - | - |
CUR
| 1.061 | - | - |
MAP
| 4.704 | - | - |
MAT
| 10.488 | 41.130 | 5.143 |
PCH
| 4.250 | - | - |
QAM1
| 0.857 | - | - |
QAM2
| 4.028 | - | - |
QAR
| 5.548 | 1.652 | 0.245 |
QBU
| 2.641 | - | - |
QPA
| 0.313 | - | - |
QPI
| 10.533 | 11.239 | 0.408 |
QSA
| 0.489 | - | - |
Average ± St. Dev.
|
4.269 ± 3.536
|
17.609 ± 16.356
|
3.398 ± 5.175
|
Vectorial capacity index (VCI) and basic reproductive rate (BRR)
Vectorial capacity index (Basic reproduction rate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April 2008 | July-August 2008 | January-February 2009 | ||||
Site |
P. vivax
|
P. falciparum
|
P. vivax
|
P. falciparum
|
P. vivax
|
P. falciparum
|
ACH
| 1.459 | 0.903 | 2.225 | 1.377 | 0.433 | 0.268 |
(3.282) | (74.035) | (5.006) | (112.942) | (0.975) | (21.985) | |
ARA
| 4.285 | 2.625 | - | - | - | - |
(9.640) | (217.476) | |||||
CAL
| 1.133 | 0.701 | - | - | - | - |
(2.550) | (57.519) | |||||
CAM
| 1.883 | 1.165 | 9.421 | 5.832 | 0.035 | 0.022 |
(4.236) | (95.566) | (21.198) | (478.207) | (0.079) | (1.773) | |
CCC
| 0.923 | 0.571 | - | - | - | - |
(2.077) | (46.862) | |||||
CCH
| 0.475 | 0.294 | - | - | - | - |
(1.070) | (24.133) | |||||
CPA
| 1.312 | 0.812 | - | - | - | - |
(2.953) | (66.607) | |||||
CPI
| 2.288 | 1.416 | - | - | - | - |
(5.147) | (116.120) | |||||
CSC
| - | - | - | - | 4.527 | 2.802 |
(10.186) | (229.784) | |||||
CTI
| 0.093 | 0.058 | - | - | - | - |
(0.210) | (4.739) | |||||
CUR
| 0.363 | 0.225 | - | - | - | - |
(0.817) | (18.429) | |||||
MAP
| 1.610 | 0.997 | - | - | - | - |
(3.623) | (81.730) | |||||
MAT
| 3.590 | 2.222 | 14.080 | 8.715 | 1.761 | 1.090 |
(8.078) | (182.242) | (31.680) | (714.667) | (3.961) | (89.360) | |
PCH
| 1.455 | 0.901 | - | - | - | - |
(3.273) | (73.846) | |||||
QAM1
| 0.293 | 0.182 | - | - | - | - |
(0.660) | (14.893) | |||||
QAM2
| 1.379 | 0.853 | - | - | - | - |
(3.102) | (69.985) | |||||
QAR
| 1.899 | 1.176 | 0.566 | 0.350 | 0.084 | 0.052 |
(4.273) | (96.393) | (1.273) | (28.708) | (0.189) | (4.255) | |
QBU
| 0.904 | 0.560 | - | - | - | - |
(2.034) | (45.889) | |||||
QPA
| 0.107 | 0.066 | - | - | - | - |
(0.241) | (5.430) | |||||
QPI
| 3.606 | 2.232 | 3.847 | 0.140 | 0.201 | 0.086 |
(8.113) | (183.023) | (8.657) | (195.287) | (0.314) | (7.092) | |
QSA
| 0.167 | 0.104 | - | - | - | - |
(0.377) | (8.495) |
Entomological inoculation rate (EIR)
Nightly entomological inoculation rate | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April 2008 | July-August 2008 | January-February 2009 | |||||||
Site | PV | PF | Overall | PV | PF | Overall | PV | PF | Overall |
ACH
| 0.174 | 0.000 | 0.174 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
ARA
| 0.388 | 0.776 | 1.164 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CAL
| 0.345 | 0.000 | 0.345 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CAM
| 0.429 | 0.286 | 0.571 | 0.914 | 0.152 | 1.066 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
CCC
| 0.364 | 0.000 | 0.364 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CCH
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CPA
| 2.000 | 0.000 | 2.000 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CPI
| 0.000 | 0.293 | 0.293 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CSC
| - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.143 | 0.000 | 0.143 |
CTI
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CUR
| 1.091 | 0.182 | 1.273 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
MAP
| 0.787 | 0.394 | 1.181 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
MAT
| 5.314 | 0.000 | 5.314 | 3.196 | 0.304 | 3.500 | 0.000 | 0.143 | 0.143 |
PCH
| 0.700 | 0.000 | 0.700 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
QAM1
| 0.571 | 0.286 | 0.857 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
QAM2
| 1.333 | 0.333 | 1.667 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
QAR
| 1.333 | 0.190 | 1.524 | 0.000 | 0.174 | 0.174 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
QBU
| 1.846 | 0.615 | 2.462 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
QPA
| 0.125 | 0.000 | 0.125 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
QPI
| 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.800 | 0.457 | 0.304 | 0.609 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
QSA
| 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | - | - | - | - | - |