Introduction
Studies of Depression and Immune Function
Methods
Inclusion Factors | Exclusion Factors |
---|---|
Female | 1. Minor surgery in the preceding two weeks |
Age 18-65 | 2. Chronic illness |
Non-Pregnant | 3. Major surgery in the preceding six months |
4. Use of any street drugs or over 1 pack of cigarettes daily | |
5. Use of alcohol over 10 ounces per week | |
6. Taking immunosuppressant. | |
7. Use of nutritional supplements other than one daily multivitamin and/or a calcium supplement | |
8. Working the 11-7 shift in the past three days | |
9. Exercising more than seven hours per week | |
10. Fear of having blood drawn for lab testing |
Mean for Depressed Group (n = 23) | Range for Depressed Group | Mean for Control Group (n = 17) | Range for Control Group | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 40.56 years old | 18-63 years old | 43.23 years old | 18-65 years old | P = 0.524 |
BDI Score | 24.34 | 11-51 | 3.52 | 0-9 | P < = 0.001* |
Menstrual Early Fol. Phase | 2.13 | 2.35 | P = 0.803 | ||
Menstrual Day | Day 7.47 | Day 9.05 | P = 0.632 | ||
Office visits in last 2 months | 2 visits | 0-30 visits | .411 visits | 0-2 visits | P = 0.256 |
Number of Antibiotic used | .434 Rx | 0-3 Rx | .117 Rx | 0-1 Rx | P = 0.112 |
Missed Days work/school | 0.652 days | 0-3 days | 0.058 days | 0-1 days | P = 0.007* |
Data Collection and Procedures
Measures of immunity
Measures of depression
Measures of health
Statistical Methods
Results
Field | Mean Depressed (SD) (n = 23) | Sum Depressed | Mean Control (SD) (n = 17) | Sum Control | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headache | 24.48 (24.5) | 563 | 9.94 (15.6) | 169 | P = 0.039* |
Acne | 4.91 (12.5) | 113 | .35 (.79) | 6 | P = 0.097 |
Upset Stomach | 19.09 (23.7) | 439 | 3.88 (5.27) | 66 | P = 0.007* |
Ear Infection | .61 (1.7) | 14 | .06 (.24) | 1 | P = 0.151 |
Sinus Infection | 4.83 (12.6) | 111 | .35 (.70) | 6 | P = 0.104 |
Sore Throat | 2.00 (4.2) | 46 | .29 (.69) | 5 | P = 0.069 |
Allergies | 22.09 (28.5) | 508 | 9.41 (19.5) | 160 | P = 0.123 |
Tooth Abscess | .13 (.46) | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | P = 0.186 |
Nausea/Vomiting | 6.65 (13.4) | 153 | .82 (1.98) | 14 | P = 0.054 |
Diarrhea | 5.74 (12.5) | 132 | .76 (1.56) | 13 | P = 0.073 |
Muscle Strain | 8.913 (17) | 205 | 1.0 (2.12) | 17 | P = 0.038* |
No Energy | 39.17 (25.35) | 901 | 6.65 (14.1) | 113 | P < = .001* |
Skin Infections | 4.78 (13.2) | 110 | .12 (.49) | 2 | P = 0.105 |
Yeast Infection | .22 (.52) | 5 | 0 (0) | 0 | P = 0.057 |
Urinary Tract Infection | .26 (.45) | 6 | .06 (.24) | 1 | P = 0.076 |
Vaginal Infection | .09 (.29) | 2 | 0 (0) | 0 | P = 0.162 |
Field | Mean Depressed (n = 23) | Sum Depressed | Mean Control (n = 17) | Sum Control | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrition | .48 | 11 | .53 | 9 | P = .757 |
Inflammation | .09 | 2 | .00 | 0 | P = 0.102 |
Redness | .17 | 4 | .00 | 0 | P = 0.043* |
Throat | .22 | 5 | .41 | 7 | P = .194 |
Sinus | .22 | 5 | .18 | 3 | P = .757 |
WBC in urine | .30 | 7 | .06 | 1 | P = 0.039* |
Nitrites in urine | .09 | 2 | .00 | 0 | P = .162 |
RBC in urine | .13 | 3 | .18 | 3 | P = .696 |
Urine clarity | .09 | 2 | .00 | 0 | P = 0.162 |
Yeast | .22 | 5 | .00 | 0 | P = 0.022* |
Mean Depressed
|
Range
|
Mean Control
|
Range
| Sig. | |
NCKA (Lytic Units) | 29.4 | 1.9-84 | 17.01 | Range 4.1-52.8 | P = 0.082 |
WBC (cu mm) | 6.56 | 3.3-9.9 | 6.14 | 4.2-7.9 | P = 0.371 |
Symptom Days | 188.04 | 28-378 | 53.94 | 0-231 | P < 0.001* |
Positives on PE | 3.13 | 1-8 | 1.7 | 0-4 | P = 0.032* |
Positives ROS | 8.39 | 1-16 | 3.58 | 0-9 | P < 0.001* |
Total PE Findings | 11.52 | 4-23 | 5.41 | 0-13 | P = <0.001* |
Matrix | NKCA | WBC | Self Report | Beck | Time depressed | Review Symptom | Physical Exam | Exam Total | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NKCA | r = .097 | r = .162 | r = .196 | r = .035 | r = .119 | r = .092 | r = .124 | r = .039 | |
p = 0.55 | p = .319 | p = .224 | p = 0.83 | p = .465 | p = 0.57 | p = .445 | p = .811 | ||
WBC | r = .127 | r = .077 | r = .282 | r = .257 | r = .257 | r = .187 | r = -.24 | ||
p = .436 | p = .637 | p = .078 | p = .536 | p = 0.11 | p = .249 | p = .134 | |||
Self Report | r = .792 | r = .497 | r = .597 | r = .238 | r = .582 | r = -.17 | |||
p = .00* | p = .001* | p = .00* | p = .076 | p = .00* | p = .295 | ||||
Beck | r = .608 | r = .615 | r = .194 | r = .564 | r = -.15 | ||||
p = .00* | p = .00* | p = .23 | p = .00* | p = .354 | |||||
Time depressed | r = .56 | r = .494 | r = .637 | r = .068 | |||||
p = .00* | p = .001* | p = .00* | p = .676 | ||||||
Review Symptom | r = .354 | r = .934 | r = .01 | ||||||
p = .025* | p = .00* | p = .951 | |||||||
Physical Exam | r = .66 | r = .081 | |||||||
p = .00* | p = .62 | ||||||||
Exam Total | r = .022 | ||||||||
p = .893 |