Introduction
Materials and methods
Study area
Interviews
Interview locations | Fishers interviewed (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
City of Barcelos | 52 | 58.4 |
Ponta da Terra | 8 | 8.9 |
Santa Inês | 4 | 4.4 |
Daracuá | 8 | 8.9 |
Mulufú | 6 | 6.7 |
Romão | 3 | 3.3 |
Elesbão | 4 | 4.4 |
Bacabal | 2 | 2.2 |
Jaqueira | 2 | 2.2 |
Total | 89 | 100 |
Data analysis
Categories | Data variables |
---|---|
Behavioral aspects | Lives in shoals (species of fish that usually live in the water column in groups with individuals of the same or another species), solitary (species of fish that do not live in aggregate form), migratory (species of fish that perform migratory movements) and resident (species of fish generally demersal, considered not making migratory movements) |
Habitat types | River, lake, beach (sand banks formed in the period when river levels are lowest in the Amazon), stream, flooded forest (igapó), floodplain, aquatic vegetation, river bank |
Food aspects | Periphyton (slime), fish, plant material (fruits, flowers, leaves, vegetable debris and grass), worm (Oligochaeta), detritus (sand, mud, clay and water), insects (spiders and mosquitoes larvae (Diptera)), non-plant prganic material (decaying animal remains, blood, eggs from other fish), shrimp (Decapoda), crab (Decapoda), snails (Gastropoda) |
Breeding season of species | Rising (April to June), full (July to August), ebb (September to November) and dry (December to March) |
Results
Ethnoichthyology of fishers of ornamental fish
Family | Local name/scientific name | Relative frequency (%) | Absolute frequency (n) |
---|---|---|---|
Cichlidae | Acará disco Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840 | 5.38 | 34 |
Acará azulãoa | 0.16 | 1 | |
Cichlidae | Acará baru Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840 | 0.16 | 1 |
Cichlidae | Acará peixeiroa | 0.16 | 1 |
Lebiasinidae | Anostomo trifasciatus Nannostomus trifasciatus Steindachner, 1876 | 0.32 | 2 |
Cichlidae | Apistograma Apistogramma spp | 3.96 | 25 |
Potamotrygonidae | Araia aireba Paratrygon aiereba Müller and Henle, 1841 | 0.95 | 6 |
Potamotrygonidae | Araia cururu Potamotrygon wallacei Carvalho, Rosa and Araújo, 2016 | 3.64 | 23 |
Potamotrygonidae | Araia motoro Potamotrygon motoro Müller and Henle, 1841 | 3.80 | 24 |
Potamotrygonidae | Araia orbignyi Potamotrygon orbignyi Castelnau, 1855 | 0.16 | 1 |
Potamotrygonidae | Araia Schroederi Potamotrygon schroederi Fernández-Yépez, 1958 | 0.16 | 1 |
Potamotrygonidae | Araia Potamotrygon spp | 4.91 | 31 |
Osteoglossidae | Aruanã Osteoglossum spp | 0.32 | 2 |
Loricariidae | Bodó cor de mapa Peckoltia spp | 0.16 | 1 |
Bodó cutiaa | 0.63 | 4 | |
Loricariidae | Bodó espinho Pseudocanthicus spp | 0.79 | 5 |
Loricariidae | Bodó jauari Loricarridae spp | 0.95 | 6 |
Loricariidae | Bodó luminol Ancistrus spp | 0.32 | 2 |
Loricariidae | Bodó onça Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps Kner, 1854 | 3.80 | 24 |
Bodó pandaa | 0.16 | 1 | |
Bodó pedraa | 0.16 | 1 | |
Loricariidae | Bodó percote Peckoltia spp | 1.11 | 7 |
Loricariidae | Bodó seda Ancistrus dolichopterus Kner, 1854 | 6.49 | 41 |
Loricariidae | Bodóa | 1.42 | 9 |
Bodó tuía | 0.16 | 1 | |
Loricariidae | Bodó zebra Peckoltia spp | 0.47 | 3 |
Gasteropelecidae | Borboleta Carnegiella spp | 9.18 | 58 |
Gasteropelecidae | Borboleta branca Carnegiella marthae Myers, 1927 | 0.16 | 1 |
Gasteropelecidae | Borboleta rajada Carnegiella strigata Günther, 1864 | 0.16 | 1 |
Characidae | Cardinal Paracheirodon axelrodi Schultz, 1956 | 12.50 | 79 |
Callichthyidae | Coridora Corydoras spp | 0.79 | 5 |
Loricariidae | Farowela Farlowella spp | 0.16 | 1 |
Apteronotidae | Ituí cavalo Apteronotus albifrons Linnaeus, 1766 | 0.16 | 1 |
Lebiasinidae | Lápis Nannostomus spp | 6.65 | 42 |
Lebiasinidae | Marginatus Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann, 1909 | 2.53 | 16 |
Characidae | Neon Paracheirodon innesi Myers, 1936 | 3.64 | 23 |
Belonidae | Peixe agulha Potamorrhaphis guianensis Jardine, 1843 | 0.32 | 2 |
Characidae | Rodostomo Hemigrammus bleheri Géry and Mahnert, 1986 | 8.39 | 53 |
Characidae | Rosacéu Hyphessobrycon spp | 7.75 | 49 |
Uricaiaa | 0.16 | 1 | |
Cichlidae | Xadrez Dicrossus spp | 6.80 | 43 |
Total | 100 | 632 |
Behavioral aspects of ornamental fish
Species | Solitary | Lives in shoals | Resident | Migratory | No answer | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | n | % | N | % | N | % | n | ||
Acará disco | 0.68 | 1 | 6.62 | 21 | 2.82 | 5 | 5.94 | 17 | 12 |
Acará azulão | 0.68 | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | |||||
Acará baru | 0.68 | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | |||||
Acará peixeiro | 0.68 | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | |||||
Anostomo trifaciato | 0.32 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Apistograma | 0.68 | 1 | 2.21 | 7 | 1.69 | 3 | 1.75 | 5 | 17 |
Araia aireba | 2.74 | 4 | 0.63 | 2 | 2.82 | 5 | 0.35 | 1 | |
Araia cururu | 13.01 | 19 | 0.95 | 3 | 9.60 | 17 | 1.75 | 5 | 1 |
Araia motoro | 13.01 | 19 | 0.95 | 3 | 11.30 | 20 | 0.70 | 2 | 2 |
Araia orbignyi | 0.32 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | |||||
Araia schroederi | 0.32 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | |||||
Araia | 16.44 | 24 | 0.63 | 2 | 10.73 | 19 | 2.45 | 7 | 5 |
Aruanã | 0.32 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Bodó cor de mapa | 1 | ||||||||
Bodó cutia | 0.68 | 1 | 0.32 | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | 2 |
Bodó espinho | 2.05 | 3 | 1.69 | 3 | 2 | ||||
Bodó jauari | 2.74 | 4 | 2.26 | 4 | 2 | ||||
Bodó luminol | 0.68 | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Bodó onça | 11.64 | 17 | 0.63 | 2 | 7.91 | 14 | 1.75 | 5 | 5 |
Bodó panda | 1 | ||||||||
Bodó pedra | 1 | ||||||||
Bodó percote | 3.42 | 5 | 2.82 | 5 | 2 | ||||
Bodó seda | 17.12 | 25 | 2.84 | 9 | 15.25 | 27 | 2.45 | 7 | 7 |
Bodó | 4.11 | 6 | 0.63 | 2 | 3.95 | 7 | 0.35 | 1 | 1 |
Bodó tui | 0.68 | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | |||||
Bodó zebra | 0.68 | 1 | 0,35 | 1 | 2 | ||||
Borboleta | 1.37 | 2 | 13.88 | 44 | 6.78 | 12 | 11.89 | 34 | 12 |
Borboleta branca | 0.32 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | |||||
Borboleta rajada | 0.32 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | |||||
Cardinal | 23.03 | 73 | 1.69 | 3 | 24.48 | 70 | 6 | ||
Coridora | 0.95 | 3 | 0.56 | 1 | 0.70 | 2 | 2 | ||
Farowela | 0.32 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | |||||
Itui cavalo | 1 | ||||||||
Lápis | 0.68 | 1 | 5.99 | 19 | 2.82 | 5 | 5.24 | 15 | 22 |
Marginata | 2.52 | 8 | 2.80 | 8 | 8 | ||||
Neon | 5.99 | 19 | 1.13 | 2 | 5.94 | 17 | 4 | ||
Peixe agulha | 2 | ||||||||
Rodostomo | 2.74 | 4 | 11.36 | 36 | 4.52 | 8 | 11.19 | 32 | 13 |
Rosacéu | 2.05 | 3 | 10.41 | 33 | 3.95 | 7 | 10.14 | 29 | 13 |
Uricaia | 0.32 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | |||||
Xadrez | 0.68 | 1 | 6.94 | 22 | 2.26 | 4 | 6.64 | 19 | 20 |
Total | 100 | 146 | 100 | 317 | 100 | 177 | 100 | 286 | 169 |
[…] They are always swimming in a shoal, the large ones all mixed in with the young (WPS, 34 years old).
Species | Habitat types | No answer | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
River | Lake | Stream | Beach | Forest igapó | Flood plain lake | Aquatic vegetation | River bank | ||||||||||
% | N | % | N | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | ||
Acará disco | 5 | 1 | 2.08 | 1 | 6.99 | 16 | 13.51 | 5 | 11 | ||||||||
Acará azulão | 0.44 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Acará baru | 0.44 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Acará peixeiro | 0.44 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Anostomo trifaciato | 2.8 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Apistograma | 5 | 1 | 2.8 | 1 | 2.62 | 6 | 5.41 | 2 | 17 | ||||||||
Araia areba | 4.17 | 2 | 5.88 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||||
Araia cururu | 6.25 | 3 | 2.62 | 6 | 17.65 | 3 | 12 | ||||||||||
Araia motoro | 6.25 | 3 | 3.06 | 7 | 23.53 | 4 | 11 | ||||||||||
Araia orbignyi | 5.88 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Araia schroederi | 5.88 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Araia | 15 | 3 | 2.08 | 1 | 9.17 | 21 | 10 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||
Aruanã | 5 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Bodó cor de mapa | 0.44 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Bodó cutia | 4.17 | 2 | 0.87 | 2 | 5.88 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Bodó espinho | 2.08 | 1 | 0.87 | 2 | 2.70 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Bodó jauari | 2.08 | 1 | 1.31 | 3 | 5.88 | 1 | 2.70 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Bodó luminol | 2.08 | 1 | 0.44 | 1 | 5.88 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Bodó onça | 4.17 | 2 | 3.06 | 7 | 8.11 | 3 | 12 | ||||||||||
Bodó panda | 0.44 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Bodó pedra | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Bodó percote | 2.08 | 1 | 0.44 | 1 | 11.76 | 2 | 2.70 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
Bodó seda | 4.17 | 2 | 6.55 | 15 | 18.92 | 7 | 17 | ||||||||||
Bodó | 2.62 | 6 | 3 | ||||||||||||||
Bodó tui | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Bodó zebra | 2.08 | 1 | 0.44 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Borboleta | 10 | 2 | 6.25 | 3 | 6.99 | 16 | 11.76 | 2 | 8.11 | 3 | 12.50 | 2 | 34 | ||||
Borboleta branca | 2.08 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Borboleta rajada | 2.08 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Cardinal | 15 | 3 | 16.70 | 8 | 17.03 | 39 | 8.11 | 3 | 25 | 4 | 20 | 2 | 26 | ||||
Coridora | 2.08 | 1 | 0.87 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||
Farowela | 0.44 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Itui cavalo | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Lápis | 5 | 1 | 4.17 | 2 | 5.24 | 12 | 2.70 | 1 | 12.50 | 2 | 25 | ||||||
Marginata | 10 | 2 | 2.08 | 1 | 1.75 | 4 | 10 | 1 | 10 | ||||||||
Neon | 5 | 1 | 2.08 | 1 | 4.37 | 10 | 8.11 | 3 | 6.25 | 1 | 9 | ||||||
Peixe agulha | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
Rodostomo | 10 | 2 | 7.86 | 18 | 25 | 4 | 60 | 6 | 25 | ||||||||
Rosacéu | 10 | 2 | 10.4 | 5 | 6.55 | 15 | 10.81 | 4 | 18.75 | 3 | 23 | ||||||
Uricaia | 0.44 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Xadrez | 5 | 1 | 4.17 | 2 | 5.24 | 12 | 8.11 | 3 | 28 | ||||||||
Total | 100 | 20 | 100 | 48 | 100 | 229 | 100 | 17 | 100 | 37 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 10 | 100 | 1 | 292 |
Feeding habits of the ornamental fish
[…] it (the stingray) likes mud and those old leaves from the bottom [...] eats everything, worms, shrimp, crab, fish (HD, 58 years old).
Species | Ornamental fish food items | No answer | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shrimp Decapoda | Snails Gastropoda | Crab Decapoda | Insects | Worm Oligochaeta | Fish | Detritus | Periphyton | Plant material | Non-plant organic material | ||||||||||||
% | n | % | N | % | N | % | n | % | n | % | N | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | ||
Acará disco | 4.76 | 1 | 2.27 | 2 | 8.22 | 30 | 3.08 | 2 | 5.88 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||
Acará azulão | 0.27 | 1 | 1.54 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Acará baru | 0.27 | 1 | 1.54 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Acará peixeiro | 0.27 | 1 | 1.54 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Anostomo trifaciato | 0.55 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
Apistograma | 2 | 1 | 1.14 | 1 | 3.01 | 11 | 3.08 | 2 | 5.88 | 1 | 14 | ||||||||||
Araia aireba | 22.22 | 2 | 20 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 2.27 | 2 | 7.69 | 2 | 0.27 | 1 | 5.88 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Araia cururu | 33.33 | 3 | 60 | 3 | 32 | 16 | 11.4 | 10 | 19.23 | 5 | 0.27 | 1 | 3.08 | 2 | 5.88 | 1 | 7 | ||||
Araia motoro | 22.22 | 2 | 100 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 32 | 16 | 11.4 | 10 | 3.85 | 1 | 0.27 | 1 | 1.54 | 1 | 8 | ||||
Araia orbignyi | 1.14 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Araia schroederi | 1.14 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Araia | 22.22 | 2 | 28 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 30.77 | 8 | 1.10 | 4 | 16 | ||||||||||
Aruanã | 1.14 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Bodó cor de mapa | 0.27 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Bodó cutia | 3.85 | 1 | 1.10 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
Bodó espinho | 4.76 | 1 | 1.10 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
Bodó jauari | 3.85 | 1 | 1.64 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||
Bodó luminol | 3.85 | 1 | 0.55 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
Bodó onça | 4.76 | 1 | 7.69 | 2 | 5.48 | 20 | 4 | ||||||||||||||
Bodó panda | 0.27 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Bodó pedra | 0.27 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Bodó percote | 3.85 | 1 | 1.92 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
Bodó seda | 4.76 | 1 | 7.69 | 2 | 10.14 | 37 | 4 | ||||||||||||||
Bodó | 1.92 | 7 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Bodó tui | 0.27 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Bodó zebra | 0.82 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||
Borboleta | 38.10 | 8 | 2.27 | 2 | 3.85 | 1 | 8.49 | 31 | 13.85 | 9 | 5.88 | 1 | 27 | ||||||||
Borboleta branca | 0.27 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Borboleta rajada | 0.27 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Cardinal | 19.05 | 4 | 21.6 | 19 | 13.42 | 49 | 30.77 | 20 | 17.65 | 3 | 30 | ||||||||||
Coridora | 1.10 | 4 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Farowela | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Itui cavalo | 0.27 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Lápis | 5.48 | 20 | 4.62 | 3 | 5.88 | 1 | 22 | ||||||||||||||
Marginata | 4.76 | 1 | 1.14 | 1 | 2.19 | 8 | 3.08 | 2 | 8 | ||||||||||||
Neon | 3.41 | 3 | 4.11 | 15 | 3.08 | 2 | 8 | ||||||||||||||
Peixe agulha | 0.55 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
Rodostomo | 14.29 | 3 | 11.4 | 10 | 8.22 | 30 | 12.31 | 8 | 11.76 | 2 | 23 | ||||||||||
Rosacéu | 4.76 | 1 | 9.09 | 8 | 8.77 | 32 | 9.23 | 6 | 29.41 | 5 | 17 | ||||||||||
Uricaia | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Xadrez | 2.27 | 2 | 3.85 | 1 | 6.58 | 24 | 7.69 | 5 | 5.88 | 1 | 19 | ||||||||||
Total | 100 | 9 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 5 | 100 | 21 | 100 | 50 | 100 | 88 | 100 | 26 | 100 | 365 | 100 | 65 | 100 | 17 | 218 |
Reproductive aspects of ornamental fish
[…] Every ornamental fish has offspring in the flood and only migrates in the “arribação,” when they disappear (SCP, 45 years).
Species | Reproductive seasons | No answer | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rising | Full | Ebb | Low | ||||||
% | n | % | N | % | n | % | n | ||
Acará disco | 5.11 | 12 | 2.38 | 1 | 10.45 | 7 | 17.39 | 4 | 10 |
Acará azulão | 1.49 | 1 | |||||||
Acará baru | 1.49 | 1 | |||||||
Acará peixeiro | 1.49 | 1 | |||||||
Anostomo trifaciato | 2 | ||||||||
Apistograma | 2.55 | 6 | 4.76 | 2 | 2.99 | 2 | 15 | ||
Araia aireba | 6 | ||||||||
Araia cururu | 0.43 | 1 | 2.99 | 2 | 20 | ||||
Araia motoro | 2.99 | 2 | 4.35 | 1 | 21 | ||||
Araira orbignyi | 1 | ||||||||
Araia schroederi | 1 | ||||||||
Araia | 3.40 | 8 | 2.38 | 1 | 19.40 | 13 | 39.13 | 9 | |
Aruanã | 0.43 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Bodó cor de mapa | 1 | ||||||||
Bodó cutia | 0.85 | 2 | 2 | ||||||
Bodó espinho | 0.43 | 1 | 1.49 | 1 | 3 | ||||
Bodó jauari | 1.49 | 1 | 5 | ||||||
Bodó luminol | 2 | ||||||||
Bodó onça | 2.13 | 5 | 4.48 | 3 | 8 | ||||
Bodó panda | 1 | ||||||||
Bodó pedra | 1 | ||||||||
Bodó percote | 7 | ||||||||
Bodó seda | 3.83 | 9 | 4.76 | 2 | 11.94 | 8 | 22 | ||
Bodó | 2.99 | 2 | 26.09 | 6 | 1 | ||||
Bodó tui | 1 | ||||||||
Bodó zebra | 0.43 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
Borboleta | 9.79 | 23 | 7.14 | 3 | 4.48 | 3 | 4.35 | 1 | 28 |
Borboleta branca | 1 | ||||||||
Borboleta rajada | 1 | ||||||||
Cardinal | 23.83 | 56 | 35.71 | 15 | 4.48 | 3 | 4.35 | 1 | 4 |
Coridora | 0.43 | 1 | 2.99 | 2 | 2 | ||||
Farowela | 0.43 | 1 | |||||||
Itui cavalo | 1 | ||||||||
Lápis | 6.38 | 15 | 7.14 | 3 | 4.48 | 3 | 21 | ||
Marginata | 2.98 | 7 | 2.38 | 1 | 1.49 | 1 | 7 | ||
Neon | 6.38 | 15 | 4.76 | 2 | 2.99 | 2 | 4 | ||
Peixe agulha | 2 | ||||||||
Rodostomo | 10.21 | 24 | 14.29 | 6 | 4.48 | 3 | 4.35 | 1 | 19 |
Rosacéu | 11.91 | 28 | 7.14 | 3 | 4.48 | 3 | 15 | ||
Uricaia | 0.43 | 1 | |||||||
Xadrez | 7.66 | 18 | 7.14 | 3 | 4.48 | 3 | 19 | ||
Total | 100 | 235 | 100 | 42 | 100 | 67 | 100 | 23 | 257 |
[…] For the cardinal, we only find them with eggs (mature oocytes) at the time of the migratory season (species migration period). I think it has no male, because we never saw a cardinal in that period that did not have eggs (JNG, 46 years old).
[…] The cardinal spawns the young, do you know why? We only see the young - we do not see the eggs (ACL, 56 years old).
[…] You know, I've never seen this fish with young (RRS, 51 years old) (fisherman referring to the Borboleta (Carnegiella spp.).