Introduction
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a bone marrow stem cell disorder caused by mutated chromosome (Philadelphia chromosome) and is characterised by the increased growth of premature white cells [
1]. The annual incidence rate of CML was approximately 1–2 per 100,000 people, and accounted for 15–20 % of all adult leukaemia patients in Western countries. It occurs in all age groups but is more prevalent with the middle-aged and the elderly, and is slightly more common in males than females [
2]. Most CML patients are diagnosed at the chronic phase with relatively mild symptoms, but as the disease progresses to the accelerated and blast phases, hyperleukocytosis, abnormality platelet level, and other crisis systematic symptoms often lead to mortality [
3].
Traditional treatments for CML include chemotherapy (such as cytarabine, hydroxyurea), interferon, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although the latter is still the only curative option, the use of this is limited due to the lack of human leukocyte antigen matched donor and the potential chronic graft-versus-host disease [
4]. After the launch of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs, such as imatinib), interferon and chemotherapy are used less frequently due to the limited efficacy and the intolerable adverse effects [
4], and hydroxyurea is only used to control leukocytosis.
Since the launch of imatinib, the first TKI soon becomes the first-line of treatment for CML due to the advantages of low toxicity, the route of oral administration and the significant improvement in the survival rate (95.2 %) as demonstrated in clinical trials [
5]. In the last decade, this innovative pharmacotherapy has turned CML from a progressive disease with a high mortality rate into a chronic condition. The long-term use of expensive imatinib has also resulted in the increasing cost of CML treatment, and CML has now become one of the most costly diseases [
6].
In relation to the increasing therapeutic cost, ensuring medicine adherence and optimal disease control have become challenging issues in the long-term utilisation of imatinib. Guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) suggest that monitoring indictors for long-term TKI efficacy at the 3rd, 6th, 12th and 18th month of this treatment (Table
1) [
7]. However, since no indicator has been established after the 18th month of treatment, a patients’ survival is regarded the only outcome measure [
8].
Table 1
Definitions of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment responses
Complete hematologic response (ChR) | 3rd | White blood count less than 10 × 109/L, platelet count less than 450 × 109/L and no immature cell |
Partial cytogenetic remissions (PCyR) | 6th | A reduction of Ph-positive cells to 1–34 % |
Complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) | 12th | The disappearance of Ph-positive cells (0 % cells with Ph-positive) |
Complete cytogenetic response (CCyR)* | 18th | The disappearance of Ph-positive cells (0 % cells with Ph-positive) |
Complete molecular response (CMR) | 18th | Undetectable BCR-ABL transcripts (a fusion gene indicating the mutation point of Ph) |
Major molecular response (MMR) | 18th | A 3-log reduction in transcript level |
Emerging evidence has raised concern about the detrimental effects associated with poor adherence to oral anticancer drugs, including imatinib [
9]. This could worsen treatment outcomes, resulting in treatment failure and substantial waste of healthcare resources [
10]. However, previous studies have only evaluated adherence to imatinib on chronic-phase and treatment-naïve CML patients who were predominately recruited from Western countries [
11] and followed for less than 1 year. [
10‐
13]. Therefore, evidence for the association between long-term adherence to imatinib and CML survival in Asian populations is still limited.
In Taiwan, the incidence of CML was 1.2 case per 100,000 population from 1998 to 2007, and the mean age of diagnosis was 55.7 years [
14]. CML treatment is delivered under the coverage of the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI), and imatinib and other second-generation TKIs (including dasatinib and nilotinib) were available for CML patients from 2003 to 2008 respectively. According to the NHI reimbursement policy, imatinib is the first-line of treatment for all patients including those diagnosed at chronic, accelerated or blast phase, and dasatinib and nilotinib are only reserved for patients who are resistant or intolerant to imatinib. Studies on imatinib utilisation and the impacts of adherence to TKIs on CML control in Taiwan are still very limited.
Methods
Study design and cohort
This retrospective cohort study was conducted from May 2011 to March 2012 in a medical centre in southern Taiwan after the ethics approval from the Institutional Review Board of the research centre (reference: IRB-20110160) was granted. This hospital, together with two other medical centres, offer tertiary care for approximately 3.3 million inhabitants in southern Taiwan, and there are around 6,000 outpatients visiting the research centre daily. At the time of research, it was estimated that around 120 CML patients have visited the research centre for treatment.
Hospital electronic administration records and patients’ medical records were used as the research data source. Patients who were diagnosed as Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph-positive) CML and prescribed imatinib for more than 1 month were identified from the hospitals’ electronic administration records from January 2000 to October 2011. Patients’ medical charts were reviewed by a researcher from the first imatinib prescription date (the index date) to either the data collection date or the date of the last medical record. The duration from the index date to the end of follow-up is defined as the ‘follow-up period’.
Data collection
A data collection form for recording patients’ demographics, disease characteristics, imatinib utilisation and clinical outcome indicators was designed according to existing literature and oncology expert opinions, and it was piloted on three patients’ charts to ensure its feasibility. The piloting results are also included in the analysis.
Patients’ demographics (age and gender), Charlson comorbidity index [
15,
16], records of CML treatments prior to imatinib (interferon, HSCT or second-generation TKIs) and the disease stage when imatinib was initiated were collected. Patients’ imatinib prescription details were followed from the index date to the last prescription record. Other treatments such as HSCT or second-generation TKIs given during the follow-up period were also recorded.
All laboratory test results of biological markers for hematologic, cytogenetic and molecular responses were recorded as the clinical indicators for disease prognosis. Laboratory tests associated with imatinib-related adverse effects, including white blood cell count, platelet, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and bilirubin levels were also recorded. Imatinib-related adverse effects, i.e. leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and hepatotoxicity were defined following the NCCN guideline [
7], and the severity was graded according to the Common Toxicity Criteria developed by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health in the US.
Adherence and outcome measures
The primary outcome measures include imatinib-related adherence, clinical outcomes and mortality. The medication possession ratio (MPR) was obtained by dividing each patient’s ‘total number of days of supply’ of imatinib prescriptions by the ‘prescription duration’ as a proxy for adherence, and a conventional cut-off of less than 90 % was used as a synonym for non-adherence [
11]. For patients who never received HSCT or second-generation TKIs prior to imatinib, their mortality rate and the four treatment response criteria (Table
1) recommended by the NCCN [
7] were used to measure the clinical outcomes.
Data analysis
Participants’ basic characteristics, MPR, treatment response and imatinib-related side effects are presented in descriptive statistics. The imatinib treatment pathway of the study cohort is presented in proportion according to different therapies, imatinib utilisation patterns (switched), and follow-up endpoints. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Log-rank tests were used to compare mortality rate between adherence and non-adherence groups for patients who never received HSCT or other second-generation TKIs prior to imatinib.
For patients who had biological markers related to complete cytogenetic response (CCyR), major molecular response (MMR) and complete molecular response (CMR) recorded at the 18th month, covariates associated with achieving treatment responses at the 18th month were evaluated using a logistic regression model. Binary covariates which were evaluated in the model included: whether patients younger than 50 years were male, whether patients’ CCI was equalled to 0, whether patients were at chronic phase when imatinib started, whether patients had an MPR > 90 % and whether patients had imatinib related-side effects. The regression results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI). In addition, Cox regression was used to test the association between covariates and the mortality rate in follow-up period, and the results were presented in hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % CI.
Furthermore, various cut-off points of MPR were used to test the impacts of non-adherence definitions [
17]. The significance level was set at
p < 0.05. All analyses were conducted using JMP version 8.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2008).
Discussion
This study found that most CML patients were highly adherent to imatinib treatment based on the MPR measure, and achieved CCyR at the 18th month; but a minority (4 %) of patients presented a problematic pattern of multiple switches. Regardless of patients’ initial disease phase, adherence to imatinib was associated with a better survival rate and most clinical indicators. The interruptions and patients’ treatment pathway examined in this study reveal the complex and multifaceted nature of CML treatment.
Medicine adherence has been reported [
18] to be associated with patients [
19], social and medical support, and medication related factors [
20]. The use of imatinib for treating CML is likely to be interrupted for various clinical reasons (e.g. efficacy, safety, and tolerability) or accessibility and affordability problems. As imatinib is covered by the NHI in Taiwan, affordability is a less important concern. The higher proportion of patients in the non-adherence group who received interferon prior to imatinib and experienced imatinib-related side effects (Table
2) indicated that patients’ pre-treatment condition and intolerance to imatinib-related side effects are the main reasons of non-adherence to imatinib.
Previous literature has suggested that about 6 % of CML patients were intolerant to the side effects of imatinib [
21]. Dose adjustment, temporal interruption, and switching to second-generation TKIs or HSCT are recommended when imatinib intolerance or resistance occurs [
7]. However, these treatment alterations may adversely affect therapeutic outcomes [
8], and the long-term effectiveness of changing therapeutic schedules is still inconclusive [
12].
This study indicates that 26.9 % of patients showed poor adherence to imatinib, this finding is consistent with previous research suggesting that the proportion of poor adherence to imatinib is between 26.4 and 36.1 % [
11,
13]. In contrast to the mean MPR ranging from 77.7 to 95.3 % in previous studies [
10,
11,
13], the median MPR of this study was 98.3 % (mean 89.7 %). This can be explained by the different study population, sample size and most importantly, the adherence measures.
Currently, there is no generally accepted gold standard for measuring adherence [
22] since there is no direct method of measuring imatinib or its metabolites’ levels [
12]. So far self-reported measures (e.g. visual analogue scale) [
13], Basel Assessment of Adherence Scale [
13] and pill count [
23] have been found to either over- [
24] or under-estimated poor adherence [
11,
23,
25,
26]. Patients’ MPR derived from dispensing data for reimbursement purpose has been used to measure adherence under the assumption that patients take medication as dispensed. However, previous studies for assessing imatinib adherence using medical claims data [
10,
14] have been limited to chronic phase CML patients using imatinib as the first-line therapy for less than 2 years [
11], yet only short-term molecular responses instead of long-term disease progression [
11,
12] or survival rates [
11,
13] were evaluated.
Although our study has found that patients achieving the therapeutic targets at the beginning of imatinib therapy (the 3rd or 6th month) are likely to achieve the completed therapeutic responses at the 18th month, however a minority of patients could not achieve the therapeutic target (3.4 %). In addition, the proportion of patients achieving CCyR at the 12th month in our study was lower (65 %) compared to previous randomised controlled trials in which either chronic phase patients (69 %) [
27] or a higher dose (70 % of started with 800 mg daily) of imatinib (75 %) [
28] were involved.
Although a conventional cut-off of 90 % MPR was used in most literature as a proxy to measure adherence of imatinib users [
11], various definitions were used to assess MPR, and the clinical implication of adherence defined by this measure is still controversial. Using the sensitivity analysis, we found that MPRs at more than 80, 85 and 90 % was associated with achieving CCyR and MMR at the 18th month and a lower mortality risk. However, when the cut-off point of MPR reached 95 %, then adherence was not associated with any benefit on the proportion of patients achieving clinical outcome indicators. This indicates that an MPR at 95 % may be the ceiling for optimal adherence.
This study longitudinally retrieved details of patients with various disease conditions and previous treatments from medical charts for further analysis, and found direct association between adherence to imatinib and long-term survival rate. However, as this study only included patients from one centre, the results cannot be generalised to a wider population due to its limited sample size. It also assumed that the dispensing records represented actual consumption and therefore, MPR may have over-estimated imatinib adherence. In addition, for those who had switched to second generation TKIs, the imatinib MPR might be relatively lower. During the study period, 26 patients were found to have missed the follow-up appointments. Consequently, they were not included in the analysis of clinical indicators measured at the 18th month of imatinib treatment, and thus the assessment of adherence-related clinical outcomes might be biased. Relevant covariates were included in the regression analysis, although other confounding factors or indication bias may have influenced the results. The comparatively small number of outcomes (deaths) also resulted in relatively wide confidence intervals for the estimate of the strength of association.