Skip to main content
Erschienen in: International Urogynecology Journal 11/2011

01.11.2011 | Review Article

Imaging in urogynaecology

verfasst von: Alexandros Derpapas, Giuseppe Alessandro Digesu, Ruwan Fernando, Vik Khullar

Erschienen in: International Urogynecology Journal | Ausgabe 11/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The assessment of patients with pelvic floor dysfunction necessitates a combination of clinical skills and adjunct investigations, including detailed imaging. This article reviews a variety of static and dynamic imaging modalities available in the field of urogynaecology, with an emphasis on their clinical implication in identifying the structural and functional causes of pelvic floor disorders. A number of different modalities have been used including X-rays, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Their place and value are discussed with comments on the validity of the various techniques.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Oberwalder M, Connor J, Wexner SD (2003) Meta-analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage. Br J Surg 90:1333–1337PubMedCrossRef Oberwalder M, Connor J, Wexner SD (2003) Meta-analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage. Br J Surg 90:1333–1337PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen AF, Nyhuus B, Nielsen MB, Christensen H (2005) Three-dimensional anal endosonography may improve diagnostic confidence of detecting damage to the anal sphincter complex. Br J Radiol 78(928):308–311PubMedCrossRef Christensen AF, Nyhuus B, Nielsen MB, Christensen H (2005) Three-dimensional anal endosonography may improve diagnostic confidence of detecting damage to the anal sphincter complex. Br J Radiol 78(928):308–311PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakar R, Sultan AH (2004) Anal endosonography and its role in assessing the incontinent patient. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 18(1):157–173PubMedCrossRef Thakar R, Sultan AH (2004) Anal endosonography and its role in assessing the incontinent patient. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 18(1):157–173PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Berton F, Gola G, Wilson SR (2007) Sonography of benign conditions of the anal canal: an update. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189(4):765–773PubMedCrossRef Berton F, Gola G, Wilson SR (2007) Sonography of benign conditions of the anal canal: an update. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189(4):765–773PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamm MA, Hoyle CH, Burleigh DE et al (1991) Hereditary internal anal sphincter myopathy causing proctalgia fugax and constipation. A newly identified condition. Gastroenterology 100:805–810PubMed Kamm MA, Hoyle CH, Burleigh DE et al (1991) Hereditary internal anal sphincter myopathy causing proctalgia fugax and constipation. A newly identified condition. Gastroenterology 100:805–810PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Daniel F, De PV, Cellier C (2005) Abnormal appearance of the internal anal sphincter at ultrasound: a specific feature of progressive systemic sclerosis? Gastroentérol Clin Biol 29:597–599PubMedCrossRef Daniel F, De PV, Cellier C (2005) Abnormal appearance of the internal anal sphincter at ultrasound: a specific feature of progressive systemic sclerosis? Gastroentérol Clin Biol 29:597–599PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Cazemier M, Terra MP, Stoker J et al (2006) Atrophy and defects detection of the external anal sphincter: comparison between three-dimensional anal endosonography and endoanal magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum 49:20–27PubMedCrossRef Cazemier M, Terra MP, Stoker J et al (2006) Atrophy and defects detection of the external anal sphincter: comparison between three-dimensional anal endosonography and endoanal magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum 49:20–27PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Frudinger A, Ballon M, Taylor SA et al (2008) The natural history of clinically unrecognized anal sphincter tears over 10 years after first vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 111:1058–1064PubMedCrossRef Frudinger A, Ballon M, Taylor SA et al (2008) The natural history of clinically unrecognized anal sphincter tears over 10 years after first vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 111:1058–1064PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsang CB, Rothenberger DA (1997) Rectovaginal fistulas. Therapeutic options. Surg Clin North Am 77(1):95–114PubMedCrossRef Tsang CB, Rothenberger DA (1997) Rectovaginal fistulas. Therapeutic options. Surg Clin North Am 77(1):95–114PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Kammerer-Doak DN, Dominguez C, Harner K, Dorin MH (1998) Surgical repair of fecal incontinence. Correlation of sonographic anal sphincter integrity with subjective cure. J Reprod Med 43(7):576–580PubMed Kammerer-Doak DN, Dominguez C, Harner K, Dorin MH (1998) Surgical repair of fecal incontinence. Correlation of sonographic anal sphincter integrity with subjective cure. J Reprod Med 43(7):576–580PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Liberman H, Faria J, Ternent CA, Blatchford GJ, Christensen MA, Thorson AG (2001) A prospective evaluation of the value of anorectal physiology in the management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 44(11):1567–1574PubMedCrossRef Liberman H, Faria J, Ternent CA, Blatchford GJ, Christensen MA, Thorson AG (2001) A prospective evaluation of the value of anorectal physiology in the management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 44(11):1567–1574PubMedCrossRef
12.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Kearney R, Miller JM, Delancey JO (2006) Interrater reliability and physical examination of the pubovisceral portion of the levator ani muscle, validity comparisons using MR imaging. Neurourol Urodyn 25:50–54PubMedCrossRef Kearney R, Miller JM, Delancey JO (2006) Interrater reliability and physical examination of the pubovisceral portion of the levator ani muscle, validity comparisons using MR imaging. Neurourol Urodyn 25:50–54PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U (1995) Perineal ultrasound for evaluating the bladder neck in urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 85:220–224PubMedCrossRef Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U (1995) Perineal ultrasound for evaluating the bladder neck in urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 85:220–224PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U (1996) Perineal ultrasound: determination of reliable examination procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 7:347–352PubMedCrossRef Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U (1996) Perineal ultrasound: determination of reliable examination procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 7:347–352PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Reed H, Waterfield A, Freeman RM, Adekanmi OA (2002) Bladder neck mobility in continent nulliparous women: normal references. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 13(Suppl):S4 Reed H, Waterfield A, Freeman RM, Adekanmi OA (2002) Bladder neck mobility in continent nulliparous women: normal references. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 13(Suppl):S4
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Peschers U, Schaer G, Anthuber C, De-Lancey JO, Schuessler B (1996) Changes in vesical neck mobility following vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 88:1001–1006PubMedCrossRef Peschers U, Schaer G, Anthuber C, De-Lancey JO, Schuessler B (1996) Changes in vesical neck mobility following vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 88:1001–1006PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Bennett MJ (2003) The effect of childbirth on pelvic organ mobility [comment]. Obstet Gynecol 102:223–228PubMedCrossRef Dietz HP, Bennett MJ (2003) The effect of childbirth on pelvic organ mobility [comment]. Obstet Gynecol 102:223–228PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat King JK, Freeman RM (1998) Is antenatal bladder neck mobility a risk factor for postpartum stress incontinence? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105(12):1300–1307PubMedCrossRef King JK, Freeman RM (1998) Is antenatal bladder neck mobility a risk factor for postpartum stress incontinence? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105(12):1300–1307PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Reilly ET, Freeman RM, Waterfield MR, Waterfield AE, Steggles P, Pedlar F (2002) Prevention of postpartum stress incontinence in primigravidae with increased bladder neck mobility: a randomised controlled trial of antenatal pelvic floor exercises. BJOG 109(1):68–76PubMedCrossRef Reilly ET, Freeman RM, Waterfield MR, Waterfield AE, Steggles P, Pedlar F (2002) Prevention of postpartum stress incontinence in primigravidae with increased bladder neck mobility: a randomised controlled trial of antenatal pelvic floor exercises. BJOG 109(1):68–76PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Clarke B, Vancaillie TG (2002) Vaginal childbirth and bladder neck mobility. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 42:522–525PubMedCrossRef Dietz HP, Clarke B, Vancaillie TG (2002) Vaginal childbirth and bladder neck mobility. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 42:522–525PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Toozs-Hobson P, Khullar V, Cardozo L (2001) Three-dimensional ultrasound: a novel technique for investigating the urethral sphincter in the third trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 17:421–424PubMedCrossRef Toozs-Hobson P, Khullar V, Cardozo L (2001) Three-dimensional ultrasound: a novel technique for investigating the urethral sphincter in the third trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 17:421–424PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson D, Toozs-Hobson P, Cardozo L et al (2004) Correlating structure and function: three-dimensional ultrasound of the urethral sphincter. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23:272–276PubMedCrossRef Robinson D, Toozs-Hobson P, Cardozo L et al (2004) Correlating structure and function: three-dimensional ultrasound of the urethral sphincter. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23:272–276PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Khullar V, Athanasiou S, Cardozo L et al. (1996) Histological correlates of the urethral sphincter and surrounding structures with ultrasound imaging. Int Urogyn J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 7: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the International Urogynecological Association Khullar V, Athanasiou S, Cardozo L et al. (1996) Histological correlates of the urethral sphincter and surrounding structures with ultrasound imaging. Int Urogyn J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 7: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the International Urogynecological Association
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Athanasiou S, Khullar V, Boos K et al (1999) Imaging the urethral sphincter with three-dimensional ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol 94:295–301PubMedCrossRef Athanasiou S, Khullar V, Boos K et al (1999) Imaging the urethral sphincter with three-dimensional ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol 94:295–301PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Digesu GA, Robinson D, Cardozo L, Khullar V (2009) Three-dimensional ultrasound of the urethral sphincter predicts continence surgery outcome. Neurourol Urodyn 28(1):90–94PubMedCrossRef Digesu GA, Robinson D, Cardozo L, Khullar V (2009) Three-dimensional ultrasound of the urethral sphincter predicts continence surgery outcome. Neurourol Urodyn 28(1):90–94PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Khullar V, Salvatore M, Cardozo L, Bourne T, Abbott D, Kelleher C (1994) A novel technique for measuring bladder wall thickness in women using transvaginal ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 4:220–223PubMedCrossRef Khullar V, Salvatore M, Cardozo L, Bourne T, Abbott D, Kelleher C (1994) A novel technique for measuring bladder wall thickness in women using transvaginal ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 4:220–223PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Panayi DC, Tekkis P, Fernando R, Hendricken C, Khullar V (2010) Ultrasound measurement of bladder wall thickness is associated with the overactive bladder syndrome. Neurourol Urodyn 29:1295–1298PubMedCrossRef Panayi DC, Tekkis P, Fernando R, Hendricken C, Khullar V (2010) Ultrasound measurement of bladder wall thickness is associated with the overactive bladder syndrome. Neurourol Urodyn 29:1295–1298PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang JM, Huang WC (2003) Bladder wall thickness on ultrasonographic cystourethrography: affecting factors and their implications. J Ultrasound Med 22:777–782PubMed Yang JM, Huang WC (2003) Bladder wall thickness on ultrasonographic cystourethrography: affecting factors and their implications. J Ultrasound Med 22:777–782PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Serati M, Salvatore S, Cattoni E, Soligo M, Cromi A, Ghezzi F (2010) Ultrasound measurement of bladder wall thickness in different forms of detrusor overactivity. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 21:1405–1411CrossRef Serati M, Salvatore S, Cattoni E, Soligo M, Cromi A, Ghezzi F (2010) Ultrasound measurement of bladder wall thickness in different forms of detrusor overactivity. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 21:1405–1411CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuhn A, Genoud S, Robinson D et al (2011) Sonographic transvaginal bladder wall thickness: does the measurement discriminate between urodynamic diagnoses? Neurourol Urodyn 30(3):325–328PubMedCrossRef Kuhn A, Genoud S, Robinson D et al (2011) Sonographic transvaginal bladder wall thickness: does the measurement discriminate between urodynamic diagnoses? Neurourol Urodyn 30(3):325–328PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Panayi DC, Khullar V, Fernando R, Tekkis P (2010) Transvaginal ultrasound measurement of bladder wall thickness: a more reliable approach than transperineal and transabdominal approaches. BJU Int 106(10):1519–1522PubMedCrossRef Panayi DC, Khullar V, Fernando R, Tekkis P (2010) Transvaginal ultrasound measurement of bladder wall thickness: a more reliable approach than transperineal and transabdominal approaches. BJU Int 106(10):1519–1522PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Latthe PM, Champaneria R, Khan KS (2010) Systematic review of the accuracy of ultrasound as the method of measuring bladder wall thickness in the diagnosis of detrusor overactivity. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 21:1019–1024CrossRef Latthe PM, Champaneria R, Khan KS (2010) Systematic review of the accuracy of ultrasound as the method of measuring bladder wall thickness in the diagnosis of detrusor overactivity. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 21:1019–1024CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Bright E, Oelke M, Tubaro A, Abrams P (2010) Ultrasound estimated bladder weight and measurement of bladder wall thickness—useful noninvasive methods for assessing the lower urinary tract? J Urol 184:1847–1854PubMedCrossRef Bright E, Oelke M, Tubaro A, Abrams P (2010) Ultrasound estimated bladder weight and measurement of bladder wall thickness—useful noninvasive methods for assessing the lower urinary tract? J Urol 184:1847–1854PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Schaer GN, Perucchini D, Munz E, Peschers U, Koechli OR, DeLancey JO (1999) Sonographic evaluation of the bladder neck in continent and stress-incontinent women. Obstet Gynecol 93:412–416PubMedCrossRef Schaer GN, Perucchini D, Munz E, Peschers U, Koechli OR, DeLancey JO (1999) Sonographic evaluation of the bladder neck in continent and stress-incontinent women. Obstet Gynecol 93:412–416PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Haylen BT (1989) Verification of the accuracy and range of transvaginal ultrasound in measuring bladder volumes in women. Br J Urol 64:350–352PubMedCrossRef Haylen BT (1989) Verification of the accuracy and range of transvaginal ultrasound in measuring bladder volumes in women. Br J Urol 64:350–352PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Panayi DC, Digesu GA, Tekkis P, Fernando R, Khullar V (2010) Ultrasound measurement of vaginal wall thickness: a novel and reliable technique. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 21(10):1265–1270CrossRef Panayi DC, Digesu GA, Tekkis P, Fernando R, Khullar V (2010) Ultrasound measurement of vaginal wall thickness: a novel and reliable technique. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 21(10):1265–1270CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Chalana V, Dudycha S, Yuk JT et al (2005) Automatic measurement of ultrasound-estimated bladder weight (UEBW) from three-dimensional ultrasound. Rev Urol 7(Suppl 6):S22–S28PubMed Chalana V, Dudycha S, Yuk JT et al (2005) Automatic measurement of ultrasound-estimated bladder weight (UEBW) from three-dimensional ultrasound. Rev Urol 7(Suppl 6):S22–S28PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Panayi DC, Khullar V, Digesu GA, Hendricken C, Fernando R, Tekkis P (2009) Is ultrasound estimation of bladder weight a useful tool in the assessment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 20(12):1445–1449PubMedCrossRef Panayi DC, Khullar V, Digesu GA, Hendricken C, Fernando R, Tekkis P (2009) Is ultrasound estimation of bladder weight a useful tool in the assessment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 20(12):1445–1449PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz HP, Korda A (2005) Which bowel symptoms are most strongly associated with a true rectocele? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 45:505–508PubMedCrossRef Dietz HP, Korda A (2005) Which bowel symptoms are most strongly associated with a true rectocele? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 45:505–508PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Richardson AC (1993) The rectovaginal septum revisited: its relationship to rectocele and its importance in rectocele repair. Clin Ob-Gyn 36:976–983CrossRef Richardson AC (1993) The rectovaginal septum revisited: its relationship to rectocele and its importance in rectocele repair. Clin Ob-Gyn 36:976–983CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Tunn R, Picot A, Marschke J, Gauruder-Burmester A (2007) Sonomorphological evaluation of polypropylene mesh implants after vaginal mesh repair in women with cystocele or rectocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 29:449–452PubMedCrossRef Tunn R, Picot A, Marschke J, Gauruder-Burmester A (2007) Sonomorphological evaluation of polypropylene mesh implants after vaginal mesh repair in women with cystocele or rectocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 29:449–452PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Dietz H, Steensma A (2006) The prevalence of major abnormalities of the levator ani in urogynecological patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 113:225–3CrossRef Dietz H, Steensma A (2006) The prevalence of major abnormalities of the levator ani in urogynecological patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 113:225–3CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Delancey JO, Kearney R, Chou Q et al (2003) The appearance of levator ani muscle abnormalities in magnetic resonance images after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 101:46–53PubMedCrossRef Delancey JO, Kearney R, Chou Q et al (2003) The appearance of levator ani muscle abnormalities in magnetic resonance images after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 101:46–53PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Kearney R, Miller JM, shton-Miller JA et al (2006) Obstetric factors associated with levator ani muscle injury after vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol 107:144–149PubMedCrossRef Kearney R, Miller JM, shton-Miller JA et al (2006) Obstetric factors associated with levator ani muscle injury after vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol 107:144–149PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelvin FM, Maglinte DDT, Hale DS, Benson JT (2000) Female pelvic organ prolapse: a comparison of triphasic dynamic MR imaging and triphasic fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:81–88PubMed Kelvin FM, Maglinte DDT, Hale DS, Benson JT (2000) Female pelvic organ prolapse: a comparison of triphasic dynamic MR imaging and triphasic fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:81–88PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Hetzer FH, Andreisek G, Tsagari C, Sahrbacher U, Weishaupt D (2006) MR defecography in patients with fecal incontinence: imaging findings and their effect on surgical management. Radiology 240:449–45PubMedCrossRef Hetzer FH, Andreisek G, Tsagari C, Sahrbacher U, Weishaupt D (2006) MR defecography in patients with fecal incontinence: imaging findings and their effect on surgical management. Radiology 240:449–45PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Tunn R, Delancey JO, Howard D et al (2003) Anatomic variations in the levator ani muscle, endopelvic fascia, and urethra in nulliparas evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:116–121PubMedCrossRef Tunn R, Delancey JO, Howard D et al (2003) Anatomic variations in the levator ani muscle, endopelvic fascia, and urethra in nulliparas evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:116–121PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh K, Reid WMN, Berger LA (2001) Assessment and grading of pelvic organ prolapse by use of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:71–77PubMedCrossRef Singh K, Reid WMN, Berger LA (2001) Assessment and grading of pelvic organ prolapse by use of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:71–77PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Etlik Ö, Arslan H, Odabaşi H et al (2005) The role of the MR-fluoroscopy in the diagnosis and staging of the pelvic organ prolapse. Eur J Radiol 53:136–141PubMedCrossRef Etlik Ö, Arslan H, Odabaşi H et al (2005) The role of the MR-fluoroscopy in the diagnosis and staging of the pelvic organ prolapse. Eur J Radiol 53:136–141PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Woodfield CA, Hampton BS, Sung V, Brody JM (2009) Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic organ prolapse: comparing pubococcygeal and midpubic lines with clinical staging. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 20:695–701PubMedCrossRef Woodfield CA, Hampton BS, Sung V, Brody JM (2009) Magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic organ prolapse: comparing pubococcygeal and midpubic lines with clinical staging. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 20:695–701PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Hodroff MA, Stolpen AH, Denson MA, Bolinger L, Kreder KJ (2002) Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the female pelvis: the relationship with the pelvic organ prolapse quantification staging system. J Urol 167:1353–1355PubMedCrossRef Hodroff MA, Stolpen AH, Denson MA, Bolinger L, Kreder KJ (2002) Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the female pelvis: the relationship with the pelvic organ prolapse quantification staging system. J Urol 167:1353–1355PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Rociu E, Stoker J, Eijkemans MJC, Schouten WR, Laméris JS (1999) Fecal incontinence: endoanal sonography versus endoanal MR imaging. Radiology 212:453–458PubMed Rociu E, Stoker J, Eijkemans MJC, Schouten WR, Laméris JS (1999) Fecal incontinence: endoanal sonography versus endoanal MR imaging. Radiology 212:453–458PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodrich MA, Webb MJ, King BF, Bampton AE, Campeau NG, Riederer SJ (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor relaxation: dynamic analysis and evaluation of patients before and after surgical repair. Obstet Gynecol 82:883–891PubMed Goodrich MA, Webb MJ, King BF, Bampton AE, Campeau NG, Riederer SJ (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor relaxation: dynamic analysis and evaluation of patients before and after surgical repair. Obstet Gynecol 82:883–891PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang A, Mostwin JL, Rosenshein NB, Zerhouni EA (1991) Pelvic floor descent in women: dynamic evaluation with fast MR imaging and cinematic display. Radiology 179:25–33PubMed Yang A, Mostwin JL, Rosenshein NB, Zerhouni EA (1991) Pelvic floor descent in women: dynamic evaluation with fast MR imaging and cinematic display. Radiology 179:25–33PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Digesu GA, Bombieri L, Hutchings A, Khullar V, Freeman R (2004) Effects of Burch colposuspension on the relative positions of the bladder neck to the levator ani muscle: an observational study that used magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190(3):614–619PubMedCrossRef Digesu GA, Bombieri L, Hutchings A, Khullar V, Freeman R (2004) Effects of Burch colposuspension on the relative positions of the bladder neck to the levator ani muscle: an observational study that used magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190(3):614–619PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Macura KJ, Genadry RR, Bluemke DA (2006) MR imaging of the female urethra and supporting ligaments in assessment of urinary incontinence: spectrum of abnormalities. RadioGraphics 26:1135–1149PubMedCrossRef Macura KJ, Genadry RR, Bluemke DA (2006) MR imaging of the female urethra and supporting ligaments in assessment of urinary incontinence: spectrum of abnormalities. RadioGraphics 26:1135–1149PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams AB, Bartram CI, Modhwadia D et al (2001) Endocoil magnetic resonance imaging quantification of external anal sphincter atrophy. Br J Surg 88:853–859PubMedCrossRef Williams AB, Bartram CI, Modhwadia D et al (2001) Endocoil magnetic resonance imaging quantification of external anal sphincter atrophy. Br J Surg 88:853–859PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Terra MP, Beets-Tan RG, van der Hulst VP et al (2006) MRI in evaluating atrophy of the external anal sphincter in patients with fecal incontinence. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:991–999PubMedCrossRef Terra MP, Beets-Tan RG, van der Hulst VP et al (2006) MRI in evaluating atrophy of the external anal sphincter in patients with fecal incontinence. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:991–999PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Dobben AC, Terra MP, Slors JF et al (2007) External anal sphincter defects in patients with fecal incontinence: comparison of endoanal MR imaging and endoanal US. Radiology 242:463–471PubMedCrossRef Dobben AC, Terra MP, Slors JF et al (2007) External anal sphincter defects in patients with fecal incontinence: comparison of endoanal MR imaging and endoanal US. Radiology 242:463–471PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelsang RE, Boney WW (1996) Voiding cystourethrography in female stress incontinence. AJR 166:561–565PubMed Pelsang RE, Boney WW (1996) Voiding cystourethrography in female stress incontinence. AJR 166:561–565PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahieu P, Pringot J, Bodart P (1984) Defecography. Part I. Description of a new procedure and results in normal patients. Gastrointest Radiol 9:247–251PubMedCrossRef Mahieu P, Pringot J, Bodart P (1984) Defecography. Part I. Description of a new procedure and results in normal patients. Gastrointest Radiol 9:247–251PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Shorvon PJ, McHugh S, Diamant NE et al (1989) Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications. Gut 30:1737–1749PubMedCrossRef Shorvon PJ, McHugh S, Diamant NE et al (1989) Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications. Gut 30:1737–1749PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartram C (2001) Radiologic evaluation of anorectal disorders. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 30:55–75PubMedCrossRef Bartram C (2001) Radiologic evaluation of anorectal disorders. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 30:55–75PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor SA (2009) Imaging pelvic floor dysfunction. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 23(4):487–503, ReviewPubMedCrossRef Taylor SA (2009) Imaging pelvic floor dysfunction. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 23(4):487–503, ReviewPubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Halligan S, Malouf A, Bartram CI, Marshall M, Hollings N, Kamm MA (2001) Predictive value of impaired evacuation at proctography in diagnosing anismus. AJR 177:633–645PubMed Halligan S, Malouf A, Bartram CI, Marshall M, Hollings N, Kamm MA (2001) Predictive value of impaired evacuation at proctography in diagnosing anismus. AJR 177:633–645PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelvin FM, Maglinte DD, Hornback JA et al (1992) Pelvic prolapse: assessment with evacuation proctography (defecography). Radiology 184:547–551PubMed Kelvin FM, Maglinte DD, Hornback JA et al (1992) Pelvic prolapse: assessment with evacuation proctography (defecography). Radiology 184:547–551PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertschinger KM, Ketzer FH, Roos JE, Treiber K, Marincek B, Hilfiker PR (2002) Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor performed with a patient sitting in an open-magnet unit versus with patient supine in a closed-magnet unit. Radiology 223:501–508PubMedCrossRef Bertschinger KM, Ketzer FH, Roos JE, Treiber K, Marincek B, Hilfiker PR (2002) Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor performed with a patient sitting in an open-magnet unit versus with patient supine in a closed-magnet unit. Radiology 223:501–508PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Comiter CV, Vasavada SP, Barbaric ZI, Gousse AE, Raz (1999) Grading pelvic prolapse and pelvic floor relaxation using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Urology 54:454–457PubMedCrossRef Comiter CV, Vasavada SP, Barbaric ZI, Gousse AE, Raz (1999) Grading pelvic prolapse and pelvic floor relaxation using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Urology 54:454–457PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Oerno A, Dietz H (2007) Levator co-activation is a significant confounder of pelvic organ descent on Valsalva maneuver. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30:346–350CrossRef Oerno A, Dietz H (2007) Levator co-activation is a significant confounder of pelvic organ descent on Valsalva maneuver. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30:346–350CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Schaer G, Koelbl H, Voigt R, Merz E, Anthuber C, Niemeyer R, Ralph G, Bader W, Fink D, Grischke E (1996) Recommendations of the German Association of Urogynecology on functional sonography of the lower female urinary tract. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 7(2):105–108PubMedCrossRef Schaer G, Koelbl H, Voigt R, Merz E, Anthuber C, Niemeyer R, Ralph G, Bader W, Fink D, Grischke E (1996) Recommendations of the German Association of Urogynecology on functional sonography of the lower female urinary tract. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 7(2):105–108PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Colaiacomo MC et al (2009) Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor: a pictorial review. Radiographics 29(3):e35PubMedCrossRef Colaiacomo MC et al (2009) Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor: a pictorial review. Radiographics 29(3):e35PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Imaging in urogynaecology
verfasst von
Alexandros Derpapas
Giuseppe Alessandro Digesu
Ruwan Fernando
Vik Khullar
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2011
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
International Urogynecology Journal / Ausgabe 11/2011
Print ISSN: 0937-3462
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-3023
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-011-1462-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2011

International Urogynecology Journal 11/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.